现代城市广场设计的人性化思考

城市广场作为市民生活中不可或缺的一个部分，具有重要的社会和文化意义，然而很多中国现代城市广场的设计存在误区，丧失了广场作为城市公共空间本身的人性化内涵。文章对现代城市广场的人性化内涵进行思考，为现代城市广场人性化设计提供建议。     

文化内涵：城市广场设计之根本

从城市广场的范畴、历史发展、分类入手对城市广场作简要阐述,指出目前我国城市广场设计陷入毫无特色、风格雷同的误区,最后总结城市广场设计在体现城市文化特色上应注意的原则,明确体现地方文化内涵是城市广场设计的底蕴与活力的根本所在。     

城市广场景观设计的内涵

城市广场是一个城市景观突出展现的节点,更是城市风格定位及文化表达的集中展示,其景观设计对于一个城市的综合形象及特色具有十分重要的价值和意义。本文旨在对城市广场景观设计的概念、理念及角度入手,对城市广场景观设计的内涵进行分析阐述。     

传统地域文化在城市广场景观设计中的应用

城市广场景观可以传承地域文化,也可以深入挖掘传统地域文化的深层内涵,充分体现出广场景观的独特魅力,设计建立独具特色的城市广场景观文化。在城市广场景观设计中,融入传统地域文化是提升景观设计层次的有效途径。本文对传统地域文化在城市广场景观设计中的应用进行深入分析,供相关人士参考。     

当前城市广场绿化设计的问题和建议

城市广场是人们进行交往、观赏、娱乐、休憩等活动的重要城市公共空间,也是城市文化的某种象征。绿化是城市广场建设中的重要组成部分。文章剖析当前广场绿化设计存在的问题,提出了提升广场内涵、改进城市广场绿化设计的一些建议。     

城市广场“定法”的探究——以意大利典型广场为例

以意大利城市中的典型广场为例,探究了城市广场设计中"有定法而无定式"的内涵。通过对这些经典广场的空间设计的分析,总结出城市广场设计中潜在的一些"定法"。     

节约理念在城市广场建设中的运用

阐述了节约理念在城市广场建设中的内涵,提出了基于节约理念的城市广场建设方案。     

基于文化角度下的城市广场景观提升改造——以云南省德宏州芒市广场为例

城市中的广场,不仅承担着城市空间的调节作用,也是城市历史文化内涵的展示空间,这关系到市民的生活幸福感和文化认同感。以提升改造的芒市广场为平台,从芒市广场的现状着手分析,并结合实地调研,梳理广场景观提升改造的规划思路,以此为指导,在满足功能需求的基础上,挖掘芒市的历史和文化特色,旨在将原有的城市广场改造成符合芒市当地特色并且别具一格的休憩空间,对以后的地域性文化在城市广场景观提升改造中的发展起到一定的推动和指导作用。     

浅谈城市文化休闲广场景观规划设计

文化休闲广场景观是城市化进程中的重要内容,也是城市文化的主要标志。在现如今社会大众精神文化生活中,文化休闲广场景观能够丰富社会大众的文化内涵,增加群众的精神需求。所以,在多元化城市文化建设中,有关部门如何创设、规划文化休闲广场景观是人们热切关注的问题。简要阐述了城市文化休闲广场景观的基本概述以及设计原则,并以盐城市为例,探讨了城市文化休闲广场景观创设方案。     

哈一百休闲广场植物造景对环境的影响及改进建议

城市休闲广场是城市广场建设的典型代表和树立城市新形象的伟大创举,也是城市广场建设热潮影响下的相应产物.在哈一百中心休闲广场植物造景对环境的影响-温度、湿度、景观效果及广场利用率等方面调查与研究的基础上,提出了几点改进建议:进一步规范城市休闲广场植物造景的设计、施工与养护管理市场;正视"大树",发挥植物群落的生态效益;积极鼓励"公众参与"植物造景设计;避免政绩工程,做好宏观决策与调控.     

城市广场绿化景观的思考

现代城市广场是现代城市开放空间体系中最具公共性、最具艺术性、最具活力最能体现都市文化和文明的开放空间。广场绿地规划应具有清晰的空间层次,独立形成或配合广场周边建筑、地形等形成良好、多元、优美的广场空间体系,充分体现了人文尊重与关怀。     

The utility of ancient forest indicator species in urban environments: A case study from Poznań, Poland

We aimed to assess the impact of land-use structure on AFIS occurrence and evaluation of these bioindicators in urban conditions. We compiled data about forest continuity based on archival maps and forest management plans; floristic records of 79 AFIS occurrences were collected within a 1 × 1 km grid and land-use form structure in Poznań (W Poland). We tested fidelity of AFIS using χ² tests and effects of land-use structure using random forest models. We also checked spatial autocorrelation and its impact on AFIS distribution patterns within old and recent forests, using spatially explicit generalized linear models. We found a strong relationship between AFIS number per grid square and fraction of forests and waters in land-use structure. Relationships between AFIS distribution and land-use shows that AFIS are a good proxy describing human impact or an urbanity gradient. AFIS number per grid square shows small, but significant positive spatial autocorrelation, which suggests possibilities of migration into new forests. AFIS, treated as a bioindicative group of species, may be a useful indicator of landscape and land-use structure transformation in urban environments. Occurrence of many AFIS that are endangered at the city scale indicates the need for conservation of old forests in urban areas, to preserve biodiversity in urban environments. Thus, AFIS may act as indicators of old forests with high conservation value in cities, which need special protection.     

Bridging landscape preference and landscape design: A study on the preference and optimal combination of landscape elements based on conjoint analysis

Landscape preference is the focus of landscape research, in which the relationship between landscape elements and landscape preference is an important issue. Most previous studies have analysed correlation between the landscape preference scored by the public and scores on the quality of landscape elements by experts; some have compared the effects of individual landscape elements on landscape preference by photo simulation. In this study, landscape preference is regarded as the selection preference of landscape element combination. The conjoint analysis method is used to further explore the ranking and optimal combination of the significant degrees of impact of landscape elements on landscape preference when multiple landscape element combinations are used. The results show that the influence degrees of landscape elements on landscape preference in urban parks followed the order water, square, openness of the landscape, vegetation, road and seats. The optimal combination of landscape elements is the open landscape with flowing water, a shaded square, rich vegetation, a road and seats. This study demonstrates the advantages of the conjoint analysis method over the univariate method in controlling multiple variables, improving experimental efficiency and obtaining more meaningful results. A combination of urban park landscape elements based on landscape preference is helpful to inspire landscape architects to make choices among multiple landscape elements, provides evidence-based design methods for landscape design and offers basic parameters for the wide application of the parametric design or computational design of landscape architecture.     

Mapping of urban roadside trees – A case study in the tree register update process in Helsinki City

This case study describes a method for utilizing leaf-off airborne laser scanning (ALS) data for mapping characteristics of urban trees. ALS data were utilized to detect and update all street trees in the tree inventory of the City of Helsinki, Finland. The inventory consists of roughly 20,000 street trees with mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of 24 cm and mean height of 10.6 m. The large number of trees makes the manual updating process very laborious. The automatic mapping procedure presented in this paper detected 88.8% of all trees in the inventory. Tree height was predicted with root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.27 meters and tree DBH with RMSE of 6.9 cm. The presented method provides a practical and cost–effective tool for the mapping of urban tree characteristics. The cost–efficiency was further enhanced because the used ALS data were originally collected for other urban planning purposes.     

Effect of green infrastructures supported by adaptative solar shading systems on livability in open spaces

Lack of thermal comfort in the existing building stock in many warm summer climates and the COVID-19 pandemic have increased residents' temporary occupation of urban open spaces. However, climate change and other effects such as urban heat islands are also negatively affecting the livability of these spaces. Therefore, strategies are needed to improve the thermal conditions in these areas. In this context, the research designs, simulates and assesses an urban green infrastructure supported by an adaptative solar shading system. For this purpose, a public square to be renovated in Seville (Spain) is chosen. After an analysis of the current situation, more vegetation is added. However, trees are not planted fully grown, so their cover is not enough in the short term and an artificial system that protects from the sun by casting shade and that adapts to both their growth and the seasons is included. The urban space is characterized by on-site measurements, proposing four (initial, intermediates and final) scenarios using computational fluid dynamics simulations in an holistic microclimate modelling system. In turn, changes in thermal comfort are analyzed using the COMFA model. Results show that the air and surface temperature are decreased, reducing the number of hours in discomfort by 21% thanks to incorporating the green structure and by 30% due to the vegetation. It can be concluded that the use of these temporary urban prostheses enables urban spaces regenerated with vegetation to be enjoyed without waiting 20 or 30 years for the trees to mature, encouraging people to spend more time outdoors from the start of the intervention.     

香花植物在昆明城市绿化中的应用分析

采用典型抽样的方法,对香花植物在昆明城市公园、广场、住宅小区、高校、道路5种绿地类型绿化中的应用现状进行了实地调查.调查结果表明:在昆明城市绿化中,所用香花植物共14科16属24种.其中,城市公园应用种类较多,其次是高校绿地,道路绿地应用较少.在此基础上,从物种组成、花色、应用等方面对昆明城市绿化中香花植物应用状况的调查结果进行了分析,指出了存在的问题,并对今后香花植物的应用提出了建议.     

Patterns in bat functional guilds across multiple urban centres in south-eastern Australia

Understanding the impacts of landscape change on species behaviour is a major challenge in landscape ecology. A focus on the functional traits of species may improve this understanding if species with similar traits (functional guilds) are impacted by landscape change in similar ways, but this idea has not been widely tested on bat communities in urban landscapes. We examined changes in bat species richness and the activity level of species in different functional guilds within 72 residential neighbourhoods across 18 towns and cities spanning over 250,000 square km in south-eastern Australia. Species richness increased close to native vegetation, declined with increasing urbanization, and had a hump-shaped relationship with neighbourhood vegetation cover. Also, the activity level of all bat species combined peaked at mid-range values of neighbourhood vegetation cover. The activity of species in the open-adapted guild was not strongly related to any urban characteristic, but our results concur with previous findings that the activity of most open-adapted species does not appear to be negatively impacted by urbanization. Conversely, clutter-adapted species appear more sensitive to urbanization and their activity level was negatively related to urban intensity and increased closer to native vegetation, consistent with previous studies. The functional-trait approach may improve the capacity to make generalisations across different landscape contexts for clutter-adapted and open-adapted guilds, but is currently hampered for other bat species owing to variation in the behaviour of different species assigned to the same functional guild, and a lack of ecological knowledge regarding the impacts of different types of landscape change on particular species.     

Increased home size and hardscape decreases urban forest cover in Los Angeles County’s single-family residential neighborhoods

Single-family residential neighborhoods make up large areas within cities and are undergoing change as residences are renovated and redeveloped. We investigated the effects of such residential redevelopment on land cover (trees/shrubs, grass, building, and hardscape) in the 20 largest cities in the Los Angeles Basin from 2000 to 2009. We identified spatially stratified samples of single-family home lots for which additional square footage was recorded and for which additional construction was not recorded by the tax assessor. We then digitized land cover on high-resolution color imagery for two points in time to measure land cover change. Redevelopment of single-family homes in Los Angeles County resulted in a significant decrease in tree/shrub and grass cover and a significant increase in building and hardscape area. Over 10 years, urban green cover (trees/shrubs and grass) declined 14–55% of green cover in 2000 on lots with additional recorded development and 2–22% of green cover in 2000 for single-family lots for which new permits were not recorded. Extrapolating the results to all single-family home lots in these cities indicate a 1.2 percentage point annual decrease in tree/shrub cover (5.6% of existing tree/shrub cover) and a 0.1 percentage point annual decrease in grass cover (2.3% of existing grass cover). The results suggest that protection of existing green cover in neighborhoods is necessary to meet urban forest goals, a factor that is overlooked in existing programs that focus solely on tree planting. Also, changing social views on the preferred size of single-family homes is driving loss of tree cover and increasing impervious surfaces, with potentially significant ramifications for the functioning of urban ecosystems.     

从石家庄学院中心广场看国内高校的广场设计

校园广场是师生在校园中休闲时非常重要的一个场所,是体现校园地域文化的最重要载体,其构成反映了特定校园空间的几何学关系和空间秩序的组织方式。通过围合与沟通、整合与分离、二维面与三维体、比例与尺度等空间组织手法,使其景观形态与所在环境相呼应。以石家庄学院中心广场为例,分析了广场在校园中的应用以及它与一般广场的区别,并进一步探讨了高校校园环境营造时所应关注的内容。     

河北邯郸市城市广场景观设计初探

分析城市广场建设的必要性,总结邯郸市城市广场建设现状,提出城市广场设计要以人为本、合理规划、突出主题。