Preliminary Studies on Establishment of Genetic Transformation System in Loblolly Pine

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种子胚特异性启动子的克隆及其功能验证

以水稻品种日本晴DNA为模板,用PCR的方法从水稻胚特异性表达基因OsESG上游序列扩增出特异性条带,克隆出种子胚特异性启动子,长度为1.1kb,且已知的功能部位序列没有发生改变。用它构建了带动报告基因GUS表达的双元载体,并用农杆菌介导法转化水稻得到了转基因植株。对GUS基因的表达检测表明,由该启动子序列引导的GUS基因仅在胚中特异性表达,而其它组织中都未表达,证实该启动子具有胚特异性表达的功能。     

Cloning and expression analysis of the FvNCED3 gene and its promoter from ash(Fraxinus velutina)

The 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase(NCED)gene is rate-limiting in abscisic acid(ABA) biosynthesis.In this study, an NCED gene, designated FvNCED3(KY008746), was cloned from velvet ash(Fraxinus velutina Torr.) with a RACE method. The full length c DNA of FvNCED3 encodes a 573-amino acid polypeptide.Sequencing analysis showed that the FvNCED3 protein was highly homologous to other NCED proteins. The expression patterns of FvNCED3 in different ash organs were analyzed by real-time PCR which revealed that FvNCED3 expression levels were highest in leaves and lowest in roots. The gene expression patterns of FvNCED3 under abiotic stress indicated that its expression increased under drought, salt and ABA stress and decreased due to high and low temperatures. There were no obvious changes under ultraviolet light. The 1094-bp upstream sequence 5' flank regulation region of the FvNCED3 gene was also cloned from ash using the Genome Walking method. To assess the activity of the FvNCED3 promoter, a p FvNCED3 p::GUS plant expression vector was constructed for tobacco transformation. GUS expression of the FvNCED3 GUS enzyme activity was detected in almost all transgenic tobacco tissues, especially in the young leaves,stigma, anther, ovule and ovary. After treating the transgenic tobacco with NaCl and placing it under drought stress, GUS staining of tobacco leaves increased compared with that under normal growth conditions. This result indicates that gene expression driven by the FvNCED3 promoter can be induced by salt and drought stress.     

Preliminary studies on establishment of genetic transformation system in loblolly pine

A transformation system was established for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) mature zygotic embryos usingAgrobacterium tumefaciens. The gene coding for the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was introduced into loblolly pine tissues and its transient expression was detected with histochemical staining. The influences of different genotypes.Agrobacterum concentrations. and cocultivation time on GUS expression and kanamycin resistant callus and shoot regeneration were investigated. The results showed that the highest GUS expression frequency (16.3%) and shoot regeneration frequency (78%) were obtained from genotype 9–1003 withAgrobacterium concentration decreased 9 times and cocultivation time of 56 hours respectively. GUS expression was obtained in all genotypes tested. The successful expression of the GUS gene in different genotypes suggested that it will be a useful transformation system for loblolly pine. (Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

Seasonal changes in the transient expression of a 35S CaMV-GUS gene construct introduced into Scots pine buds

Seasonal changes in the transient expression of Beta-glucuronidase gene (GUS) driven by a constitutive 35S CaMV-promoter in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) buds were studied by the microprojectile DNA-delivery method. Buds were collected from 5-, 15- and 50-year-old trees. In buds from all age groups the amount of transient expression was dependent on the season; the highest values were found in March, and values were lowest both at the beginning and at the end of the growing season. Pretreatment with growth regulators increased both the amount of transient GUS expression and arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity in buds indicating an increase in metabolic activity. These results confirm that the genetic transformation technique can be used to study seasonally dependent regulation in mature Scots pine tissues.     

杨树维管组织特异启动子的克隆与启动活性分析

启动子在基因表达调控中起关键性作用,它在很大程度上决定所控基因表达的时间、空间和强度。依据拟南芥ATH1芯片分析杨树维管形成时期特异表达基因的结果,选取了差异表达基因NST3,通过BLAST比对在杨树EST数据库(PopulusDB)中找到同源性较高的基因NAC068。以毛白杨为材料,在其基因组中克隆得到该基因5'侧翼区901 bp长的片段,命名为pProNAC068,将该片段置换pBI121载体中的CaMV35S启动子,并在84K杨中检测报告基因GUS的表达情况。经过GUS活性检测分析发现:该启动子可以控制外源基因在次生维管组织中特异表达,从而为基因工程中有目的的控制外源基因在维管组织中的表达奠定基础。     

Cloning and expression analysis of a homologous expansin gene EXP2 in Picea wilsonii

Expansins are cell-wall-loosening proteins that have multiple roles during plant development and stressrelated processes. In this study, a novel expansin gene Pw EXP2 was cloned by rapid amplification of c DNA ends based on the c DNA library of Picea wilsonii and EST fragment of Pw EXP2. It was found that Pw EXP2 coded253 amino acids, and putative signal peptides exist at the N-terminal, followed by 8 cysteines, a HFD(His-Phe-Asp)conserved domain, and 4 tryptophan residues at the C-terminal. Pw EXP2 was located in cytoplasm and nucleus when transformed in an onion epidermal cell. Quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that Pw EXP2 was expressed in various tissues with a relatively high level in needles and low level in mature pollen. The expression level of Pw EXP2 dramatically increased after seed germination.Gene expression profiles in abiotic stresses showed that Pw EXP2 was induced by high temperature and osmotic stress but not involved in ABA-dependent signaling pathway. These results display the important roles of the Pw EXP2 in plant development and multiple adversity stresses.     

Genetic transformation of loblolly pine using mature zygotic embryo explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Introduction1Genetictransformationinconifershasthepotentialtoallowtheselectiveimprovementofindividualtraitsinelitecloneswhilestillmaintainingtheexistingcombinationofgenesresponsibleforthesuperiorphenotype(Charestetal.1991;Jamesetal.1996;Walteretal.1999).Atpresent,althoughconsiderableresearchefforthasbeendevotedtothegeneticengineeringofconiferspecies(Sederoffetal.1986;Bekkauoietal.1988,1990;Robertsonetal.1992;Bomminenietal.1993;Shinetal.1994;Klimaszewskaetal.1997),ithaslaggedbehindadvancesma…     

Differential expression of genes encoding cell wall proteins in vascular tissues from vertical and bent loblolly pine trees

Differential expression of cell wall proteins during plant development and in response to biotic or abiotic stress suggests that these proteins may contribute in different ways to plant cell wall architecture. Because the wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is highly specialized in the formation of secondary cell walls, it is an ideal tissue for studying these proteins. The cDNAs coding for six novel cell wall associated proteins, as well as a homologue for a phytocyanin, were identified and characterized from differentiating xylem of loblolly pine. Three of these cDNAs encoded new putative loblolly pine arabinogalactan proteins, based on their structural similarity to classical arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). In addition, one clone was related to the proline-rich protein group and the other two to the glycine-rich protein group and the mussel adhesive protein. Relative expression of these genes was examined in different tissues and organs from normal trees (needles, phloem and vertical wood), the underside of bent trees (compression wood) and the lateral sides of the bent stems (side wood). All clones, except one, were highly expressed in vascular tissues with noticeable differences among the three types of wood. Their relationships and diversity provide the first insights into concerted expression and related function for this important group of proteins in cell wall formation of wood.     

白桦APETALA2(AP2)转录因子基因的分离及其表达

白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)是我国常见阔叶树种,用途广泛。其花单性,雌雄花均为不完全花,只有两轮花器官,雌雄同株,其雌雄花发育特殊,同年生雌雄花异熟,花期不遇,且雄花发育存在越冬宿存现象[1]。这些不同于模式植物两性花的特征,预示着单性花发育的特殊性,具有重要的研究价值。     

Genetic transformation of loblolly pine using mature zygotic embryo expiants byAgrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 carrying pBI121 plasmid was used to transform mature zygotic embryos of three genotypes (E-Hb, E-Ma, and E-Mc) of loblolly pine. The results demonstrated that the expression frequency of β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) varied among genotypes after mature zygotic embryos were infected withAgrobacterium tumefaciens cultures. The highest frequency (27.8%) of GUS expressing embryos was obtained from genotype E-Mc with mean number of 21.9 blue GUS spots per embryo. Expression of β-glucuronidase reporter gene was observed on cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radicles of transformed mature zygotic embryos, as well as on organogenic callus and regenerated shoots derived from co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos. Nineteen regenerated transgenic plants were obtained from GUS expression and kanamycin resistant calli. The presence and integration of the GUS gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis. These results suggested that an efficientAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into loblolly pine has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for the future studies on transferring economically important genes to loblolly pine.     

毛竹漆酶基因启动子序列分析及基因表达模式

漆酶在细胞壁形成、逆境胁迫、花青素形成和酚类物质催化等过程中均发挥着重要作用，其基因表达受到多种外界因素的影响。为揭示竹子中漆酶基因的表达模式，以毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）为对象，利用生物信息学手段分析了其中42个漆酶基因（PeLACs）启动子序列，利用已有的转录组数据分析了其中PeLACs的表达模式，克隆漆酶基因PeLAC20的启动子序列PeLACp，并构建了瞬时表达载体，在拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）中瞬时表达。结果表明，在42个PeLACs启动子序列中包含多种与激素以及非生物胁迫相关的顺式作用元件，在GA₃处理以及低温和干旱胁迫下各基因表现为不同的表达模式，表明它们参与激素和非生物胁迫的应答，而且功能存在着一定的差异。PeLACs在毛竹不同生长阶段根和笋中的表达模式也证明了各基因功能的差异性。克隆的PeLACp序列为2 000 bp，利用GUS染色法检测启动子PeLACp的活性显示，PeLACp主要在转基因拟南芥的根中表达。研究结果为进一步揭示毛竹漆酶基因的生物学功能提供了参考依据。     

杨树PtRRI基因的组织特异性表达模式分析

[目的]模式植物在木本植物中鉴定的许多重要调控因子家族在木本植物中出现了基因家族成员扩张,但ARRs家族作为细胞分裂素响应调节因子在杨树基因组中成员数量反而减少,其在木本植物中如何行使功能需要进一步研究。[方法]本研究通过生物信息学构建PtRRI启动子与GUS融合表达载体,检测植物激素处理后PtRRI表达量和检测PPtRRI::GUS转基因植株在生根过程中GUS信号等方法,对杨树PtRRI基因的组织特异性表达模式进行分析。[结果]表明:PtRRI在杨树根部、形成层、木质部表达量相对较高,PtRRI转录受6-BA激素诱导,与其在不定根发育过程中激素调控下的表达相一致。[结论]PtRRI基因可能参与杨树的次级生长。     

Expression of BpPIN is associated with IAA levels and the formation of lobed leaves in Betula pendula ’Dalecartica’

Auxin polar transport genes PIN(PINFORMED)determine the concentration gradient of auxin in plants.To understand the relationship between the development of different tissues in Betula pendula‘Dalecartica’,BpPIN gene expression and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content were analyzed using qRT-PCR,ELISA,and GUS staining.Gene expression of BpPIN genes and IAA levels in the leaves,buds,stems,xylem,and roots of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’and B.pendula as a control were measured.BpPIN1,BpPIN5 and BpPIN6 were upregulated during development in both species,suggesting a dominant role in the development of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’leaves.Moreover,BpPIN1 gene expression was positively associated with IAA levels during leaf,vein and petiole development in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’only.The correlation coefficient of the first three leaves was 0.69(P=0.04),while that of the first three petioles was 0.85(P=0.001).In addition,GUS staining of the pro-DR5::GUS transgenic line of cultivar was correlated with the results of BpPIN1 expression.Overall,these findings suggest that BpPIN1 is associated with the formation of lobed leaves in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’.     

杨树因伤诱导型启动子的克隆及功能分析

机械损伤或病虫害侵扰引起植物一系列防御相关基因的激活,其中一些是因伤诱导表达的．Ｂｒａｄｓｈａｗ等１９８９年报道了杨树Ｗｉｎ３基因家族中的一员,其编码产物类似于白薯和豆类胰蛋白酶抑制剂,并且是因伤诱导表达的。为了更全面的了解这一基因启动子在因伤介导表达中的作用,探讨其在基因工程用于控制外源基因表达的可能性,本文分别从欧洲黑杨（Ｐ．ｎｉｇｒａ）和美洲黑杨（Ｐ．ｄｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ）中扩增出ｗｉｎ３基因启动子ＷＩＮＰ（７０５ｂｐ）和ＷＩＤＰ（７９１ｂｐ）．这两个启动子与来自大肠杆菌的ＧＵＳ基因融合,通过根癌农杆菌Ｔｉ质粒转化系统引入烟草中．证实了ＷＩＮＰ和ＷＩＤＰ控制的ＧＵＳ基因的表达不仅在损伤部位,而且具有系统的因伤诱导效应．对８株转基因烟草的组织化学分析表明,其表达模式与以前的报道一致。无论是在受损伤组织还是完整组织中,ＷＩＮＰ的伤诱导活性总比ＷＩＤＰ高。这两个启动子需要进一步改造以增强其活性。     

GH3::GUS reflects cell-specific developmental patterns and stress-induced changes in wood anatomy in the poplar stem

GH3 genes related to the auxin-inducible Glycine max (L.) Merr. GmGH3 gene encode enzymes that conjugate amino acids to auxin. To investigate the role of GH3 enzymes in stress responses and normal wood development, Populus x canescens (Ait.) was transformed with the promoter-reporter construct GH3::GUS containing a GH3 promoter and the 5' UTR from soybean. beta-Glucuronidase (GUS) activity was present in the vascular tissues of leaves and in developing lateral roots and was inducible in silent tissues by external auxin application. A decrease in GUS activity from the stem apex to the bottom corresponded to decreases in auxin concentrations in these tissues. High auxin concentration and high GH3::GUS activity were present in the pith tissue, which may provide storage for auxin compounds. GH3 reporter was active in ray cells, paratracheal parenchyma cells, maturing vessels and in cells surrounding maturing phloem fibers but not in the cambium and immature phloem, despite high auxin concentrations in the latter tissues. However, the GH3 promoter in these tissues became active when the plants were exposed to abiotic stresses, like bending or salinity, causing changes in wood anatomy. We suggest that adjustment of the internal auxin balance in wood in response to environmental cues involves GH3 auxin conjugate synthases.     

Cloning and expression analysis of a homologous expansin gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">EXP2</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea wilsonii</Emphasis>

Expansins are cell-wall-loosening proteins that have multiple roles during plant development and stress-related processes. In this study, a novel expansin gene PwEXP2 was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends based on the cDNA library of Picea wilsonii and EST fragment of PwEXP2. It was found that PwEXP2 coded 253 amino acids, and putative signal peptides exist at the N-terminal, followed by 8 cysteines, a HFD (His-Phe-Asp) conserved domain, and 4 tryptophan residues at the C-terminal. PwEXP2 was located in cytoplasm and nucleus when transformed in an onion epidermal cell. Quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that PwEXP2 was expressed in various tissues with a relatively high level in needles and low level in mature pollen. The expression level of PwEXP2 dramatically increased after seed germination. Gene expression profiles in abiotic stresses showed that PwEXP2 was induced by high temperature and osmotic stress but not involved in ABA-dependent signaling pathway. These results display the important roles of the PwEXP2 in plant development and multiple adversity stresses.     

落叶松实时定量PCR内参基因的筛选

本研究针对日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.)体细胞胚胎发育过程中原胚团时期到胚胎成熟时期、种子萌发过程、植株幼年生长阶段和成年生长阶段等生长发育过程中的31份材料,应用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术,分析了12个持家基因(ACT 4、APm、Chc、Gapc、RPL1、RPL2、EF1、EF2、eIF、E3UL、UBQ和UPL2) 在这31份材料中的表达情况。经geNorm和NormFinder两种分析软件对这12个持家基因进行表达稳定性分析,结果表明:APm在不同器官、体细胞胚胎发育和种子萌发过程中表达均最为稳定;EF1 在不同生长年龄植株的顶梢中表达最为稳定;eIF在不同年龄植株的针叶中表达最为稳定。分析结果表明,针对不同的研究材料和发育阶段应选择适合的持家基因做内参基因使用。进行基因表达细微差异研究时,可根据需要使用2个或2个以上内参组合。