2株鲤鱼源乳酸菌体外抗逆性研究

对2株鲤鱼源乳酸菌作为益生菌候选菌株进行体外抗逆性试验.通过耐受胆盐、耐受pH值、耐受蛋白酶和耐高温等试验,对这2株乳酸菌进行研究.其中在胆盐耐受性试验中,YL-1和YL-7在胆盐浓度0.4%、培养4 h时仍有30%以上的存活率;在pH值耐受性试验时,2株乳酸菌均可在一定的酸性和碱性条件下存活;胰蛋白酶对2株菌的存活率没有影响;在70℃的高温中,2株乳酸菌均有一定的耐受性.     

团头鲂肠黏膜益生乳酸菌的分离及体外抗逆性研究

从团头鲂肠黏膜上分离筛选出2株对嗜水气单胞菌有较强的抑制作用的乳酸菌菌株JK-1和JK-2,通过耐受胆盐、耐受pH值、耐受蛋白酶和耐高温等试验对这2株乳酸菌进行体外抗逆性试验研究.其中在胆盐耐受性试验中,JK-1和JK-2在胆盐浓度0.4%、培养4 h时仍有35%以上的存活率;在pH值耐受性试验时,2株乳酸菌均可在一定的酸性和碱性条件下存活;胰蛋白酶对2株菌的存活率没有影响;在70 ℃的高温中,2株乳酸菌均有一定的耐受性.     

斜带石斑鱼消化道乳酸菌在模拟胃肠道环境中的存活

从斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)幼鱼消化道分离到3株乳酸菌,通过抑菌试验筛选出抑菌效果较好的2株菌(MM1和MM4),经生理生化鉴定结合16SrRNA基因测序分析,MM1菌株鉴定为乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis),MM4菌株鉴定为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)。进一步研究了MM1和MM4的体外生长特性,及其对不同pH值的人工胃液、含有不同浓度胆盐的人工肠液及高温的耐受能力。结果表明,MM1和MM4均在培养6h左右进入对数生长期。对人工胃液的耐受能力相似,pH4.0和3.0的人工胃液对2株菌存活的影响较小,而pH2.0的人工胃液对2株菌的影响较大,经2h处理后两者的存活数即下降到105CFU/mL,经4h处理后的存活数低于5.0×103CFU/mL。MM1和MM4对含不同浓度胆盐的人工肠液均具有较好的耐受能力,含中低浓度胆盐(0.1%～0.3%)的人工肠液对2株菌的存活影响很小,处理3h后2株菌的存活数均维持在107CFU/mL以上;高浓度胆盐(0.5%～0.7%)处理3h后2株菌的存活数明显下降,但活菌数仍维持在105CFU/mL以上。MM1和MM4具有一定的耐高温能力,60℃处理30min二者存活数在107CFU/mL以上;80℃处理30min二者存活数在106CFU/mL以上。结论认为,2株乳酸菌具有生长速度快、抑菌能力强、对胃肠道环境和高温耐受能力较强的特点,具有作为益生菌的应用潜力。     

2株鱼源芽孢杆菌的生物学特性研究

体外研究了2株分离自斜带石斑鱼肠道的芽孢杆菌(DE5和SE5)的生长曲线、对模拟胃肠道环境的耐受能力及对潜在致病菌的抑制效果.结果显示,SE5生长速度明显快于DE5,SE5培养4 h进入对数生长期,而DE5培养8 h进入对数生长期.人工胃液耐受试验表明,DE5对人工胃液(不同pH值、胃蛋白酶)的耐受能力较强,pH 2.0的人工胃液处理4 h,其活菌数超过104cfu/ml,pH 3.0和4.0的人工胃液对DE5的生长几乎没有影响;SE5对人工胃液的耐受能力相对较差,pH 2.0的人工胃液处理2 h后未检测到活菌,但pH 3.0和4.0的人工胃液处理4 h后SE5的活菌数超过105cfu/ml.SE5和DE5对人工肠液(不同质量分数胆盐、胰蛋白酶)均有很强的耐受能力,经含0.1%～0.7%胆盐的人工肠液处理3 h后,2株菌的存活数均超过107cfu/ml,且SE5的耐受能力略强于DE5.抑菌试验显示,2株芽孢杆菌对多株潜在致病菌具有一定抑制作用.因此,2株芽孢杆菌均具有生长速度较快,对胃肠道环境耐受能力强特点,且对潜在致病菌具有一定抑制效果,具有作为益生菌应用的潜力.     

仔猪肠源枯草芽孢杆菌体外耐受性研究

研究了分离的仔猪肠源枯草芽孢杆菌体外耐受性。以枯草芽孢杆菌的存活率为考察指标,通过耐酸性、耐胆盐、耐高温试验来研究菌株的体外培养特性。结果:耐酸性试验中枯草芽孢杆菌在p H为2.0的培养基中培养3 h的存活率仍能达到64.7%;耐胆盐试验中其在0.1%和0.3%胆盐培养基中培养8 h存活率均在60%以上;耐高温试验中,70℃、90℃和100℃对其处理20 min存活率分别为70.4%、29.3%和0.2%。结果表明:仔猪肠源枯草芽孢杆菌对酸及胆盐有较强耐受性,对高温有一定耐受性,试验为进一步研制仔猪肠源枯草芽孢杆菌制剂研究提供参考。     

林蛙肠道中乳酸菌的分离及鉴定

用2种方法从健康林蛙肠道菌群中分离乳酸菌,并进一步纯化及鉴定.试验结果表明,用乳酸菌半选择性培养基液体培养液先富集后分离得到了11株单一的乳酸杆菌,经过一系列生化鉴定,11株菌为同一种菌即嗜酸乳杆菌.该菌对嗜水气单胞菌具有抑制作用,抑菌圈直径为12 mm.在胆盐含量为0.3%,pH值为3时仍然生长,表明该菌株完全能适应动物胃肠道环境,作为微生态制剂用菌种具有较好的潜力.     

海水对固定化乳酸菌生长的影响

为探究固定化乳酸菌对海水中不同因素的耐受性,采用涂布分离计数法测定海水中不同pH值、NaCl浓度、Pb~(2+)浓度、葡萄糖浓度对固定化乳酸菌生长的影响。结果表明:海水pH值为6.0,德氏乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、屎肠球菌三种乳酸菌在海水中的活菌率分别为98.0%、117.6%、111.4%;在海水中添加NaCl和醋酸铅溶液均抑制乳酸菌的生长,但屎肠球菌的耐盐性与耐重金属铅的能力均比德式乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌强;乳酸菌生长的最适葡萄糖浓度为20%,过量葡萄糖会抑制其生长。综合比较三种乳酸菌在海水中的生长耐受性,得出屎肠球菌对海水中的pH值、NaCl浓度、Pb~(2+)浓度及葡萄糖变量的耐受性较强。     

2株乳酸菌抑菌作用研究及安全性评价

该研究利用无菌操作技术对2株乳酸菌[乳酸菌S60 (干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei)和S72 (植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum)]开展了常规生化检测、药敏实验、体外抑菌实验和动物实验,验证了其作为渔用益生菌的可行性和安全性。结果显示,2株乳酸菌均能在pH为4.5和0.1%的胆盐环境中存活,对水产动物常见病原菌嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)等均有一定的抑制作用,且抑菌物质分析结果显示,其有效抑菌物质与其代谢过程中产生的有机酸类相关。安全性评价实验结果显示2株乳酸菌无分解明胶和溶血的能力。死亡统计和血液生化指标结果显示,高达1.0×10~9 CFU·mL~(-1)的活菌腹腔注射攻毒并未引起实验鱼类[异育银鲫(Carassius auratus)]的严重死亡和机体损伤。可见2株乳酸菌作为口服益生菌具有较高的安全性。此外,耐药特性研究表明,2株乳酸菌对所用药物中的氨基糖苷类和磺胺甲唑耐受能力强,对氨苄青霉素、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考和多西环素敏感。因此,2株乳酸菌的应用需要注意管理过程中药物的选择。     

817肉鸡肠道乳酸菌及生理特性研究

为筛选817肉鸡同源性乳酸菌菌株,从健康30日龄肉鸡盲肠内容物中分离出LB1、LB2、LB3和LB4四种疑似乳酸菌,经革兰氏染色镜检,生化分析及糖发酵试验进行鉴定,并通过耐酸性、耐胆盐性及抑菌性生理特性研究。结果表明:4种菌株均初步判定为乳酸菌属,LB3和LB4在0.3%胆盐浓度的菌落存活数显著高于其他菌株(p<0.05);LB4和LB1在pH4.0酸度的存活菌数显著高于其他菌株(p<0.05);LB4抑菌圈直径最大,抑菌效果最佳。经综合评定,LB4菌株生理特性最佳,可作为乳酸菌制剂菌种备选。     

急性pH和碳酸盐碱度对缢蛏存活率、Na+/K+-ATPase活性及血淋巴吞噬能力的影响

采用静态毒理学实验方法,分析了2种规格缢蛏(小规格SSc和大规格LSc)在pH和碳酸盐碱度(C_A)急性胁迫条件下的存活率,Na~+/K~+-ATPase(NKA)活性以及血淋巴的吞噬能力。结果显示,当C_A浓度为2.5 mmol/L、pH值为7.5～9.5时,2种规格缢蛏的存活率均接近100%;当pH值大于9.5时,2种规格缢蛏的存活率均显著下降。当C_A浓度为0～44.58mmol/L、pH值为9.0～10.0时,随着C_A浓度的上升,缢蛏的存活率明显下降;在pH值为9.5条件下,LSc的鳃组织NKA活性,随着C_A浓度的上升而升高,LSc血淋巴的吞噬能力随着C_A浓度的上升而下降。由此可见,缢蛏在高pH或高C_A下表现出较强的耐受性,但高pH和高C_A协同胁迫下对缢蛏的存活率具有较大的影响,研究结果为进一步探索缢蛏在盐碱地的养殖提供了一定的理论参考。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.