大草蛉生物学特性研究

大草蛉(Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmaer)在湖北省以预蛹越冬,全年可完成4—5个世代。雌虫1次交尾可终生产受精卵,单雌平均产卵量在800粒左右,最多可达1234粒。幼虫可捕食粮、棉多种害虫。成虫和幼虫均嗜食多种蚜虫。成虫有趋光性。温度对卵孵化率、幼虫和蛹的存活率以及成虫寿命有较大影响,最适温度在25—30℃之间,卵在35℃恒温条件下不能孵化。各虫态发育的起点温度和有效积温分别是:卵期为8.17℃和63.21日度;一龄幼虫为12.99℃和37.80日度;二龄幼虫为10.83℃和39.17日度;三龄幼虫为9.35℃和60.23日度;蛹期为9.23℃和215.47日度。幼虫随着龄期的增长,抗寒能力加强。草蛉黑卵蜂(Telenomus aorobates)是抑制大草蛉种群数量的主要天敌。     

温度对甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确温度对甘蔗条螟Chilo sacchariphagus生长发育和繁殖的影响,在20、23、26、29和32℃不同温度下测定甘蔗条螟各虫态的发育历期和成虫繁殖力。结果显示,在20～32℃范围内,各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,20℃下完成1个世代需要83.30 d,而32℃下仅需35.56 d。各虫态的发育速率与温度呈显著正相关,符合Logistic回归模型。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫产卵前期以及全世代的发育起点温度分别为15.87、9.90、13.67、10.79和11.27℃,有效积温分别为69.49、490.99、142.95、26.72和717.68 d·℃。雌、雄成虫寿命均随温度的升高逐渐缩短,雌成虫产卵量在26℃时最高为136.37粒/头。卵和蛹在26℃时的存活率最高,分别为94.71%和93.55%,在29℃时幼虫的存活率最高,为47.73%,在26℃时全世代的存活率最高,为42.08%。表明温度是影响甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的关键因素,26～29℃是甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。     

温度对大蜡螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为预测大蜡螟Galleria mellonella的发生期并为其田间有效防控提供参考依据,采用室内人工恒温饲养方法,测定27、29、31、33、35℃五个温度下大蜡螟幼虫龄期、各虫态存活率和发育历期及成虫寿命和繁殖力,对其发育速率与温度进行回归分析,计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温。结果显示,27～35℃范围内,大蜡螟能正常发育,但低温会使幼虫龄期减少,29～35℃下大蜡螟有7～10龄幼虫,而27℃下,大蜡螟仅有6～8龄幼虫。温度显著影响各虫态存活率,低龄尤其1龄幼虫受温度的影响较大,27～33℃下其存活率低于26.06%,当温度为35℃时其存活率高达87.27%。世代及各虫态的发育历期均与温度呈负相关,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期及世代发育历期均在35℃降至最小值,分别为5.00、25.90、7.05和37.95 d。各虫态发育速率与温度符合二次回归模型。由直接最优法计算得到大蜡螟卵、幼虫、蛹及世代的发育起点温度分别为13.11、13.69、19.83和13.19℃,有效积温依次为100.32、514.09、95.13和789.87日·度。雌雄成虫的寿命和雌成虫产卵历期均随温度升高而缩短,温度...     

三叶斑潜蝇发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

不同恒温条件下测定了三叶斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii(Burgess)各虫态的发育历期,并用直线回归法计算出各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,三叶斑潜蝇的历期、发育速率与温度间相关性明显,其卵、幼虫、蛹及全世代发育起点温度分别为9.20℃、10.80℃、6.43℃、8.40℃,有效积温分别为68.4日度、66.7日度、161.3日度、315.0日度。     

红火蚁卵、幼虫和蛹发育起点温度和有效积温研究

在22、25、28、31、34℃下研究了红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta Buren)工蚁卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,红火蚁的发育历期受温度影响显著,随着温度的升高,各虫态发育历期缩短;幼虫的发育历期最长,其次为蛹,卵的历期最短。红火蚁工蚁卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为19.2℃、20.1℃和18.4℃,有效积温分别为66.7日·度、119.0日.度和99.1日·度。     

甘薯天蛾发育起点温度和有效积温研究

室内饲养观察结果表明,甘薯天蛾各虫态的发育起点温度分别为卵15.1℃、幼虫14.5℃、预蛹14.4℃、蛹16.8℃、成虫11.7℃;有效积温分别为卵40.8日度、幼虫158.3日度、预蛹37.6日度、蛹123.9日度、成虫58.7日度;全世代的发育起点温度为15.6℃,有效积温为370.6日度。根据有效积温法则推算,该虫在泰安一年发生3～4个世代,与田间调查结果和发生规律相符。     

枸杞木虱(Paratrioza sinica Yang et Li)有效积温和发育起点温度的室内测定

枸杞木虱是枸杞生产中4种严重害虫之一,在室内测定了枸杞木虱各虫态及整个世代有效积温和发育起点温度:卵期有效积温为90.2日度,发育起点温度为(7.2±2.4)℃;幼虫期的有效积温为291.8日度,发育起点温度为(8.4±2.9)℃;整个世代有效积温为547.6日度,发育起点温度为(7.9±2.0)℃。宁夏地区的年发生理论代数为3～4代,与实际观察结果基本吻合。     

灰茶尺蠖发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在19、21、23、25和27℃共5个恒温条件下,研究测定了灰茶尺蠖各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在19~27℃范围内,灰茶尺蠖各虫态和世代的发育历期随着温度的升高而显著缩短,除成虫外,卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育速率与温度呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。灰茶尺蠖卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和世代的发育起点温度分别为(9.78±1.20)、(4.57±1.52)、(7.15±1.21)、(14.91±2.83)和(6.93±0.47)℃,有效积温分别为(88.01±7.81)、(311.26±25.35)、(150.13±11.29)、(34.50±11.54)和(570.03±16.29)日·度。     

新疆地区马铃薯甲虫发育与温度关系的研究

研究了新疆乌鲁木齐地区的马铃薯甲虫在15、20、25、30 ℃和32 ℃及相对湿度75%下各虫态的发育历期和发育速率。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率随温度的升高而加快。其在20 ℃下完成整个世代需要59.2 d,而在32 ℃下完成1代则减少到32.9 d。并用直线回归法,得出各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为:卵期11.9 ℃和32.26日•度,幼虫期4.6 ℃和526.32日•度,蛹期5.1 ℃和270.27日•度,成虫产卵前期14.4 ℃和117.65日•度,整个未成熟期7.9 ℃和675.68日•度,整个世代8.1 ℃和832.35日•度。结合乌鲁木齐市各月平均气温和累积有效积温,推测出马铃薯甲虫在乌鲁木齐地区一年可以发生的理论代数为1.89代,与田间实际发生代数基本吻合。     

双七瓢虫发育起点温度与有效积温研究

在19、22、25、28、31℃恒温条件下,对双七瓢虫[Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata(Linnaeus)]各虫态的发育历期、发育速率、发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究.结果表明,在19-31℃温度范围内,双七瓢虫各虫态发育速率加快、发育历期随着温度的升高逐渐缩短,在19、22、25、28、31℃温度条件下,卵-蛹期的发育历期分别为32.13、21.59、17.81、13.16 d和11.18 d.试验测得其卵,1～4龄幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为11.47、12.15、12.74、15.02、12.96℃和13.09℃,相应的有效积温分别为39.16、34.06、22.89、21.36、39.93℃和42.41℃.根据有效积温和发育起点温度建立了回归方程和历期预测式.     

新疆沙尘暴活动与气候条件的关系

本文根据新疆不同地区气象观测资料,研究了该区沙尘暴活动特点及其与气候变化的关系。资料表明,近30年来新疆沙尘暴发生的频数呈减小趋势,这主要是气候变化影响的结果。新疆沙尘暴的高发月份为4、5月份,南疆沙尘暴明显多于北疆,这主要是南疆与北疆气候差异造成的。气候要素中的降水量变化与沙尘暴的发生有着极其密切的关系,二者呈明显的负相关;气温的高低也与沙尘暴的发生呈负相关。新疆地区气候的暖湿变化对沙尘暴的发生起着明显的抑制作用。华北和黄土高原沙尘暴主要发生在3-4月,这表明新疆5月份的沙尘暴没有到达这两个地区。研究新疆地区沙尘暴发生的条件对源区沙尘暴防治有重要的意义。     

Variations of the thermal growing season during the period 1961–2015 in northern China

Researching into changes in thermal growing season has been one of the most important scientific issues in studies of the impact of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. However, few studies investigated the differences under various definitions of thermal growing season and compared the trends of thermal growing season in different parts of China. Based on the daily mean air temperatures collected from 877 meteorological stations over northern China from 1961 to 2015, we investigated the variations of the thermal growing season parameters including the onset, ending and duration of the growing season using the methods of differential analysis, trend analysis, comparative analysis, and Kriging interpolation technique. Results indicate that the differences of the maximum values of those indices for the thermal growing season were significant, while they were insignificant for the mean values. For indices with the same length of the spells exceeding 5°C, frost criterion had a significant effect on the differences of the maximum values. The differences of the mean values between frost and non-frost indices were also slight, even smaller than those from the different lengths of the spells. Temporally, the starting date of the thermal growing season advanced by 10.0–11.0 days, while the ending dates delayed by 5.0–6.0 days during the period 1961–2015. Consequently, the duration of the thermal growing season was prolonged 15.0–16.0 days. Spatially, the advanced onset of the thermal growing season occurred in the southwestern, eastern, and northeastern parts of northern China, whereas the delayed ending of the thermal growing season appeared in the western part, and the length of the thermal growing season was prolonged significantly in the vast majority of northern China. The trend values of the thermal growing season were affected by altitude. The magnitude of the earlier onset of the thermal growing season decreased, and that of the later ending increased rapidly as the altitude increased, causing the magnitude of the prolonged growing season increased correspondingly. Comparing the applicability of selected indices and considering the impacts of frost on the definitions are important and necessary for determining the timing and length of the thermal growing season in northern China.     

室内自然变温下朱红毛斑蛾发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温

在室内自然变温下,研究了朱红毛斑蛾的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,朱红毛斑蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫发育历期随着温度升高总体呈现缩短趋势,发育起点温度分别为(11.54±0.51)、(11.65±0.44)、(13.90±0.25)和(19.04±0.92)℃,有效积温分别为(153.24±2.05)、(787.49±0.28)、(159.14±0.99)和(35.72±3.40)日·度。结果可用于该虫的预测预报,为及时制定有效的防治策略提供科学依据。     

1961～2008年中国大陆极端气温时空变化分析

利用乌鲁木齐、兰州、漠河、青岛、拉萨、成都、南京、广州等8个具有代表性的气象台站1961～2008年的年平均气温、逐日最高、最低气温资料,计算分析了中国大陆极端高温、极端低温的变化趋势。研究表明:近50a来,中国大陆年平均气温、极端最高和极端最低气温均表现为显著上升趋势,极端最低气温的升幅大于极端最高气温的升幅,极端气温差趋于缓和;中国大陆极端气温的异常偏冷偏暖现象主要发生在20世纪70年代以后;除西北西部和华东地区外,其它地区日最高气温大于35℃的日数呈增大趋势;除东北地区外,日最低气温小于0℃的日数显著减少,青藏高原无霜期明显加长。     

Roles of bootstrap resampling,measure of central tendency,and method for calculating thermal units when developing phenology models for pest management

The successful development of phenology models from field studies depends on many factors, some of which are entirely under the control of pest managers. For example, one such factor is the choice of method for calculating thermal units. In this study, we have demonstrated that four methods for calculating thermal units provided for acceptable predictions of one phenological event of one insect species, while another method for calculating thermal units did not. The measure of central tendency (mean or median) that is used to estimate lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations is another factor that pest managers can control when developing phenology models from field studies. Here, we show that predictions that were made when using phenology models based on median lower developmental temperatures and median required thermal summations were superior to predictions that were made when using phenology models based on mean lower developmental temperatures and mean required thermal summations. The use of bootstrap vs. non-bootstrap estimates of lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations is yet another factor that pest managers can control when developing phenology models from field studies. In this study, we found that calculating and using bootstrap estimates of lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations in phenology models did not improve the predictions of one phenological event for one insect species. The implications of these and other findings are discussed.     

Germination ecology of seeds of the annual weeds Capsella bursa-pastoris and Descurainia sophia originating from high northern latitudes

Low temperatures may inhibit dormancy break in seeds of winter annuals, therefore it was hypothesized that seeds of Capsella bursa‐pastoris and Descurainia sophia that mature at high latitudes in late summer–early autumn would not germinate until they had been exposed to high summer temperatures. Consequently, germination would be delayed until the second autumn. Most freshly matured seeds of both species collected in August and September in southern Sweden were dormant. After 3 weeks of burial at simulated August (20/10°C) and September (15/6°C) temperatures, 28 and 27%, respectively, of the C. bursa‐pastoris and 56 and 59%, respectively, of the D. sophia seeds germinated in light at 15/6°C. In contrast, in germination phenology studies conducted in Sweden, only a few seeds of either species germinated during the first autumn following dispersal. However, there was a peak of germination of both species the following spring, demonstrating that dormancy was lost during exposure to the low habitat temperatures between late summer and early autumn and spring. Nearly 100% of the seeds of both species subjected to simulated annual seasonal temperature changes were viable after 30.5 months of burial. In the burial study, exhumed seeds of C. bursa‐pastoris were capable of germinating to 98–100% in light at the simulated spring–autumn temperature regime (15/6°C) in both spring and autumn, while those of D. sophia did so only in autumn. In early spring, however, seeds of D. sophia germinated to 17–50% at 15/6°C. Thus, most seeds of these two annual weeds that mature in late summer do not germinate in the first autumn, but they may do so the following spring or in some subsequent autumn or spring.     

不同温度、水热条件对3种植物种子物理休眠解除的影响

研究种子物理休眠解除机制及其影响因素是了解种子休眠生态学和种群适应策略的重要途径。准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)、银沙槐(Ammodendron bifolium)和乌拉尔甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)是在干旱区分布的3种豆科珍稀物种,其种子均存在物理休眠现象。以3种植物种子为研究对象,探讨冷层积(5℃)、夏季高温及干/湿处理对种子物理休眠解除的作用。研究表明:1 3种植物种子的硬实率高,种皮透水性低,划破种皮的处理方法可有效解除3种植物种子的物理休眠。2冷层积对3种植物种子的物理休眠解除无显著影响。3高温、干/湿条件和处理时间显著影响3种植物种子的萌发率,其中,湿热条件更能有效解除3种植物种子的物理休眠。准噶尔无叶豆和银沙槐种子的物理休眠解除率与温度呈正相关,在80℃和65℃湿热条件下其萌发率最高,分别达到(70.48±2.92)%和(78.13±3.67)%,而乌拉尔甘草种子的物理休眠解除率与温度呈负相关,40℃湿热条件下的萌发率最高,达到(85.23±3.82)%。表明荒漠地区夏季的极端高温有利于种子物理休眠的解除,但较少的降水量却限制了种子的萌发,这可能是导致该地区3种植物自然种群实生苗稀少,有性更新弱的主要原因之一。     

Chemical and environmental factors driving germination of Solanum americanum seeds

Solanum americanum Mill. is a weed that occurs with a number of crops, and it is known for its high seed production and its staggered germination. The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination behavior of S. americanum seeds under the influence of chemical and environmental factors. In the laboratory, we tested the effect on germination of (i) constant and alternating temperatures, (ii) seed washing, (iii) exposure time and concentration of chemical treatments and (iv) seeding depth and soil covered with plant residue on seedling emergence. The variables analyzed were germination percentage, germination rate index, seedling emergence and length of the seedlings. The results indicated that alternating temperatures are the main way to promote germination of S. americanum; however, chemical treatments can help to increase the germination percentage and rate index. There was no increase in germination with seed washing, with the exception of KNO₃ application. A GA₃ concentration of 0.84 g L^?1 and an exposure time of 21.22 h in 0.2% of KNO₃ promoted the highest germination of S. americanum. Germination occurs when seeds remain on the soil surface and are not covered by crop residue.