浙江省稻田蜘蛛的研究与利用

1974年以来,浙江省在稻田蜘蛛研究与保护利用等方面作了大量的工作,取得了良好的效果。现将有关资料整理于后。一、稻田蜘蛛的种类及分布据三十多个单位的调查,我省稻田蜘蛛种类,经初步鉴定的有28科共167种。通过室内观察及大田应用考查表明,草间小黑蛛Eriogoxidium graminicolum、食虫瘤胸蛛Oedothorax insecticeps、拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus、拟环纹狼蛛Lycosa     

几种蜘蛛对褐稻虱捕食功能反应的初步研究

稻田三种优势种蜘蛛的捕食功能反应是随猎物密度的增加而增大,并随其本身密度的增大而减小。成虫的捕食量均大于若虫。在同样条件下,拟环纹狼蛛捕食量最大,粽管巢蛛次之,食虫瘤胸蛛最小。数学模拟的理论值与实验观察值十分接近,经卡平方检验,差异不显著(P<0.05),可以描述蜘蛛捕食功能反应的情况。     

化防田与综防田蜘蛛群落物种组成及优势类群动态分析

洞庭湖平原地区共有稻田蜘蛛10科27属41种，其优势种为拟水狼蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛和锥腹肖蛸。在两类防治田的早稻田中，蜘蛛优势种没有变化，主要为拟水狼蛛和食虫沟瘤蛛；晚稻田中，蜘蛛优势种存在更替现象。在综防田和化防田中，蜘蛛种类和个体数量存在较大差异。同时，对蜘蛛控制害虫生物量进行了定量测定。     

稻田蜘蛛和稻飞虱田间分布型研究

广州市郊区稻田的主要蜘蛛类群,早稻田为食虫瘤胸蛛和拟水狼蛛,晚稻田为拟环纹狼蛛和拟水狼蛛。稻飞虱为白背飞虱和褐飞虱。稻田蜘蛛是稻虱的重要天敌。它们之间的矛盾,对分布型的变化有密切的关系。夏林元等认为褐飞虱虫口密度每丛禾少于0.4头时,多属潘松分布;大于0.4头时,多属核心和负二项分布,这没有考虑同天敌的关系。孙品贤等认为,在蜘蛛和稻虱密度较高的条件下,蜘蛛和稻虱都呈聚集分布。我们的调查结果分析表明,在蜘蛛和稻虱密度     

食虫瘤胸蛛生物学和生态学初步研究

食虫瘤胸蛛是广西南部稻田优势蜘蛛种群。一年发生6代,世代重叠,以5、6月份繁殖最快。越冬现象不明显。其发生量早稻高于晚稻,与稻飞虱数量变动有相关性。     

湖南安仁地区稻田蜘蛛优势种群的动态

作者从1973～1991年对稻田蜘蛛进行了生态学研究。拟水狼蛛在田边湿润土和长期有水稻田发生量一般比土壤干燥和湿润稻田多0.42倍及1.35倍。在稻田生长前期温暖高湿(4～6月),适宜于草间小黑蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛生殖、生长;后期高温干旱有利于八斑球腹蛛繁殖,拟水狼蛛在温季节,种群发生量随食物量的增加而累积上升。夏初寒潮,气温比历年低5℃以下,伴随暴雨在50毫米以上,草间小黑蛛受到了抑制,下降了35.75%。早春冬作物绿肥、油、麦进行收割翻耕,迁移刊田边的蜘蛛,又进行了三光,能安全迁入早稻田的蜘蛛仅4.91%,但潜伏在土室、土缝、石隙中的拟水狼蛛、草间小黑蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛,受三光的抑制作用较少,能安全迁入早稻田的依次为15.85%、4.98%、3.44%,栖息在土表及植株上的八斑球腹蛛受三光的影响较大,能转移到早稻田仅1.31%。夏末秋初,收早稻插晚稻的双抢季节,蜘蛛由前作早稻田的拟水狼蛛、草间小黑蜘蛛、八斑球腹蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛等依次能迁入晚稻田的分别为34.13%、21.86%、13.29%、1.08%。在稻田栽培期间,栽培早一般比中、迟插田多27.44%及82.85%,中插稻田又比迟插田多82.54%。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺等药剂对二种蜘蛛的室内毒力测定

为明确氯虫苯甲酰胺、氰氟虫腙和阿维菌素等3种杀虫剂对蜘蛛的选择毒性,指导合理使用农药、协调化学防治与生物防治,本文模拟稻田施药时稻株中上部药膜、基部液层而设计的＂管壁药膜底部液层＂法测定了以上3种杀虫剂对拟环纹豹蛛和食虫沟瘤蛛两种蜘蛛的毒力,并通过安全系数评估其对供试蜘蛛的安全性。结果表明：氯虫苯甲酰胺对拟环纹豹蛛毒力最低,氰氟虫腙对食虫沟瘤蛛毒力最低,而阿维菌素对食虫沟瘤蛛和拟环纹豹蛛毒力最高;3种杀虫剂对拟环纹豹蛛和食虫沟瘤蛛的安全系数高低顺序为：氯虫苯甲酰胺〉氰氟虫腙〉阿维菌素。因此,氯虫苯甲酰胺和氰氟虫腙是一种良好的新型杀虫剂,既能有效防治害虫又能减小对自然天敌的杀伤作用,达到保护农作物的目的。     

洞庭湖平原不同稻田生境越冬蜘蛛群落多样性研究

洞庭湖平原越冬稻田蜘蛛共有８科１６属２１种,其中拟水狼蛛和食虫沟瘤蛛为优势种。异质性大的越冬稻田及田埂蜘蛛群落的多样性指数、丰富度和个体总数均大于异质性小的越冬稻田和三光田埂,越冬稻田蜘蛛群落的多样性指数大小主要由群落物种丰富度和个体总数决定,与均匀度大小无关。     

洞庭湖平源不同稻田生境越冬蜘蛛群落多样性研究

洞庭湖平原越冬稻田蜘蛛共有8科16属21种，其中拟水狼蛛和食虫沟瘤蛛为优势种。异质性大的越冬稻田及田埂蜘蛛群落的多样性指数、丰富度和个体总数均大于异质性小的越冬稻田和三光田埂，越冬稻田群落的多样性指数大小主要由群落物种丰富度和个体总数决定，与均匀度大小无关。     

食虫瘤胸蛛生物学特性的观察

据近年来广州地区稻田蜘蛛类群的调查表明,在早稻田,食虫瘤胸蛛Oedptjpraxinsecticeps Boes.et Str.的数量为最多,占36％以上,其他蜘蛛最多的仅占24％。为了弄清食虫瘤胸蛛的生物学特性,我们于1980年3～12月在广州市郊区竹料公社白沙大队进行了室内饲养观察。     

细胞壁降解酶在油茶炭疽病菌致病过程中的作用研究

为明确细胞壁降解酶在油茶炭疽病菌致病过程中的作用,本文研究了活体内外炭疽病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶活性及其对叶片的降解情况。结果表明,活体外以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMCNa)为诱导底物,羧甲基纤维素酶(Cx酶)和漆酶活性最高;以柑橘果胶为诱导底物,果胶酶活性最高;以油茶叶为诱导底物,纤维素酶、果胶酶和漆酶可产生较高活力;并且经5种诱导物诱导的酶液对叶片均有降解作用。发病叶片的各部位,以病健交界处细胞壁降解酶活性最高。接种4d后开始发病,其细胞壁降解酶活性迅速增强;6d后滤纸酶(FPA)、β-葡萄糖苷酶和漆酶活性达最大值,分别为4.53、7.44、1.21U/mg;而Cx酶和果胶酶在第8天时酶活性最高,分别为15.79和25.49U/mg;接种10~16d,酶活性比较稳定。上述结果表明,纤维素酶、果胶酶和漆酶在油茶炭疽病菌致病过程中起重要作用。     

稻田中多种天敌对稻飞虱的控制作用

本文应用二次回归组合实验设计统计方法，研究稻田中主要捕食性天敌拟水狼蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、稻红瓢虫和青翅蚁形隐翅虫对稻飞虱的控制作用，同时对多物种共存系统中各物种间的相互作用进行了研究，得出了这４种天敌对稻飞虱的捕食量模型和天敌密度的最佳组合     

吡虫啉和毒死蜱对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响

为了考察杀虫剂施用对尿素态氮在土壤中转化过程的影响,采用室内培养法,通过测定土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数以及反硝化损失的动态变化,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮含量为200 mg/kg）中分别添加不同剂量的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对尿素的水解、土壤氮的硝化及反硝化过程的影响。结果表明:吡虫啉和毒死蜱各剂量处理在第3天时对尿素水解具有显著的促进作用（PPPPP<0.01）,减少反硝化损失量39.69%。     

Methyl parathion induced nephrotoxicity in male rats and protective role of vitamins C and E

Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day), methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) and vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day) + methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and kidney weights, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histopathological changes were investigated at the end of 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. When methyl parathion-treated group and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group body and kidney weights decreased significantly at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. MDA levels increased in kidney tissues of the methyl parathion- and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated groups compared to control group. MDA levels decreased significantly in vitamins C and E + methyl parathion treated group compared with methyl parathion treated group at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. In our light microscopic investigations, after 4 weeks of methyl parathion exposure, glomerular atrophy and vascular dilatation, and after 7 weeks, necrosis and edema were observed in the kidney tissues. After 4 weeks of vitamins C and E + methyl parathion exposure, mononuclear cell infiltrations, and after 7 weeks, calcification were detected in the kidney tissues.     

Bt水稻对主要非靶标害虫和蜘蛛优势种田间种群动态的影响

研究了2个转cry1Ab cry1Ac杂合基因籼稻品系TT9-3和T19-4对主要非靶标害虫飞虱、叶蝉以及捕食性蜘蛛优势种田间种群动态的影响。结果表明,Bt稻与亲本对照(IR72)田间白背飞虱和黑尾叶蝉成虫的虫口密度在整个水稻生育期间无显著差异,而若虫密度有一定的不同。TT9-3稻田中白背飞虱和黑尾叶蝉若虫密度分别于移栽后早中期和中后期显著高于对照;TT9-4与对照间无显著差异。Bt水稻与亲本对照间锥腹肖蛸、四斑锯螯蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、拟环纹豹蛛及拟水狼蛛种群数量动态趋势相似,数量上大多无显著差异。综合分析认为,Bt水稻对稻田优势蜘蛛基本上无明显的负影响。     

拟水狼蛛对褐飞虱捕食功能反应及两者空间分布型

通过对湖南晚稻常规稻、杂交稻和超级杂交稻田的拟水狼蛛和褐飞虱进行调查,运用Taylor幂法和Iwao的回归分析法对拟水狼蛛、褐飞虱若虫及成虫的空间分布型拟合,两种方法研究结果表明:褐飞虱若虫、短翅型成虫和长翅型成虫在3个水稻品种上都为聚集分布,拟水狼蛛为随机分布。采用HollingⅡ型拟合拟水狼蛛对褐飞虱若虫、短翅型成虫和长翅型成虫的捕食功能,结果表明拟水狼蛛对三者捕食功能大小顺序为若虫长翅雄虫长翅雌虫短翅雄虫短翅雌虫,日最大捕食量分别为64.4、37.4、42.8、28.1头和35.1头。     

The effects of organophosphate insecticide diazinon on malondialdehyde levels and myocardial cells in rat heart tissue and protective role of vitamin E

Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week), diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day), and vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week)+diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day) combination was given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and heart weights, malondialdehyde (MDA) level in heart tissue and ultrastructural changes in myocardial cells were investigated at the end of the 1st, 4th, and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. When diazinon-treated group was compared to control group body and heart weights were decreased significantly at the end of the 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that, at the end of 1st, 4th, and 7th weeks there was a statistically significant increase in MDA levels when diazinon- and vitamin E +diazinon-treated groups were compared to control group. While at the end of the 1st week statistically significant changes were not being observed, at the end of 4th and 7th weeks statistically significant decrease was detected in MDA levels when vitamin E+diazinon-treated group was compared to diazinon-treated group. In our electron microscopic investigations, while vacuolization and swelling of mitochondria myocardial cells of diazinon-treated rats were being observed, swelling of several mitochondria were observed in vitamin E+diazinon-treated rats. We conclude that vitamin E reduces diazinon cardiotoxicity, but vitamin E does not protect completely.     

嘧霉胺和乙霉威在大葱中的残留消解动态

建立了大葱中嘧霉胺和乙霉威残留的检测方法,并测定了嘧霉胺和乙霉威在春季大葱中的残留消解动态和最终残留量 。大葱样品经乙腈提取,SAX/PSA固相萃取柱净化,气相色谱-质谱选择离子 (GC/MS/SIM)检测 。结果表明, 建立的大葱中嘧霉胺和乙霉威残留量检测方法在0.001 ~0.1 mg/kg和0.01 ~0.1 mg/kg水平的平均添加回收率为97.8% ~107.2%,相对标准偏差为2.7% ~7.4%,嘧霉胺和乙霉威的检出限分别为0.000 3和0.003 mg/kg,方法的定量限分别为0.001和0.01 mg/kg。田间残留试验结果表明,嘧霉胺和乙霉威在大葱中消解较快,半衰期分别为4.1和3.1 d,药后14 d消解率均达90%以上;26% 嘧霉·乙霉威可湿性粉剂(嘧霉胺和乙霉威质量比为10∶ 16)按推荐高剂量1 800 g/hm2(嘧霉胺有效成分180 g/hm2,乙霉威有效成分288 g/hm2)和2倍剂量3 600 g/hm2 对水喷雾2~3次,末次施药后7,14,21 d,嘧霉胺在大葱中的最终残留量为0.007~0.560 mg/kg,乙霉威在大葱中的最终残留量为ND~0.394 mg/kg,均低于日本规定的最大残留限量(MRL) 2.0和5.0 mg/kg。     

Acute, subacute and subchronic administration of methyl parathion-induced testicular damage in male rats and protective role of vitamins C and E

Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day), methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) and vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day) + methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and testis weights, sperm counts, sperm motility, sperm morphology and histopathological changes in the testes were investigated at the end of 24 h, 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. No pathological changes were observed in all parameters at the end of 24 h. When methyl parathion-treated group and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group, body and testis weights decreased significantly at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that, at the end of 4th and 7th weeks there was a statistically significant decrease in sperm counts and sperm motility, increase in abnormal sperm morphology when methyl parathion- and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group. While sperm counts increased at the end of 4th and 7th weeks, sperm motility increased at the end of 7th week when vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group compared with methyl parathion-treated group, no changes were observed in abnormal sperm morphology at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. In our light microscopic investigations, after 4 and 7 weeks of methyl parathion exposure, necrosis and edema were observed in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues. After 4 and 7 weeks of vitamins C and E + methyl parathion exposure, degenerative changes were detected in the seminiferous tubules while no pathological findings were observed in the interstitial tissues. According to the present study, we conclude that vitamins C and E reduces methyl parathion testicular toxicity, but it does not protect completely.