长江三角洲地区土壤重金属含量及其分异特征

以地学统计、浓度-面积分形方法和富集系数等方法分析了该地区土壤重金属元素含量的变化特征。结果显示:表层和深层土壤的重金属均具有多重分形特征,表层土壤中重金属元素分异性强,在该地区表层重金属含量平均值远远大于全国土壤背景值(除了As);土壤Hg、Cd、Pb含量分布显示了受人为影响强烈,而Cu、Zn主要受原始背景和人为活动综合影响;Cr、Ni、As主要受自然背景影响。研究结果为长江三角洲地区土壤质量评价提供可靠的依据。     

山东省沂源县土壤重金属来源分布及风险评价

为建设高标准农田及保证食品安全,对土壤重金属污染状况进行精确评估极为关键。选取山东省山地丘陵区典型区域—沂源县为研究区,系统采集427个表层土壤样品(0~20 cm),测定了As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Hg和Zn共10种重金属含量;采用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法,揭示了土壤重金属的主要来源;进一步分析得出研究区重金属的空间分布以及与成土母质、工业排放和农业生产污染之间的关系。研究表明:1)沂源县表层土壤中10种重金属元素的平均含量值均高于土壤背景值但未超过国家二级土壤元素限定值,存在一定程度的重金属富集。2)经主成分分析和单因素方差分析后将研究区重金属的来源主要分为3类:As、Co、Cu和Mn主要来源于成土母质,属自然源因子;Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb受到母质和工农业污染双重控制,属于混合来源;Cr和Ni主要是成土母质影响下的自然来源。3)自然来源重金属含量的高值区主要与石灰岩成土母质类型分布相一致,Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb元素含量的高值区与工业区分布基本一致。4)通过潜在生态风险评价,沂源县表层土壤目前处于中度潜在生态风险等级,其中Hg和Cd潜在生态风险最强,达到中度生态危害,其他元素具有轻微的潜在生态危害。研究中通过多元统计-地统计模拟分析法有效的揭示了土壤重金属污染源汇特征,可作为评估该区土壤污染现状和对土壤重金属污染进行风险评价的重要依据。     

松嫩平原北部土壤重金属空间分异特征及生态安全评价

以松嫩平原北部8.15万km2的范围为研究区域,以20 701个表层土壤样品的As,Cd,Cr,Pb,Hg,Cu,Zn,Ni共8种重金属元素含量为基础数据,利用地统计方法分析研究区内表层土壤重金属的空间分异特征.利用主成分分析法进行土壤生态安全质量评价.评价结果显示:松嫩平原北部表层土壤中重金属元素含量普遍低于世界土壤和中国土壤重金属平均含量;研究区内松花江、嫩江对表层土壤中重金属的水平迁移影响显著,表层土壤重金属含量由低及高呈现沿松花江嫩江的主要干支流向周围梯级过渡的趋势.表层土壤中重金属元素的空间分布主要受自然因素影响,其中Pb,As元素的空间分布受到一定程度的人为因素干扰.松嫩高平原区域土壤生态安全质量相对较低,松嫩低平原区域土壤生态安全质量相对较高.     

海南胡椒种植基地土壤重金属评价及来源分析

在对海南省主要胡椒种植区-文昌、琼海两市种植地土壤重金属含量调查的基础上,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法,结合绿色食品产地环境技术条件及土壤环境质量二级标准,对其重金属含量现状进行了评价;然后结合深层土壤、母质岩石样品及海南岛1:25万多目标区域地球化学调查成果,对其土壤重金属来源进行了综合分析。结果表明,相对所选标准,沉积砂岩区(F11~F13)、第四系松散沉积物区(F7、F14)和花岗岩区一种植地(F9)均符合绿色食品产地要求。玄武岩区(F1~F6)土壤Cu、Cr、Ni超标,花岗岩区另一种植地(F8)和变质岩区(F10)土壤Pb、As超标。综合分析结果显示,胡椒基地土壤环境质量整体良好,成土母质是土壤中重金属元素的主要控制因素,但部分种植地浅层土壤中Cd、Pb、As等重金属元素已受到人类活动的影响。     

基于地统计学的樱桃园土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析

为研究天水市樱桃园土壤重金属污染的空间分布特征,实地采集0~20 cm土壤样品,测定重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn含量,并运用多元统计分析等方法定量分析了研究区土壤表层重金属污染程度。结果表明:以甘肃省土壤背景值作为评价标准,除Cd元素外,其他元素的均值都超过了甘肃省土壤背景值;从土壤重金属元素空间分布格局来看,研究区东北部土壤重金属污染较西南部严重;从土壤重金属元素污染源来看,造成樱桃园土壤重金属污染最主要的因素为成土母质、农药;5种重金属元素均存在不同来源的污染,污染来源不单一,属于混合源污染。     

开封市土壤地球化学元素分布特征研究

土壤的元素构成及含量与土壤质量有密切的联系,土壤地球化学元素的分布特征研究对农业区域发展规划具有重要的参考价值。该文以开封市土壤为研究对象探讨了28种土壤地球化学元素的分布状况。研究采用统计分析、地统计分析、综合比较等方法,找出了研究区内土壤地球化学元素的分布特征。结果表明,开封市表层土壤多数地球化学元素空间自相关性强;水平方向上,不同质地的土壤元素含量差异明显;纵向上,表层土壤地球化学元素区域富集系数普遍偏低,而N、P、K、Corg及重金属元素受人类活动的影响较大表现出局部富集;开封表层土壤多数地球化学元素含量平均值比河南省和全国背景值低,而CaO、MgO、Corg、Na2O、Al2O3含量平均值明显比全国背景值高。     

鄂尔多斯盆地基底断裂的环境地球化学效应

鄂尔多斯盆地的环境地球化学景观与水土流失分布特征与基底断裂关系密切。盆地基底断裂控制了盆地的环境地球化学景观和元素分布特征,尤其是定边—绥德断裂带和华池—大同断裂带将盆地分成两个截然不同的地球化学、地貌景观区;鄂尔多斯盆地内的基底断裂在某种程度上控制了盆地的地势、地形、地貌、新构造运动、岩石类型、岩性构造、土壤类型及其性质、浅层地下水及其性质,并间接地控制了土壤岩石后期的改造、风与水的动力条件等因素。研究盆地基底断裂与水土流失的关系,用于指导水土流失综合治理具有重要的现实意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地基底断裂对环境地球化学景观与水土流失的控制作用

鄂尔多斯盆地的环境地球化学景观与水土流失分布特征与基底断裂关系密切。地基底断裂控制了盆地的环境地球化学景观和元素分布特征,尤其是定边-绥德断裂带和华池-大同断裂带将盆地分成两个截然不同的地球化学、地貌景观区;鄂尔多斯盆地内的基底断裂在某种程度上控制了盆地的地势、地形、地貌、新构造运动、岩石类型、岩性构造、土壤类型及其性质、浅层地下水及其性质,并间接的控制了土壤岩石后期的改造、风与水的动力条件等因素。研究盆地基底断裂与水土流失的关系,用于指导水土流失综合治理具有重要的现实意义。     

有色金属采选冶基地周边土壤中重金属纵向分层研究

土壤中重金属元素的纵向分布特征是土壤自身理化性质和外界环境影响下的综合反映,探寻这个特征对于了解土壤中重金属污染程度和研究修复治理技术意义重大。本研究通过对大型有色金属采选冶企业下风向7种不同土地利用类型的土壤进行纵向采样分析,对重金属元素Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr的纵向分布及累积指数进行了研究,为进一步探寻重金属元素的环境行为及来源,了解重金属污染现状,制定修复方法提供技术参考。研究结果表明:研究区域土壤中重金属含量整体上受到了外源干扰,不同用地类型与不同深度土层重金属含量大小关系不一,证明了不同植被与不同土壤性质对重金属迁移有影响;研究区域重金属整体下移较为活跃,Cr元素表现最为明显;土壤样本中重金属含量均高于内蒙古土壤背景值,重金属元素有不断富集的趋势。     

山西汾河流域盆地土壤八种元素分布特征的研究

汾河流域盆地土壤8种重金属含量现状与分布特征研究结果表明:太原盆地高于临汾盆地,太原盆地内水浇地高于旱地,临汾盆地则相反.其分布特征为:太原盆地水浇地,晋中地域旱地大部分为高含量元素.铜镉两元素各地区之间,锌汞两盆地之间差异显著.8种元素最高含量均小于土壤环境标准值,但太原盆地各地域的旱地及运城地域土壤应补充锌铜.污染防治重点在晋中地域.     

The Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Soil Profiles (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Contamination of soils does not only occur on their surface over large areas, but also in depth. Therefore a characterization of soil state after pollution demands a three-dimensional soil sampling, by what a large number of samples has to be analyzed. Analytical results could be evaluated by multivariate statistical methods, which have already been used for the evaluation of data sets containing results from soil sampling of two dimensions like areas or single profiles. In this case study, multivariate statistical methods were applied to investigate structure and interactions between features in a data set containing results of three-dimensional soil sampling. The investigated soil profiles were contaminated by emissions of a former cement and phosphate fertilizer plant. The aim of this study was to determine the remaining extent of contamination and to analyze whether pollutants are mobilized and vertically transported within the profiles. Materials and Methods: Three soil profiles were sampled in the surroundings of the plant. Grain size, organic and carbonatic bonded carbon, pH value, and the total contents of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, F, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn were determined. The resulting data set was evaluated by cluster analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and principal components analysis. The sequential extraction procedure according to Zeien and Brümmer was applied to analyze the binding properties of Ca, Cd, Cu, Na, Pb, and Zn from selected samples. Results: Cd was identified as contaminant of the top soils. The pH values of the bottom soils were determined to be in alkaline range, which is unnaturally high. Variables were clustered according to enrichment of variables in top soils. The samples were classified regarding their pollution state and their substrate by cluster analysis, which was confirmed by linear discriminant analysis. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources of variables as well as relationships between variables like the binding of heavy metals at organic matter were detected by using principal components analysis. The binding of heavy metals at organic matter in the top soils was confirmed by the results of the applied sequential extraction. A vertically altered distribution of Na binding was determined. Discussion: According to the current soil conditions, the uptake of heavy metals had probably occurred by the over ground part of plants during the deposition. The distribution of Na should likely result from the vertical transport of Na, which would also explain the high pH values of the bottom soils by ion exchange. Altogether, the main amount of deposited Ca, F, Na, P, and heavy metals is likely nearly insoluble bound in the top soils. Conclusions: Ten years after the end of production, the pollution of top soils in the surroundings of the former plant is still high. However, regarding the ecotoxicological relevance the now explored interactions between several soil features and elements strongly indicate that there is no short-term to medium-term risk of a mobilization of the deposited elements with the exception of Na. Recommendations and Perspectives: The results of this case study prove that multivariate statistical methods are powerful tools to explore interactions of variables and relationships in a data set derived from three dimensional soil sampling. The methods applied in this work can be highly recommended for evaluations of large data sets resulting from two- or three-dimensional samplings. Multivariate statistical methods enable the characterization of soils and their pollution state in a simple and economic way.     

广东省不同母质发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数特征

采集广东省主要成土母质(玄武岩、砂页岩、第四纪红土和花岗岩)发育的林地、耕地和园地土壤剖面各发生层土壤,测定了土壤颗粒组成、有机质、CEC等理化性质,探讨了不同母质发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,玄武岩、第四纪红土、花岗岩和砂页岩发育土壤分形维数变幅分别为2.923 9~2.981 2,2.858 8~2.937 7,2.769 3~2.923 1和2.544 6~2.885 6;玄武岩和第四纪红土发育土壤颗粒分布分形维数与砂页岩发育土壤存在显著差异。土壤颗粒分布的分形维数随土壤深度增加呈增大的趋势,相同母质发育土壤的深层土壤颗粒分布的分形维数接近一致。玄武岩和第四纪红土发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数在不同深度土壤之间变幅较小,砂页岩和花岗岩发育土壤变幅较大。土壤颗粒分布的分形维数与砂粒含量呈极显负相关,与黏粒含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤全磷、速效钾、全铁、CEC、有机质、全氮、碱解氮呈极显著或显著正相关;土壤颗粒分布的分形维数可以作为表征土壤肥力状况指标。     

Aggregate stability in organically and conventionally farmed soils

A range of factors that influence aggregate stability and soil erodibility were analysed for soils sampled from land managed under contrasting agricultural methods. These included: an organic farm; a conventional farm that incorporated organic fertilizers; a conventional farm that only used inorganic fertilizers; and a non-cultivated control site. The stability of aggregates that compose the bulk soil structure (macroaggregates), and aggregates that were mobilized from the soil by simulated rainfall and surface runoff (microaggregates), were evaluated in terms of the soil fragmentation fractal dimension, organic carbon content and ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate; a signature of live biomass) concentration. The results were used to interpret the existing physical condition of the soils, the (microbial) processes that contribute to that physical structure, and how both pedogenic processes and existing soil quality are influenced by agricultural methods. The soils sampled for this study were demonstrated to be multi-fractal in nature: soils with greater bulk density were composed of more stable macro-aggregates, which, in turn, fragmented into larger, more stable micro-aggregates, rendering the entire soil structure less erodible. Soil erodibility and sustainable soil management should therefore be approached at multiple scales. The primary control on both macro- and micro-aggregate stability was determined to be the organic matter input to the soil, as represented by measurements of organic carbon and ATP. Organic content was greatest for the non-cultivated soil, which reflects the degradation of organic reserves in cultivated soils. For cultivated soils, it was not possible to differentiate aggregate stability for soils managed under organic or conventional (i.e. using biological and inorganic fertilizers) farming practices, but aggregates of soils that only received artificial fertilizers consistently exhibited less stability.     

耕层土壤颗粒表面的分形特征研究

通过对31个土壤样品的测定,研究了不同质地耕层土壤颗粒表面的分形维数(D),结果表明D介于2.7060~2.9968之间,并且同一质地类型的土壤分形维数D差异不大,但有随土壤质地由紧砂土、砂壤土、轻壤土、中壤土、重壤土到轻粘土,分形维数D呈递增趋势。统计分析结果表明:土壤颗粒表面的分形维数D与10个粒级颗粒含量之间存在极显著的线性回归关系;4个粒级对分形维数D的直接贡献由大到小依次为:粘粒>细粉>粗粉>中粉,无论哪一个粒级的颗粒含量增加,通过其它三个粒级的颗粒含量的间接效应都将使分形维数D增大;土壤有机质、土壤阳离子交换量分别与D有极显著正相关,可以用O M=-229.1113+86.5400D和CEC=-84.6456+32.1086D的直线回归方程来描述它们间的数量关系。     

半湿润区长期施肥对土壤结构体分形特征的影响

利用黄土高原南部半湿润地区长达25年田间肥料定位试验020.cm土层土样,研究了长期不同施肥模式与土壤结构体大小、结构体分形特征与土壤肥力的相互关系。结果表明,长期不同施肥模式下土垫旱耕人为土结构体分形特征存在一定差异:7种施肥处理土壤结构体分形维数分布在2.4388～2.6363之间,其中以化肥+厩肥处理土壤结构体分形维数最大,不施肥土壤结构体分形维数最低,说明化肥与有机肥长期配施对土壤团聚体结构分布影响较大。相关分析发现,土壤结构体分形维数与5～2mm团聚体间具有极显著的正相关关系(r=0.994,P0.01);与土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、有效磷含量均具显著正相关关系,与土壤碳氮比(C/N)呈显著负相关关系。在长期不同施肥模式下,分形维数对土壤性质变化的边际量亦有明显差异:土壤结构体分形维数每增加一个单位值,土壤有机碳、全氮、C/N、硝态氮和有效磷的变化依次为31.628%、2.404%、-6.014%、90.370%和172.760%。由边际分析可知,长期施肥条件下土壤结构体分形维数的变化对土壤有效磷、硝态氮的影响最大。     

不同风沙土壤颗粒的分形特征

应用土壤颗粒的重量与粒径分布原理来描述了古尔班通古特沙漠地风沙土壤颗粒的分形特征。通过对10种样品颗粒的机械组成进行分析,分别计算出了它们的分形维数(D=2.3237～2.9347),并分析了其与流动风沙土、半固定风沙土和固定风沙土之间的关系。分析结果表明,风沙土壤结构具有明显的分形特征,其粒径分布分形维数为2～3。土粒表面分形维数与2～0.2mm间的土粒含量存在显著的负相关;而与0.02～0.002mm和<0.002mm的颗粒含量存在显著的正相关,表现为随着土壤质地从流动风沙土、半固定风沙土到固定风沙土的变化,其土粒表面的平均分形维数呈依次增高。土粒表面分形维数与三种典型风沙土壤有机质含量为极显著正相关,而与其硬度为显著负相关。     

Comparison of fractal dimensions of soils estimated from adsorption isotherms,mercury intrusion,and particle size distribution

The values of the surface fractal dimensions were determined for several samples of Cambisols and Luvisols from analysis of nitrogen and water vapor adsorption isotherms and from mercury intrusion data. Moreover, the values of fractal dimension characterizing the particle size distributions of soil samples were calculated by using a number‐based method. For almost all investigated soils the values of the surface fractal dimension, obtained from water vapor isotherms were lower than those obtained from nitrogen isotherms. Largest were the surface fractal dimensions evaluated form mercury intrusion data. No significant correlations between different kinds of surface fractal dimensions were found, and the reasons of this finding are discussed. However, the values of the surface fractal dimensions calculated from mercury intrusion data correlate with those characterizing the texture of soils. The paper also reports on correlations between of the values of surface area, fractal dimensions and some selected physico‐chemical characteristics of soils.     

贵州名优茶与产地土壤矿质元素相关性及其溯源影响的研究

为探究贵州省名优茶产地不同深层土壤对茶叶矿质元素溯源效果的影响,以土壤-茶叶的多矿质元素法结合主成分分析(PCA)、反向传播(BP)神经网络法、逐步线性判别分析(SLDA)对茶叶产地进行溯源。结果显示,不同产地的茶叶和土壤具有独特的矿质元素指纹,茶叶中Fe、Mn、K、Ca、Mg、Cu的含量与土壤中对应元素含量显著相关(P<0.05),以这6种矿质元素含量结合PCA可有效区分茶叶的地理起源;不同深层土壤对茶叶产地的溯源有不同影响,通过SLDA法、BP神经网络法明确了以60~80 cm的土层进行产地溯源的效果最优,产地溯源验证判别率分别为98.5%(SLDA法)和100%(BP神经网络法),并基于SLDA法确定了Zn、Cu、P、Mn、Fe、Mg和K 7种元素构建的贵州名优茶产地溯源模型。此外,研究发现茶叶产地溯源几乎不受茶树品种的影响。本研究结果为贵州省名优茶矿质元素指纹图谱的建设及土壤-茶叶产地溯源的关系研究提供了理论依据。     

Structure and self-similarity in silty and sandy soils: the fractal approach

Soil structure was studied using the concept of fractals and related to soil texture and aggregate properties such as surface charges and aggregate stability. The mass and porosity fractal dimensions (D_m and D_p) of silty and sandy soils were determined on in situ soils using a variety of soil sections (thin, very-thin and ultra-thin), by image analysis on a continuous scale from m to 10^?9 to 10^?1m. Surface fractal dimensions (D_s) of these soils were determined on < 2 mm air-dried samples using mercury porosimetry and the fractal cube generator model. The results suggest that soils are not pore fractals but mass and surface fractals with D_m= 1.1 D_s when the dimension of the embedding Euclidean space d is 3. The soil structures could possibly be described by fractal diffusion-limited aggregation with complex interconnected aggregates or by fractal cluster–cluster aggregation models. As a preliminary conclusion, the fractal approach appears to be a potentially useful tool for understanding the underlying mechanisms in the creation or destruction of soil structure.