室内袋式和管道式光生物反应器对湛江等鞭金藻生长及生化组分的比较分析

为探索湛江等鞭金藻室内大规模培养的可行性,分析比较了在管道式光生物反应器和聚乙烯袋培养模式下,湛江等鞭金藻生长密度、比生长速率、叶绿素含量及有机物含量的变化情况。试验将接种藻密度控制在10.0×10⁴ cells/mL,培养周期为16 d。结果显示,在管道式光生物反应器培养模式下,藻密度可达1.97×10⁶ cells/mL,显著高于聚乙烯袋培养模式下的藻密度（0.99×10⁶ cells/mL）(P<0.05);两种模式下,湛江等鞭金藻的比生长速率分别达到0.396 7、0.327 5/d;管道式光生物反应器模式下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、最高总蛋白、最大可溶性糖的质量浓度分别为0.46、0.44、0.92、107.267 7、9.587 8 mg/L,最大生物量（干质量）为0.160 1 g/L,聚乙烯袋培养模式下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、最高总蛋白、最大可溶性糖的质量浓度分别为0.26、0.26、0.52、62.564 5、5.559 1 mg/L,最大生物量（干质量）为0.098 6 g/L,管...     

气升式光生物反应器培养微藻溶氧和pH值变化规律研究

为了解决在光生物反应器养殖微藻过程中,溶解氧和pH值2个培养工艺参数的控制问题,分别在80 L、350 L和900 L的3种规格气升式光生物反应器中培养湛江等鞭金藻(lsochrysis zhanjiangensis),高藻细胞浓度分别达到900×104,700×104,500×104cell/mL,测定其中溶氧和pH值的日变化。结果显示,在光照度4 000 lx以上时,湛江等鞭金藻光合作用强,表现为反应器中藻液溶氧较高,日最高溶氧分别可达17.91 mg/L、15.84 mg/L和12.7 mg/L。所测定的藻液日pH值均在7.00~9.16变化。     

甘油对湛江等鞭金藻生长及细胞内多糖累积的影响

采用单因素试验方法研究富氮及限氮两种培养体系下甘油浓度(41、110、206mmol/L)对湛江等鞭金藻生长及细胞内多糖累积的影响。试验结果显示,当甘油浓度为41mmol/L时湛江等鞭金藻的细胞密度、细胞内多糖含量及产量均比其他两种甘油浓度时的值高,其中富氮培养体系的细胞密度、细胞内多糖含量及产量分别为7.73×107个/mL、16.21%和0.32g/L,限氮培养体系的细胞密度、细胞内多糖含量及产量依次为5.29×107个/mL、54.43%和1.02g/L。表明培养体系中甘油浓度低而氮含量高时有利于细胞生长(前者是后者的1.46倍),而甘油和氮含量均少时利于细胞积累多糖(后者的多糖含量和产量分别是前者的3.36倍和3.19倍)。在两种培养体系下,随着甘油浓度的增加,湛江等鞭金藻的细胞密度及藻细胞内累积的多糖呈降低趋势,说明高浓度甘油抑制湛江等鞭金藻细胞生长和细胞内多糖的累积。因此,为提高湛江等鞭金藻细胞内的多糖产量,应在接种时添加低浓度甘油的限氮培养体系中培养湛江等鞭金藻,这些结果可为高值天然产物的生产提供参考。     

湛江等鞭金藻18SrRNA基因序列分析与分类学意义

对湛江等鞭金藻的18SrRNA基因序列进行测定,获得1712bp的DNA序列.应用DNAMAN和DNAstar生物软件,将获得的DNA序列与GenBank中的球等鞭金藻18SrRNA基因序列进行DNA序列和RNA二级结构对比.DNA序列分析显示,两者的18SrRNA基因序列非常保守,相似性为99.77%,湛江等鞭金藻在分类地位上应为球等鞭金藻;RNA二级结构分析显示,两者的RNA二级结构既存在球等鞭金藻种的特异性茎环结构,又存在明显的差异,这为球等鞭金藻种下水平的研究提供了一种新的研究方式.由此可见,单纯的18SrRNA基因序列分析可能不适用于球等鞭金藻种下水平的研究,但是其RNA二级结构分析对球等鞭金藻的物种鉴定,甚至是种下水平的研究都具有非常重要的意义.     

珠母贝浮游幼虫饵料的研究

研究了湛江等鞭金藻、等鞭金藻OA-3011、亚心形扁藻、小球藻、绿色巴夫藻、面包酵母、光合细菌单独及多种混合投喂对珠母贝浮游幼虫生长、存活和变态的影响.结果表明:单独投喂时湛江等鞭金藻、等鞭金藻OA-3011效果最好,幼虫壳长93 μm时可投喂亚心形扁藻,小球藻、绿色巴夫藻、面包酵母、光合细菌不宜单独投喂;直线铰合期、壳顶幼虫的最适日投饵量扁藻为2 400cell/mL和5 000 cell/mL,湛江等鞭金藻为3 000 cell/mL和5 500 cell/mL,光合细菌为10 000 cell/mL和15 000cell/mL湛江等鞭金藻、亚心形扁藻、光合细菌和绿色巴夫藻混合投喂对浮游幼虫生长、存活和变态有显著提高,出现壳初、眼点、附着和变态时间显著缩短.     

湛江等鞭金藻培养基和培养方法的优化

在室内采用正交试验的方法,对湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)氮、磷、铁、碳、维生素B1、维生素B12等主要营养成分进行了优化,获得了以天然海水为基础的优化培养基:NaNO3 60mg/L,KH2PO4 4mg/L,FeC6H5O7 0.5mg/L,NaHCO3 1.0g/L,维生素B1 150μg/L,维生素B12 200 ng/L.试验结果表明,使用优化培养基培养湛江等鞭金藻具有生长速度快、产量高、成本低的优势.应用微生物流加技术培养湛江等鞭金藻可取得较好效果.     

西施舌Coelomactra antiquata(Spengler)幼虫对几种单细胞藻类摄食效果的初步试验

本文用6种单细胞藻类培育西施舌面盘幼虫生长和成苗率的影响。观察结果:体长82μm的西施舌D形幼虫,2h后开始摄食湛江叉鞭金藻,体长136μm的壳顶幼虫才开始摄食扁藻。幼虫昼夜摄食率以上午6h—12h为最高,摄食小球藻、异胶藻、湛江叉鞭金藻的消化速率(H)为8—6h。用湛江叉鞭金藻为单一食料,投放密度以4—5×10~4ceⅡs/ml育苗效果较好。西施舌幼虫培育密度以2—5个/ml为适。     

光照对湛江等鞕金藻不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响

金藻门的湛江等鞭金藻含有其他别门藻类所不含有的DHA和EPA,并且其脂肪酸含量受环境因子的影响较大。本实验对不同光照强度和光照周期下湛江等鞭金藻的脂肪酸组成和含量进行分析。结果显示,光照强度对DHA的含量影响显著,光照时间对EPA的含量影响显著。本研究通过研究光照对湛江等鞭金藻不饱和脂肪酸的影响,希望对湛江等鞭金藻的进一步开发利用提供思路。     

在高温期培养湛江叉鞭金藻防治敌害生物的方法

在海珍品人工育苗的过程中,通过人工途径培养生物饵料做为海珍品幼体的食物已非常普遍,并得到了广泛的应用。多年实践证明.在诸多生物饵料中,湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateriazhanjiangensis Hu.Var.sp.)是海珍品幼体培育阶段最佳开口饵料,也是辽宁沿海各育苗单位多年传统使用的主要生物饵料。但是,由于叉鞭金藻在培养过程中难度较大,尤其是     

盛夏高水温对七种单细胞藻增殖的影响

１９９４年８月３日～１０日，在室内自然温度变化（２７～３１℃）条件下，对湛江叉鞭金藻、球等鞭金藻、牟氏角毛藻、新月菱形藻、盐藻、青岛大扁藻和日本小球藻等７种单细胞藻做了高温增殖培养试验。结果表明：在盛夏高温期间，生长最快的是扁藻和球等鞭金藻；生长一般的是叉鞭金藻、盐藻和小球藻；生长处于指数下降期的是新月菱形藻。     

西藏浪错夏季浮游植物组成与环境因子的关系

2017年7月,在西藏浪错(E 87°23′5.46″,N 29°12′33.45″)入水口和出水口,北侧靠西边小岛内侧等处共设5个采样站点,调查浮游植物的群落结构.研究结果显示,浮游植物有3门12种(属),密度1.935×104～51.558×104个/L,平均密度17.188×104个/L,生物量0.003～0.2...     

Artificial Propagation of Mutton Snapper Lutjanus analis, A New Candidate Marine Fish Species for Aquaculture

Abstract Wild-caught mutton snapper Lutjanus analis , a high-value marine food fish species, matured in flow-through seawater (36 g/L) tanks after 3 yr in captivity. On 31 May 1995, a female with a mean oocyte diameter of 382 μm was injected with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (500 IU/kg body wt.) followed 24 h later by a second injection (1,000 IU/kg body wt.). At the time of the second injection, three males were injected with HCG (500 IU/ kg body wt.). Voluntary spawning occurred 33 h after the first injection, with a total of 534, 781 eggs released. Fertilization rate was 75.7%, while average diameter of fertilized eggs was 783 μm. Embryos were stocked in a 30-m³ outdoor tank at a density of 10.5/L. On day 2 post-hatching (d2ph), larval density was 8.61 larvae/L, and average notochord length was 2.6 mm. Larvae were fed ss-type rotifers from dl-d28ph, Artemia nauplii from 0–08ph, and artificial diets (52–48% protein) from d24-d38ph. On d38ph, fish averaged 0.308 g and 22.2 mm standard length. Survival (from d2ph) was 14.3%, with a total of 36,900 post-metamorphic juveniles produced. On d97ph, 1,390 hatchery-reared juveniles (avg. wt. = 10.5 g) were stocked into two 14.5-m³ recirculating seawater tanks (695 fish/tank; 48 fish/m³) and fed a 56% protein pellet. After 168 d, fish averaged 140.8 g, with a survival rate of 97.8% and a feed conversion ratio (dry wt./wet wt.) of 1.2. These preliminary results reveal the mutton snapper to be a prime, new candidate species for commercial cultivation.     

Density and Water Exchange-Dependent Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus setiferus Postlarvae

This present study was designed to investigate the effects of stocking density and water exchange on the growth rate, survival and performance index of L. setiferus postlarvae under controlled laboratory conditions. The experiment was done with postlarvae (PL10 to PL40) at densities of 50, 150, 250 and 350 shrimp/m² and various different water exchanges rate per day (0, 6, 12 and 18%). The maximum growth rate was obtained for shrimp with 12% water exchange per day at all densities. A reduction of the maximum growth rate was observed in relation to density with the highest values in shrimp stocked in a density of 50 and 150 shrimp/m² (mean value of 0.53 mg/d) and the lowest in shrimp stocked in a density of 350 shrimp/m² (0.24 mg/d). The multiple regression equation obtained to relate performance index (growth rate* survival : PI), shrimp density (X₁) and water exchange (X₂) was: PI = 0.31 + (0.001) X₁+ 0.039 X₂+ 2.28 × 10⁻⁶ X₁²+ (−0.0017) X₂²+ (0.000026)X₁X₂, R ²= 0.78; P > 0.03. According to this equation the optimum shrimp density-water exchange comhination was between 5 to 12% of water exchange at stocking density of between 50 and 150 shrimp/m². Salinity, ammonia-N and nitrite-N increased according to the time spent in tanks without water exchange. With no (0%) water exchange, water quality parameters measured were outside the optimum for L. setiferus postlarvae. The use of optimum density and water exchange in a nursery system for L. setiferus with optimum variables established is proposed.     

铜离子对湛江等鞭金藻生长的影响

在不同的Cu离子浓度下分别培养了湛江等鞭金藻。结果显示,Cu离子浓度低于10-6mol/L时,有利于藻细胞的生长繁殖,其中在10-7mol/L时藻细胞的生长相对较快;叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白含量相对较高;细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及O2-产生速率相对较低;而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性相对较强。结果表明,在湛江等鞭金藻的培养液中加入浓度为10-7mol/L的Cu离子时最利于其生长,其细胞内各项生理生化指标处于最佳状态。     

嘉兴南湖水系浮游植物群落结构及其环境影响因子

为进一步了解嘉兴南湖的水生态特征,探究环境因子对浮游植物分布的影响规律,于2018年5月在南湖主干河流、主要出入湖口及南湖分别设置7个、6个和3个采样点,对浮游植物群落结构及分布进行调查。结果显示,南湖及其水系共发现浮游植物64种,隶属6门、47属,优势种有6种,分别是绿藻门游丝藻(Planctonema lauterbornii)、小球藻(Chlorella)和衣藻(Chlamydomonas)、硅藻门小环藻(Cyclotella)、隐藻门啮蚀隐藻(Cryptophyceae)和具尾蓝隐藻(Chrcomonas caudata),优势度分别为0.290、0.039、0.020、0.199、0.065和0.049。从空间分布来看,浮游植物平均密度为1021×10⁴个/L,平均生物量为7.43 mg/L,其中南湖及主要出入湖口浮游植物种类(20种、25种)、密度(1958×10⁴个/L、1303×10⁴个/L)及生物量(14.95 mg/L、7.66 mg/L)均高于南湖7条主干河流(16种、378×10⁴个/L、4.01 mg/L),区域分布差异明显。各采样点浮游植物Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H′)为1.59~2.70,平均值为2.18;Margalef丰富度指数(D)为0.77~1.53,平均值为1.20;Pielou均匀度指数(J′)为0.57~0.92,平均值为0.74;南湖各出入湖口多样性指数和丰富度指数较高,7条主干河流显示出较高的均匀度,而南湖水体多样性指数和均匀度指数均较低。营养状态评价发现,南湖水系大部分水体处于中-富营养水平,无贫营养水体。物种与环境典型对应分析表明,南湖水系浮游植物分布受电导率(EC)、pH、溶解氧(DO)、总溶解性固体(TDS)、浊度(TUB)、水温(WT)等水体基本理化指标以及总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、亚硝态氮(NO 2-N)等水质指标双重作用影响,这些指标是决定南湖水系浮游植物分布的主要影响因子。     

Use of avoidance response by rainbow trout to carbon dioxide for fish self-transfer between tanks

Convenient, economical, and reduced labor fish harvest and transfer systems are required to realize operating cost savings that can be achieved with the use of much larger and deeper circular culture tanks. To achieve these goals, we developed a new technology for transferring fish based on their avoidance behavior to elevated concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂). We observed this behavioral response during controlled, replicated experiments that showed dissolved CO₂ concentrations of 60–120 mg/L induced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to swim out of their 11 m³ “growout” tank, through a transfer pipe carrying a flow with ≤23 mg/L dissolved CO₂, into a second 11 m³ “harvest” tank. The research was conducted using separate groups of rainbow trout held at commercially relevant densities (40–60 kg/m³). The average weight of fish ranged from 0.15 to 1.3 kg during the various trials. In all trials that used a constant flow of low CO₂ water (≤23 mg/L) entering the growout tank from the harvest tank, approximately 80–90% of the fish swam from the growout tank, through the transfer pipe, and into the harvest tank after the CO₂ concentration in the growout tank had exceeded 60 mg/L. The fish that remained in the growout tank stayed within the area of relatively low CO₂ water at the entrance of the transfer pipe. However, the rate of fish transfer from the growout tank to the harvest tank was more than doubled when the diameter of the transfer pipe was increased from 203 to 406 mm. To consistently achieve fish transfer efficiencies of 99%, water flow rate through the fish transfer pipe had to be reduced to 10–20% of the original flow just before the conclusion of each trial. Reducing the flow of relatively low CO₂ water near the end of each fish transfer event, restricted the zone of relatively low CO₂ water about the entrance of the fish transfer pipe, and provided the stimulus for all but a few remaining fish to swim out of the growout tank. Results indicate that the CO₂ avoidance technique can provide a convenient, efficient, more economical, and reduced labor approach for fish transfer, especially in applications using large and well mixed circular culture tanks.     

Outdoor turbidostat culture of the marine microalga Tetraselmis sp.

Abstract. Biomass productivity, photosynthetic efficiency and fatty acid profiles of the marine microalga Tetraselmis sp. in a turbidostat culture system using an outdoor photobioreactor are described. The maximum productivity depended on the units in which it was expressed; it reached 5·41 × 10⁻³ g/l/h in volumetric units, and 7·26g/m²/day in surface units, the former at the smallest culture depth (0·12m) and the latter at the greatest culture depth (0·25 m). Data from the experiments were adjusted to an equation for light limitation. The comparison of fatty acid composition at both depths showed that biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), was favoured when available light was low (0·17 m). Moreover, fatty acid 16:0 seemed to be an indicator of the type of limitation in the culture, i.e. nutrient or light limitation.     

Response of offshore cultivated Laminaria saccharina to hydrodynamic forcing in the North Sea

The aim of the presented investigation was to test the sensibility of macroalgal aquaculture in offshore wind farms in the North Sea and to find arguments for the choice of appropriate sites among the planned wind farms. Based on experience with an offshore aquaculture farm of Laminaria saccharina conducted in 2002, we assessed the maximum hydrodynamic forces affecting farmed algae by applying the model software “WaveLoad”. Drag measured in a towing tank was considerably higher on algae with a more ruffled margin and wider blade collected from sheltered environments than on flat and narrow farmed Laminaria despite comparable blade areas. Drag varied according to frond size, current velocity and acceleration reaction. Dislodgement of laminarian holdfasts and the forces necessary to break the stipe depended on blade length and surface area. Neither did our measured nor our calculated values of drag exceed those forces, provided the algae had been grown in a current > 1 m s^− 1. Even in storm conditions with maximum current velocities of 1.52 m s^− 1 and wave heights of up to 6.4 m can cultivated L. saccharina withstand the high energy environment.     

氮浓度对海绿球藻生长及总脂含量的影响

用叶绿素荧光分析技术和生物化学方法,研究了不同氮浓度[0.22、0.44、0.66、0.88mmol/L(对照组)]对海绿球藻叶绿素荧光特性、细胞密度、叶绿素含量、相对生长率、干质量、总脂含量及总脂产率的影响。试验结果表明,第4～7d,0.22mmol/L处理组的主要荧光参数(光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转换效率Fv/Fm,光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性Fv/Fo,相对电子传递效率rETR,光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率ΦPSⅡ)显著低于其他处理组。该藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a、b含量、相对生长率及干质量随起始氮浓度的增加而增加,0.22mmol/L处理组上述各项值最低,0.88mmol/L对照组上述各项值最高,其细胞密度、相对生长率和干质量分别为16.37×106个/ml,0.56、0.48g/L。0.22mmol/L处理组总脂含量(占干质量的41.84%)显著高于其他处理组,而对照组总脂含量仅为35.16%。总脂产率与起始氮浓度成正相关,0.22mmol/L处理组最低,仅为0.0095g/(L.d),而0.88mmol/L对照组总脂产率最高,为0.0189g/(L.d)。研究结果表明,氮浓度为0.22mmol/L最适合海绿球藻油脂的积累;氮浓度为0.88mmol/L最适合海绿球藻的生长。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in the economic brown seaweed, Hizikia fusiforme (Sargassaceae, Phaeophyta)

Hizikia fusiforme (Harv.) Okamura (brown seaweed) was cultured using aeration with two CO₂ conditions: outdoor air (actual atmospheric CO₂ concentration, averaging 360 μl l^− 1) and CO₂-enriched air (averaging 700 μl l^− 1), to investigate the possible adjustments of elevated atmospheric CO₂ to the growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in this mariculture species. Aeration with CO₂-enriched air reduced the pH in the culture medium in comparison with aeration with air. The mean relative growth rate was enhanced when H. fusiforme was grown at high CO₂ with respect to normal CO₂. There was little change in the rate of light-saturated photosynthesis, dark respiratory rate and apparent photosynthetic efficiency, measured in natural seawater, between thalli grown in high and normal CO₂ contents. However, both the mean nitrate uptake rate and the activity of nitrate reductase at light period were increased following culture at high CO₂, indicating an enhanced nitrogen assimilation of H. fusiforme thalli with the CO₂ enrichment in culture. It was proposed that the intensive cultivation of H. fusiforme would remove nutrients more efficiently with the future elevation of CO₂ levels in seawater, which could be a possible solution to the problem of ongoing coastal eutrophication.