壮筋补骨丸促进新西兰兔骨折愈合的X线影像学比较研究

为客观评价壮筋补骨丸促进骨折愈合的作用,选用30只雄性新西兰兔造成右侧桡骨3 mm完全缺损的骨折模型,随机分为模型组、伤科组和壮筋组,分别给予生理盐水,伤科接骨片和壮筋补骨丸灌胃,连续5周.术后观察3组动物精神、食量、体重、活动情况,X线观察折断端骨痂生长情况并进行统计学处理.结果表明,术后壮筋组动物和伤科组动物均无发生续发性感染等并发症,其采食量和体重的恢复明显优于模型组;从X线诊断分析,伤科组与壮筋组在造模后7 d时,与模型组比较已有明显差异,表现在骨折端边缘模糊,骨膜出现轻度反应,其中壮筋组断端间距缩窄,见少量骨痂生长;14 d后,这种差异进一步增加,35 d时伤科组与壮筋组大部分新西兰兔骨折断端缺损均填满骨痂,与模型组比较差异明显,表明壮筋补骨丸能促进新西兰兔骨折愈合.     

一剂复方中药对家兔骨骼愈合的影响

复方中药对骨折愈合的作用机制目前尚不明确,本试验通过观察复方中药对家兔桡骨骨折后血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶和X线影像学等指标的影响,分析该中药促骨愈合的效能及其可能作用机理。试验选用48只成年家兔,制成骨缺损标准模型,随机分为试验组和空白对照组,试验组每日在饲料中添加复方中药2.5 g/kg饲喂,对照组给予普通饲料。分别于术后2、4、6、8周进行生化指标和X线影像学检测。试验结果表明,试验组血清钙、血清磷、血清碱性磷酸酶及X线片评分骨折后明显高于对照组。该复方中药能缩短骨折愈合过程所需时间,提高骨折愈合质量,有利于骨折愈合。     

纹状体内注射6-羟基多巴胺制备兔帕金森病模型

应用脑立体定位技术微量注射6-OHDA于兔右侧纹状体内。术后每周观察以阿扑吗啡（Apomorphin,APO）诱导的旋转行为,并于术后6周处死兔,以黑质酪氨酸羟化酶（Tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）免疫组化染色,观察黑质多巴胺能神经元的形态、结构及数量变化。结果表明,部分兔在术后即出现行动迟缓、躬身、易激怒等异常行为。术后6周时,20只兔中有16只在阿扑吗啡诱导后30min内的平均旋转圈数大于7r/min,达到成功模型标准。模型成功率达到80%。TH免疫组化染色可见正常对照组、假手术组及模型组未损侧黑质内有胞浆浓染、突起明显的TH免疫反应阳性神经元分布,神经元数量较多,轴突长度较长,且3者差异不显著（P〉0.05）;而模型组损毁侧黑质内TH免疫反应阳性神经元与上述3者相比,数目明显减少（P〈0.05）,残存的细胞染色较浅,胞体轮廓和突起均不清晰,轴突长度明显变短（P〈0.05）。结果提示,将6-OHDA注射于兔单侧纹状体是一种制备帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）模型的有效方法,此法操作简便,动物死亡率低,模型制作成功率高。     

纤维蛋白胶复合物促进犬骨折愈合的临床学观察

为了探索纤维蛋白胶(FG)联合人骨形态发生蛋白(rhBMP-2)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和妥布霉素的复合物对犬骨折愈合的影响,建立了犬胫骨骨折模型,将FG复合物应用于实验组和空白对照组的胫骨骨折处,在术后2、4、8、12、16周,测定骨折处周围软组织充血水肿消除时间、利用X射线影像学评价骨折愈合程度、测定骨折愈合部位的骨密度(BMD)及骨密度比率、骨痂体积,测定胫骨生物力学强度并进行统计和分析。实验组和对照组比较:术部红、肿、热消失时间显著缩短,术后各时间点的X射线影像学评分更高,术后各时间点骨痂更大,术后16周术部骨骼能承受的最大载荷和最大位移显著增大。结果表明FG联合rhBMP-2、bFGF与妥布霉素应用于骨折部位,可促进骨折愈合过程中软组织的生成,缩短骨折愈合的时间,提高骨生物力学强度。     

犬污染骨异位寄养再回植的影像学评估

[目的]探讨犬游离长段桡骨通过寄养在血运丰富的隐静脉旁使其血管化来修复开放性骨折造成的骨缺损的可行性。[方法]选取12只成年健康犬随机分为实验组与对照组,2组分别截取右侧前肢桡骨中段约15 mm的桡骨骨段。模拟车祸环境,将截取的长段桡骨放置于外界泥土中1 h,取回的骨块用大量生理盐水冲洗,并放置在10%聚维酮碘中浸泡5 min,之后使用生理盐水冲洗1 min,沥干备用。实验组将其包埋在血管丰富的隐静脉处,对照组放置于-80℃低温无菌保存。8周后取出骨块,植回原位修复犬桡骨骨缺损。回植后第6、12周观察桡骨的大体形态。第4、8、12周通过X射线观察修复效果,使用Lane-Sandhu X线评分标准进行评分。[结果]在同一时间段内,实验组桡骨骨缺损修复的效果均好于对照组。[结论]通过寄养血管化的长段骨和低温保存长段骨均可修复犬桡骨骨缺损,与-80℃保存的骨块相比血管化的长段骨具有愈合时间短、骨吸收少的优点。     

复方卡波姆诱导的兔慢性高眼压模型探讨

采用新西兰兔16只,每只兔的左眼为模型眼,右眼为对照眼。注入复方卡波莫溶液0.3ml,测量眼压、角膜厚度并观察兔眼的变化。结果表明,16只兔均造模成功,在手术4周内平均眼压值为23~25mmHg,术后4周的实验眼平均眼压仍有23.17mmHg,对照眼为14.33 mmHg,2组相比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。因此,兔眼前房注射复方卡波姆是一种理想的慢性高眼压模型。     

犬股骨远端髁间T型骨折内固定实验模型的建立

为创建犬股骨远端髁间T型骨折并同期行内固定术的实验动物模型,观察这种内固定术后的愈合情况。对8条成年犬通过截骨的方法制作动物模型,并分别于术后1d、1周、2周、4周、8周、12周对实验犬进行X线检查。除一条实验犬创口感染形成假关节外,其余的犬对手术耐受良好,X线检查显示,随着固定时间延长,骨折间隙逐渐变窄,骨痂从无到有,骨折线从开始模糊到消失。本实验模型中采用的内固定方法能很好的治愈犬股骨远端髁间T型骨折。     

复方忍冬藤提取物促进骨折愈合及抗炎作用研究

试验旨在探讨复方忍冬藤提取物对骨折愈合和抗炎的作用。采用牙科电钻制备兔右侧桡骨骨折模型,通过测定血清中钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶的含量,探明其对骨折家兔血清生化指标的影响。利用LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞建立炎症模型,采用ELISA法测定复方忍冬藤提取物对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞释放的炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β和NO含量的变化。结果显示,利用牙科电钻可成功制备兔骨折模型,复方忍冬藤提取物可增加骨折家兔血清中钙和碱性磷酸酶的水平,降低血清中磷含量。与LPS组相比,50~200 μg/mL复方忍冬藤提取物对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞分泌的炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和NO的含量具有显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）,对IL-6的含量无显著影响（P>0.05）。综上所述,复方忍冬藤提取物对骨折愈合有促进作用,并具有较好的抗炎效果。     

克氏针在犬骨折外固定支架术中的应用效果

选择4只3～5月龄、3～7 kg杂交犬,随机分为A、B两组,对A、B两组犬分别制作前肢桡骨和后肢胫骨骨折模型,再用克氏针组合成外固定支架进行固定,以期了解外固定支架运用于犬骨折手术的操作技巧、术后护理要点及骨折愈合时间,同时探索克氏针在骨折外固定支架术中的应用效果。试验结果显示,术部炎症常见,针道感染普遍,针道感染易造成克氏针松脱,以A组的克氏针较B组容易脱出。在针道口涂抹红霉素软膏或太白老翁散可有效抑菌和制止渗出,术肢于术后3 d即点地行走,7～8周骨折线模糊。因此,骨折外固定支架术操作简单,骨折愈合时间短,易出现术部和针道感染,克氏针在外固定支架术中的应用效果一般,后肢应用效果较前肢稳定。     

中草药法促进骨折愈合作用的实验研究

[目的]研究中草药法对成年家兔胫腓骨骨折愈合的影响. [方法]选用健康成年家兔（随机分为对照组、中草药法治疗组两组）,均采用无菌手术造成机械性胫腓骨骨折,通过X线观察中草药法促进骨折愈合的作用. [结果]中草药法治疗组与对照组比较：骨痂生长明显加快、且新生骨出现早、范围大. [结论]中草药法对骨折后骨修复和提高骨折愈合有明显促进作用.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.