SX2002管网式降雨模拟装置的试验研究

介绍了适于在室内进行土壤侵蚀模型试验的SX2002管网式降雨模拟装置和试验方法。率定试验的结果表明,雨强在1.2~4.0 mm/m in时,其雨滴中值粒径在1.2~2.0 mm之间,降雨动能与天然降雨接近,有效降雨均匀度超过80%。在SX2002管网式模拟降雨装置中,把雨强作为主要控制参数来实现降雨模拟的动能相似在实际操作中是方便可行的。     

摇臂上喷式降雨模拟器降雨特性分析

降雨模拟器是进行室内或野外土壤侵蚀规律研究、降雨产流及入渗过程研究等的有效手段,目前野外降雨模拟器存在喷头安装高度大、有效降雨区域较小、与天然降雨有一定差别等问题,本文针对以上问题研制出一种可广泛使用的摇臂上喷式降雨模拟器.通过率定降雨面积、降雨强度与均匀系数、雨滴中数直径、终点速度与雨滴动能六大降雨特性,探讨该降雨装置的适用性.结果表明:该装置的降雨面积可达到100 m2,降雨均匀系数为41％;当降雨面积为50 m2,供水压力为0.32 kg/cm2时,平均最大降雨强度为116.25 mm/h,最小降雨强度为61.01 mm/h,降雨均匀系数最大值为82％,最小值为46％,平均雨滴中数直径D50为1.67 mm,平均雨滴终点速度为3.656 m/s,平均雨滴动能为299.4 J/(m2·cm).该装置具有能耗小、重量轻、操作简单、便于移动等优点,符合天然降雨规律,可满足一般田间和野外试验的要求.     

DQSY型模拟降雨装置研制通报

 在分析、借鉴国内外研制经验的基础上,研制单喷头曲面设计、双层喷射变雨强弹簧调节的野外模拟降雨喷头,实现了以单喷头替代多喷头组合式模拟降雨装置,并达到同样模拟降雨效果。由于喷头采用曲面设计,确保喷射水舌有规律地变化;模拟雨滴动能接近于天然降雨动能;模拟降雨过程均匀;喷射面积稳定。实测证明:雨滴中数直径为0.574.26mm,降雨均匀系数≥0.8（±0.05）,降雨面积为150 m2,模拟降雨强度为30～240 mm/h。     

便携式人工模拟降雨装置的设计与率定

用人工模拟降雨研究径流,可以大大缩短试验周期,加速雨水入渗规律和土壤侵蚀规律的研究进程。目前的人工模拟降雨装置普遍存在体积庞大、操作复杂、试验成本高等问题,在现实应用中难以推广。该文针对以上问题设计了一种由喷淋系统和供水系统构成的便携式人工模拟降雨装置。该装置采用单喷头、下喷式模拟降雨结构,通过控制输水管道供水压力和改变喷头型号,实现了不同雨强、不同历时的人工模拟降雨过程。通过降雨特性试验表明,该装置可实现降雨强度为0～140mm/h的模拟降雨,降雨均匀性能保持在80%以上,雨滴直径主要分布在0.1～5.5mm之间,能够满足不同直径的雨滴获得2～2.9m/s的终点速度。试验结果与天然降雨有较高的相似性,可有效实现模拟降雨。     

人工模拟降雨装置的设计及其参数率定

[目的]针对水环境领域中地表径流的水质研究所需的降雨特点,设计了一种人工模拟降雨装置。[方法]该模拟降雨装置采用3个规格不同的喷嘴式喷头,利用不同喷头的启闭与组合实现不同雨强的模拟。[结果]经率定,此装置降雨强度可达0.3~2.0mm/min,在此范围内降雨均匀系数均在85%以上,雨滴中数直径的范围为1.09~2.25mm,最大雨滴直径不超过6mm,雨滴终点速度可达到2~2.9mm/s。[结论]该装置模拟降雨与天然降雨的相似程度较高,可用于模拟真实的降雨情况。     

人工模拟降雨的能量相似及其实现

 能量相似是降雨模拟的基本原则。通过对雨滴粒径、雨滴击溅速度、降雨均匀度等能量相似要素的分析和探讨,提出实现降雨模拟能量相似的重要手段,即在降雨高度、雨滴发生器等条件不变的情况下,通过调节雨强来实现降雨能量的相似;通过加大供水压力等手段可提高降雨动能,所以在降雨模拟实践中,降雨高度不一定需要达到使所有粒径的雨滴均达到终速所需的高度。     

沈阳地区天然降雨雨滴特征对坡面产沙量的影响

为了探究沈阳地区天然降雨雨滴特征与产沙量的关系,在天然降雨条件下,使用滤纸色斑法计算雨滴特征,利用野外径流小区（长8 m,宽1 m）采集沙样。运用相关分析法、灰色关联分析法和模糊贴近度分析法分析了降雨强度、雨滴动能、雨滴中值粒径、雨滴终点最大速度和雨滴质量与产沙量的关系。结果表明:经过相关分析和灰色关联分析,影响坡面产沙量的顺序为降雨强度 > 雨滴动能 > 雨滴中值粒径 > 最大雨滴终点速度 > 雨滴质量,模糊贴近度分析表明降雨强度对坡面产沙量的影响最大,降雨动能其次,雨滴质量影响最小。坡面产沙量分别与降雨强度、雨滴中值粒径、雨滴动能呈幂函数关系;天然降雨雨滴中值粒径与降雨强度呈幂函数关系;雨滴中值粒径和雨滴质量是雨滴动能的主要影响因子。     

基于雨滴谱的人工降雨系统效能评估

采用德国HSC-OTT Persivel32激光雨滴谱探测仪,结合中国科学院水循环与陆表过程重点实验室的人工降雨系统,从均匀性、雨强、雨滴谱、雨滴终点速度和动能5方面评估人工降雨系统模拟降雨的特征及其与自然降雨的相似性。结果表明:(1)该降雨系统模拟降雨均匀系数为0.83,降雨均匀性较好;当模拟雨强I≤1.0mm/min时降雨可靠性较高,模拟雨强I1.0mm/min时,受降雨系统喷头孔径等因素影响,实际雨强小于设计值,可靠性较低;短历时模拟降雨开始的第1min和结束的最后1min实际雨强远小于设计雨强,数据不可靠;建议开展短历时模拟降雨试验时恰当延长降雨时间,选取其中较可靠的数据以减少试验结果误差。(2)该模拟降雨雨滴直径在0.1~1.9mm之间,平均直径0.9mm,比自然降雨的雨滴直径0.1~6.5mm要小;该模拟降雨的雨谱分布符合自然降雨Best函数分布。(3)直径在0.3~0.7mm范围内的雨滴其终点速度与自然降雨拟合较好,当雨滴直径0.3mm和0.7mm时,雨滴终点速度可靠性较低。(4)该系统模拟降雨的雨滴动能可靠性不高,当雨滴直径≥0.6mm时,该雨滴动能小于自然降雨;当雨滴速度2.0m/s时雨滴动能大于自然降雨。建议通过选择合适的喷嘴内径尺寸和数量组合提高雨滴直径可靠性,从而实现雨强和降雨动能与自然降雨的一致。     

降雨及坡面径流模拟试验相似准则

目前降雨径流模拟采用佛汝德准则,模拟结果与实际相差较大。该文采用理论分析方法,通过对降雨径流过程中各作用力大小的比较,确定降雨径流试验相似准则。根据薄层均匀流流速分布,确定了流域侵蚀产沙悬移相似条件。确定出降雨过程中雨滴直径小于1.0mm,主导准则为雷诺相似准则,雨滴直径大于1.0mm,不存在相似准则。考虑正常雨滴直径变幅为0.1～3.5mm,降雨相似可由坡面径流相似主导准则韦伯相似准则确定,几何比尺宜大于10。根据试验资料,验证了相似准则的合理性和精度。该研究可为降雨及坡面径流模拟试验设计提供参考。     

掺气水射流应用于低压摇臂喷头的试验

为解决固定式旋转喷头低压喷灌时,水射流向末端集中形成水量分布不均匀的问题,提出水气两相射流进行喷灌的方法。在摇臂喷头结构的基础上,增加掺气结构,形成掺气射流喷头,以相同工作水压力、射流仰角、喷嘴出口流量相同为约束,以及不考虑副喷嘴对喷洒的影响,对比了掺气与不掺气2种情况下 PY20喷头的射程、径向水量分布、1倍射程间距的正方形组合喷灌均匀系数,雨滴粒径等参数。试验结果表明：原不掺气摇臂喷头出口直径7 mm,安装内径2 mm 的掺气管后出口直径改为8.3 mm,此时两者具有相同的出口流量,2种喷头在相同工作压力下具有近似相等的射程;在掺气喷头工作水压低至100 kPa 情况下,喷头仍具有76 mm 水银柱高差的掺气负压能力;掺气摇臂喷头改善了径向水量分布线射程中段的水量,使水量分布线发生了中段略微增高、末端略下降的变化,从而使1倍间距的正方形组合喷灌均匀系数在低于国家标准工作压力的200 kPa 情况下,从62.8%提高到68.8%;采用激光雨滴谱仪测量射程中部和末端2个地方的水滴粒径表明：掺气状态下射程中部的水量累积百分比中位直径 d50远大于不掺气状态,射流末端对比 d50则小于不掺气状态,说明掺气改变了喷头的雨滴粒径分布。该文试验结果证明掺气摇臂喷头在农业喷灌中应用具有可行性。     

Using meshes to change the characteristics of simulated rainfall produced by spray nozzles

Rainfall simulators have been used for many years contributing to the understanding of soil and water conservation processes. Nevertheless, rainfall simulators’ design and operation might be rather demanding for achieving specific rainfall intensity distributions and drop characteristics and are still open for improvement. This study explores the potential of combining spray nozzle simulators with meshes to change rainfall characteristics, namely drop properties (drop diameters and fall speeds). A rainfall simulator laboratory set-up was prepared that enabled the incorporation of different wire meshes beneath the spray nozzles. The tests conducted in this exploratory work included different types of spray nozzles, mesh materials (plastic and steel), square apertures and wire thicknesses, and positions of the meshes in relation to the nozzles. Rainfall intensity and drop size distribution and fall speed were analysed. Results showed that the meshes combined with nozzles increased the mean rainfall intensity on the 1 m² control plot below the nozzle and altered the rain drops’ properties, by increasing the mass-weighted mean drop diameter, for example.     

人工模拟降雨装置及其应用介绍

我国水土保持科研人员借鉴国外经验,通过改装与自我研发,研制了不少能满足室内和室外试验要求的人工模拟降雨装置。经过多年的发展,人工模拟降雨装置已在水土保持科学研究中得到了广泛应用,并积累了大量的观测资料,为进行土壤侵蚀预测预报打下了基础。系统介绍了近20年来我国人工模拟降雨装置研制的发展及目前应用情况。     

Comparison of German and Swiss rainfall simulators - Relative drop energies and their distribution in time and space for simulated rains

Using a drop impact transducer, the relative energy and distribution of rains simulated by five different field simulators at almost the same rainfall intensity were monitored along runoff plots. Evaluation of the impact pulses registered with a highly-resolving X-t-recorder indicated that the rainfall energies of all simulators varied with time and position. Despite this variability, in many cases differences between the different rainfall simulators were significant. It was also found that the energy of one simulator was not typical for natural rainstorms and that that of another one was sensitive to wind conditions. Rainfall simulators with moving nozzles as dropformers showed characteristic periodicities in their energy distribution.     

A mathematical model for evaluating the effect of wind on downward-spraying rainfall simulators

Rainfall simulators are used to study a variety of different processes (e.g., water erosion, infiltration, overland flow, irrigation, movement of agrochemicals, etc.). Wind affects field experiments that make use of rainfall simulators. Water-drop trajectories and velocities are altered, affecting water application and kinetic energy distributions.In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed from the movement of individual drops after their release from the nozzle of a downward-spraying rainfall simulator. Drag forces, wind and gravity affect the original momentum of a single drop. Water application and kinetic energy were estimated from the coupling of a hydrodynamic model for drop movement, a drop generator representing a single full-cone spray nozzle, and an appropriate interception algorithm at the soil surface.The mathematical model should facilitate the selection of single full-cone spray nozzles and the size and configuration of the spray area for rainfall simulation in order to achieve high application uniformity values on the plot area. It can contribute to the adequate choice of nozzles as well as operating conditions necessary for laboratory and field purposes. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the adequacy of the proposed methodology.     

Ein Vergleich deutscher und schweizerischer Regensimulatoren nach Regenstruktur und kinetischer Energie

Comparison of German and Swiss Rainfall Simulators - Rain Structure and Kinetic Energy The drop size distributions of the investigated rain are significantly different. The rainfall simulators Swanson, Bonn, Basel and Trier culminate in the 2 - 3 mm drop diameter class (～40%) and thus simulate best the drop size distribution of natural heavy rainfall. The structure and the kinetic energy of the rains of eight rainfall simulators have been investigated. The data are compared to those registered during a thunder-shower at the research station of Mertesdorf near Trier/FRG. The results are summarized as follows:

• The impact velocity of artificial raindrops depends on the water pressure within the rainfall simulator, the initial velocity of the raindrops and the fall height. A correction factor to match the kinetic energy of natural rainfall, which is based on the percentage of deviation from the terminal velocity, can be applied only to some extend.
• With respect to various fall velocities of the artificial raindrops all tested rainfall simulators except one yield a rainfall energy between 19 and 27 J/m² per mm of rainfall.
• The actual amount of precipitation measured at the end of the rainfall experiments sometimes differs significantly from the aimed value of 60 mm/h. Due to this variation, the total rainfall energy during the experiments accumulated to 9 - 15 MJ/ha.
• This high variability depends on the used rainfall simulator. But it also demonstrates the importance of precipitation measurements on the plot during simulations in order to exactly calculate the rainfall energy.

     

Methodologies for interrill soil erosion studies

Due to wide range of experimental techniques reported in the literature for determining interrill erodibility and soil loss values, meaningful comparisons between experiments often cannot be made. Furthermore, inaccurate concepts are developed because erosion processes are dependent upon methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss problems related to both laboratory and field rainfall simulator experiments. Rainfall simulators cannot duplicate a wide range of rainfall intensities and, at the same time, have similar energies as natural rainstorms, unless several different nozzles are used. Rainfall intensity in most simulators is created by varying the frequency of spray oscillation. This intermittent spray characteristic of most simulators, and the constant drop size characteristic of other simulators, greatly affects results. Erosion pan design for laboratory studies and preparation of soil samples placed in the pans also can influence erosion results. We conclude that standardization of rainfall simulator design and test procedures will allow better comparison of erosion results to be made among researchers.     

Vergleich deutscher und schweizer Regensimulatoren - Einfluß der Regeneigenschaften auf die Bodenoberflächenrauhigkeit

Comparison of German and Swiss Rainfall Simulators - Influence of Rainfall Characteristics on Soil Surface Roughness Six different field rainfall simulators were compared. Soil surface roughness was tested by a simple field method before and after rainfall simulation. Preparation of the test site with a rotary cultivator inadvertently entailed spatial variability of roughness and aggregate size. Thus, the plots with finer seedbed showed higher runoff and soil loss. The relative decrease of roughness could best be correlated with the total kinetic energy as well as with the R factor of the different simulators (r = 0.87 resp. 0.91). Thus, the degree of soil surface leveling was shown to be due to the rainfall characteristics of the different simulator types. However, there was no relation between change of soil surface roughness and runoff. The relative classification of the kinetic energy of the rainfall simulators explained the leveling of the soil surface better than the classifications previously used in many studies (r = 0.91 as against r = 0.73).     

Comparison of German and Swiss Rainfall Simulators - Experimental Setup

Rainfall simulators, that are commonly used in erosion research should produce comparable runoff and soil loss. At present five types of field rainfall simulators are used in Germany and Switzerland. The experimental setup on a Hapludalf soil site for testing these simulators and one laboratory rainfall simulator are described. Fifty rainfall simulations were carried out during two days on a homogeneous field. Hence, small deviations in slope steepness (< 2%) resulted in 40% deviations in the S factor of the USLE. This strong influence of slope steepness necessitates a high accuracy in the measurement of this parameter. Soil moisture during the two days was very high. This reduced slaking due to air inclusions and should have helped to detect differences in soil detachment due to the different rain structures and test procedures.