伊犁河谷不同生境羊草种群构件的年龄结构

对伊犁河谷昭苏县杨树群落(H1)、羊草单优势种群落(H2)生境内的羊草无性系种群年龄结构进行对比分析.结果表明:(1)H1、H2样地内羊草无性系种群分蘖株数量分别由3个龄级和4个龄级组成,且随着龄级的增大迅速减少;各生境羊草种群年龄结构同为增长型.(2)两个样地羊草无性系种群根茎长度均由4个龄级组成,其中H1样地羊草无性系种群根茎长度年龄结构为增长型,H2样地为稳定型.(3)两个样地羊草无性系种群分蘖株生物量与分蘖株数量龄级构成相同,年龄结构均为增长型;根茎生物量均由4个龄级组成都为稳定型.各生境分蘖株和根茎生物量年龄结构均以低龄级居于优势位置.     

伊犁河谷不同生境假苇拂子茅种群构件组成及其年龄结构

假苇拂子茅是根茎禾草,属典型的无性系植物。通过生长季末期单位面积取样的方法,对新疆伊犁河谷地区不同生境的假苇拂子茅种群构件的组成及其年龄结构进行了研究。结果表明,4个样地的假苇拂子茅种群仅有样地H3是由生殖和营养分蘖株组成,其他3个样地均由营养分蘖株组成。4个样地的分蘖株均由3个龄级组成,均呈增长型年龄结构;4个样地的根茎均为2个龄级,其中又以2龄根茎占绝对优势。在生长季末期,4个样地的假苇拂子茅潜在种群均由冬性分蘖苗、根茎顶芽和各龄分蘖节向上生长的芽组成,分蘖节芽占优势地位,各龄级芽又以1龄级的占显著优势,均属于增长型年龄结构。牲畜啃食和淹水扰动对分蘖株物质生产和根茎的物质储存均有不利影响。     

科尔沁草原区通辽火电厂储灰池植被恢复过程中假苇拂子茅种群构件的年龄结构

通过果后营养期单位面积取样的方法,对科尔沁草原区火电厂储灰池植被恢复时间为12,8和5年区的假苇拂子茅种群构件年龄结构进行了研究。结果表明,1)不同恢复时间的3个植被恢复区分蘖株皆由3个龄级组成,分蘖株数量和生物量均呈增长型年龄结构,其中,植被恢复8年储灰池增长型年龄结构最为明显;随着龄级的升高,3个植被恢复区分蘖株干物质储量皆呈下降的趋势;同一龄级分蘖株的生产力随着恢复时间增加呈增加的趋势。2)不同恢复时间的3个植被恢复区根茎皆由4个龄级组成,1和2龄根茎长度和生物量占绝对比重,均为70%~80%;单位长度根茎干物质贮量均以2龄最高,4龄最低,而1龄变化差异较大;同一龄级根茎的物质储量随着恢复时间增加呈增加的趋势。各构件数量指标均具有较大的可塑性。     

新疆伊犁2种生境大拂子茅种群年龄结构研究

通过单位面积取样的方法,测定分析了新疆伊犁2种生境下大拂子茅(Calamagrostis macrolepis)种群分蘖株、根茎和潜在种群的年龄结构,旨在探索大拂子茅种群对不同生境条件的响应策略,揭示大拂子茅种群的繁殖潜力.结果表明:大拂子茅种群分蘖株在2种生境下均由营养分蘖株和生殖分蘖株组成;分蘖株、根茎、冬性苗和芽均有4个龄级;根茎分蘖节最多繁殖4个世代,最多可存活5个生长季;分蘖株数量和生物量为1龄＞2龄＞3龄＞4龄;芽数量为0龄＞1龄＞2龄＞3龄,以0龄芽占绝对优势;根茎生物量、冬性苗数量在2种生境样地也具有低龄级相对占优势的结构特征.2种生境下大拂子茅种群分蘖株、根茎、冬性苗和芽等构件均呈增长型年龄结构.     

内蒙古图牧吉自然保护区羊草种群营养繁殖特性的比较

在内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区内,对草甸和草甸草原上灰绿型和黄绿型2个生态型羊草种群营养繁殖的诸数量特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,在2种植被类型中,灰绿型和黄绿型羊草分蘖株的数量和生物量均由4个龄级组成, 且均以4 a所占比重最小,呈稳定型或增长型龄级结构;根茎均以2 a所占比重最大,呈稳定型龄级结构;2个生态型羊草的单株生产力均以1 a分蘖株最高,且均随着龄级的增加依次减少;在整体水平上,草甸草原上灰绿型和黄绿型羊草的单株生产力均显著高于草甸;2个生态型羊草的根茎生产力均以1或2 a最高。在温带草本群落,增长型或稳定型的年龄结构、年轻龄级分蘖株和根茎旺盛的物质生产和贮存能力,是多年生无性系草本植物实现其持续繁荣的主要原因。     

退化羊草群落恢复演替系列种群构件年龄结构特征

本研究以松嫩平原退化羊草(Leymus chinensis)群落围栏与割草草地不同演替系列羊草种群为研究对象,调查恢复演替系列羊草种群分蘖株、根茎长度、芽库的年龄结构及冬眠构件的组成等数量特征.结果表明,不同样地中不同演替系列的分蘖株的年龄结构.均是1龄>2龄>3龄.为增长型的年龄结构.羊草根茎的累积长度以2龄的根茎所...     

科尔沁草原区火电厂储灰池植被恢复阶段赖草种群生物量年龄结构

对不同植被恢复阶段赖草(Leymus secalimus)种群分蘖株和根茎构件生物量年龄结构进行了测定与分析。结果表明:在科尔沁草原,赖草的分蘖节和根茎均可存活4个年度;8月中旬,植被恢复12年和5年储灰池中赖草无性系种群的根茎分别由4和3个龄级组成,根茎生物量均呈稳定型年龄结构;两个恢复阶段赖草无性系种群的分蘖株均由两个龄级组成,生物量均为增长型的年龄结构,恢复时间短者增长型结构尤为明显;赖草无性系种群1龄级分蘖株的生产力均高于2龄级,各龄级根茎的物质贮藏具有较大的生态可塑性。     

松嫩平原单优种群落斑块拂子茅种群构件的年龄结构

拂子茅是根茎型无性系禾草,在松嫩平原常形成单优种群落斑块。以拂子茅为研究对象,根据营养繁殖世代数划分构件龄级的方法,研究分析了2013和2014年生长季末期,种群分株、根茎、冬性苗和芽的年龄结构与营养繁殖力。结果表明,拂子茅种群的分株由2个龄级组成,1 a分株在数量和生物量上所占比例均大于80%,呈增长型年龄结构;根茎由3个龄级组成,其累积长度和生物量以2龄所占比例最高,达到40%以上,呈稳定型年龄结构;1龄分株有较高的生产力,对种群贡献最大;1龄根茎贮藏力最高,是地下营养物质的主要贮藏部位;潜在种群由冬性苗、分蘖节芽、根茎顶端芽和根茎节芽组成,其中1龄分蘖节芽均超过500个/m²,占优势地位,呈稳定型年龄结构;分株的营养繁殖力高于根茎10倍以上,对于潜在种群贡献最大;干旱导致2014年2龄构件的生长受到限制。     

不同扰动条件下的羊草种群生物量年龄结构

对西辽河平原天然草地不同干扰条件下羊草种群的生物量结构进行了调查与分析。结果表明，干扰强度小的生境羊草种群分蘖株由4个龄级组成，其生物量为稳定型年龄结构；干扰强度大的生境有3个龄级，为增长型年龄结构。种群年龄结构随干扰强度的增大由稳定型的转向增长型。不同干扰生境根茎生物量均有4个龄级，均呈稳定型年龄结构，并在干扰强度较大条件下高龄级根茎生物量已明显减少。羊草种群在不同的干扰条件下生物量分配策略有明显的差异。     

松嫩平原不同生境羊草种群构件的年龄结构

年龄结构是无性系植物种群的重要属性之一。对松嫩平原长期割草草甸、封育草甸和封育积沙草甸三种生境中羊草种群构件的年龄结构调查表明:三种生境中羊草无性系种群分株的年龄结构由3～4个龄级组成,其中,长期割草草甸和封育草甸生境为增长型年龄结构,封育积沙草甸生境为稳定型;根茎均由4个龄级组成,其中,长期割草草甸和封育积沙草甸为增长型年龄结构,封育草甸为稳定型;三种生境下,长期割草草甸的分株生产力与根茎贮藏力均比较稳定,且1a、2a、3a的分株生产力与根茎贮藏力均低于其他两个生境,封育草甸和封育积沙草甸的分株生产力均随龄级的增加而下降,但根茎贮藏力在各个龄级间无显著差异。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.