黄土丘陵区不同植被下土壤可溶性有机物的荧光特征研究

【目的】土壤水溶性有机质的组成和结构是土壤质量的重要判别指标,具有重要的生态意义。研究黄土丘陵地区不同植被下土壤水溶性有机物的数量和荧光结构特征,可以为该地的植被修复及土壤质量评价提供科学依据。【方法】利用传统荧光和三维荧光技术,选取激发发射荧光光谱、 同步荧光光谱得到的腐殖化指标对土壤水溶性有机物的来源和结构进行评估,通过三维荧光技术探究不同植被下土壤水溶性有机物之间组分的差异。【结果】辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)和油松林(Pinus tabulaeformia)地具有较高的水溶性有机物含量,含量均为0.16 mg/g; 而荒坡地和农地的水溶性有机物较低,分别为0.04和0.05 mg/g,灌木荆条(Vitex negundo var. heterophylla )和狼牙刺(Sophora viciifolia)林地的含量介于两者之间。发射激发荧光光谱、 同步荧光光谱以及三维荧光光谱表明土壤水溶性有机物大多来源于植物和微生物的混合作用; 油松林地的水溶性有机物结构较简单、 腐殖化程度较低; 而灌木林地的水溶性有机物结构较为复杂、 腐殖化程度较高。从不同植被下土壤水溶性有机物的组成来看,蛋白类的物质差异不明显; 油松和辽东栎林地土壤水溶性有机物的类酪氨酸蛋白质、 类色氨酸蛋白质、 类溶解性微生物代谢产物含量较高,灌木林地较低。最主要的差异是富里酸类和胡敏酸类物质,油松林地的水溶性小分子量的富里酸类物质占主导地位,而灌木林地的水溶性有机物芳香化程度较高,农地和抛荒地类富里酸物质和类胡敏酸类物质含量的比值最低,其水溶性腐殖质的缩聚度高。油松、 辽东栎林地水溶性有机物由于植物残体分解形成的富里酸较易被氧化,同时阴坡林地较高的含水量使得这些产物较难缩合; 而灌木林地和农田及荒地较为干旱,枯枝落叶少,腐殖酸有充分时间进行缩合,导致了水溶性有机物的高芳香化和腐殖化。【结论】不同植被下的土壤水溶性有机物的组成和结构是存在差异的,同时说明荧光技术可用于揭示水溶性有机物的组成和缩合特性研究。     

多阶段生活垃圾接种堆肥水溶性有机物荧光特性表征研究

为提高堆肥效率,采取多阶段接种技术(MSIC)进行城市生活垃圾堆肥实验,并运用荧光分析技术,对不同堆肥阶段样品提取出的水溶性有机物(DOM)的变化进行跟踪分析。荧光同步光谱分析显示:堆肥过程中类蛋白峰发生红移,且在堆肥后期出现了类腐殖质峰,且类腐殖质荧光峰与类蛋白荧光峰荧光强度的比值I360/I280不断增大,T2处理增长幅度最大。发射光谱分析显示:254 nm激发波长下发射光谱中后1/4波段与前1/4波段的荧光强度积分面积之比A435~480/A300~345、465 nm激发波长下发射光谱中470~640 nm范围内荧光积分面积A470~640均不断增大,表明堆肥腐殖化程度不断增强,且T2处理在堆肥各阶段腐殖化程度均高于其他处理,T2处理物质结构最为复杂,腐殖化程度达到最高。三维荧光光谱显示:随着堆肥的进行,与蛋白质类物质有关的类蛋白峰荧光强度持续降低,而与腐殖质类物质产生的类富里酸荧光峰强度却不断增强;紫外区与可见区类富里酸峰荧光强度的比值r(A,C)随着堆肥的进行总体呈下降趋势;T2处理DOM中有机成分发生最为显著的变化,各阶段类蛋白荧光峰的发射波长明显发生红移,并且紫外、可见区域内类富里酸荧光强度明显高于其他处理,促进堆肥DOM中类富里酸物质数量的积累。结果表明:MSIC能够有效促进堆肥腐殖化进程,提高堆肥效率,是一种更加优良的堆肥技术。     

畜禽粪便堆肥溶解态有机质三维荧光光谱特征及Cu络合

畜禽粪便中溶解态有机质（DOM）易与Cu发生络合,从而促进其向土壤溶液和地表水体中迁移。该文对比分析堆肥前后猪粪和牛粪DOM三维荧光光谱特征变化,并通过荧光猝灭滴定法研究了堆肥对猪粪和牛粪中DOM与Cu络合的影响。研究发现,未经堆腐的猪粪和牛粪DOM中均存在较强的类蛋白荧光峰,包括类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰;除了类蛋白峰,牛粪DOM中还出现了类腐殖质荧光峰。经过堆肥后,猪粪DOM中类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰强度显著减弱,并在可见光激发区域出现类腐殖质峰;与猪粪堆肥类似,牛粪堆肥后类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰也隐没不现,在紫外激发区域出现类腐殖质峰,同时可见光激发区的类腐殖质峰荧光强度减弱,位置发生红移。荧光猝灭试验结果显示,猪粪和牛粪堆肥后与Cu络合容量显著降低。因此,堆肥后改变了畜禽粪便DOM组成,生成大量胡敏酸和富里酸物质,从而降低畜禽粪便中DOM-Cu络合物的迁移性和生物可利用性。     

长期施氮肥对黑土水溶性有机物三维荧光特性的影响

利用三维荧光光谱技术研究N肥、NP混合、NK混合和NPK混合长期(10年)施用对黑土中水溶性有机物(WEOM)及其三维荧光性质的影响。结果表明,NK处理能明显增加土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,氮肥单一和混合施用均能明显增加土壤水溶性有机碳(WEOC)含量,NK混合处理可降低WEOC占SOC的比例,而N、NP和NPK处理能增加WEOC占的比例,分别增加7.6%,9.4%,12.1%。NP处理能增加WEOM的芳香度,与对照相比增加41.6%。其他处理则降低土壤WEOM的芳香度。三维荧光光谱和荧光区域积分表明,施肥能明显增加类腐殖酸有机物和类富里酸有机物的含量,NP处理明显降低类酪氨酸蛋白质和类色氨酸蛋白质的量,NK明显增加水溶性微生物代谢产物的量,NP明显增加类腐殖酸有机物的量。荧光参数表明,NP处理可降低土壤老化程度,N处理增加可类色氨酸蛋白质的分子量和芳香度,N和NK处理则明显降低类腐殖酸有机物的分子量、芳香度和缩聚度,NP处理土壤中WEOM中类富里酸有机物的分子量、芳香度和缩聚度明显增加,N、NK和NPK处理则容易产生小分子量的水溶性微生物代谢产物,不同的施氮肥方式都可增加类酪氨酸蛋白质的分子量。结果表明,长期施用氮肥可对黑土土壤中水溶性有机物的组成和结构产生影响,且不同的施用方式具有不同的影响特征。     

大豆与玉米根部土壤水溶性有机物的荧光特性比较研究

利用三维荧光光谱技术表征大豆和玉米根部土壤水溶性有机物(WEOM)的组成和结构特征.结果表明:大豆根部土壤水溶性有机碳的含量及其占土壤总有机碳的比例分别为25.72 mg/kg和0.2％,高于玉米根部土壤的16.96mg/kg和0.13％;但WEOM的比紫外吸收值为2.47 L/(mg·m),低于玉米根部土壤的4.72 L/(mg·m).大豆根部土壤WEOM中的类色氨酸蛋白质、类富里酸、类微生物代谢产物和类富里酸物质的区域积分值都高于玉米根部土壤,但类酪氨酸蛋白质稍低.大豆根部土壤WEOM中类酪氨酸蛋白质和类色氨酸蛋白质占的比例明显低于玉米田土壤,但类富里酸、类溶解性微生物代谢产物和类腐殖酸的比例却明显高于玉米田土壤.大豆根部土壤微生物源的WEOM量高于玉米根部土壤.玉米根部土壤WEOM的类酪氨酸蛋白质、类色氨酸蛋白质和类腐殖酸物质的芳香度及分子量均大于大豆根部土壤,但类富里酸物质的芳香度和分子量则较低.研究结果说明,三维荧光光谱分析技术可用于大豆和玉米根部土壤WEOM的组成和结构分析,对研究营养物质和有毒污染物在根部土壤的环境行为能够提供理论依据.     

白洋淀沉积物中溶解有机质荧光特性及其与铜的相互作用

在实验条件下通过三维荧光光谱、荧光猝灭滴定和质子核磁共振（1HNMR）,分析了白洋淀污染水体沉积物中溶解有机质（DOM）与Cu（Ⅱ）的相互作用。结果表明：DOM的结构以碳水化合物及多糖为主且具有明显的类蛋白（峰B）和类富里酸（峰A和峰C）荧光峰,类蛋白的荧光强度较强于可见类富里酸;3类荧光基团荧光强度由于Cu（Ⅱ）猝灭,呈明显不同程度的降低;并且DOM与Cu（Ⅱ）络合常数及1HNMR分析表明DOM中荧光基因与Cu（Ⅱ）络合或螯合能力较大,配位的配位基较多。     

前表面荧光光谱法鉴别不同冷藏时间的大黄鱼鲜度

为研究前表面荧光光谱法在水产品品质评价方面的应用,利用前表面荧光对不同冷藏时间的大黄鱼肌肉进行扫描,对色氨酸和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)的荧光光谱数据进行主成分分析(PCA)和Fisher线性判别分析(FLDA),并运用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)建立了大黄鱼鱼肉荧光光谱数据和冷藏时间的预测模型。结果表明,用PCA方法提取色氨酸和NADH荧光光谱的有效信息,所建模型可区分不同冷藏时间(0~8 d)的大黄鱼样品,且色氨酸作为内源荧光探针的分析效果更好;用FLDA方法分析色氨酸和NADH荧光光谱,留一法(leave-one-out)交叉验证的判别正确率分别为100%和98%,对不同冷藏时间的大黄鱼区分效果优于PCA方法;PLSR模型中色氨酸和NADH荧光光谱的校正集和预测集的相关系数均大于0.9,交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)分别约为1.13、0.41,校正集均方根误差(RMSEC)/预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)分别约为0.53、0.99,通过NADH荧光光谱建立的PLSR模型预测能力较好。前表面荧光光谱法结合化学计量学技术能够对不同冷藏时间的大黄鱼进行有效区分。本研究结果为前表面荧光光谱技术在大黄鱼冷藏保鲜中对冷藏时间的预测提供了一定的理论依据。     

采用EEM-FRI方法研究黑曲霉对牛粪堆肥腐熟及纤维素降解影响

为了优化堆肥工艺,提高堆肥产品质量,研究黑曲霉对牛粪堆肥腐熟度和纤维素降解的影响.该研究以牛粪为原料,小麦秸秆为辅料,以不添加黑曲霉为对照,分别添加1％、2％和3％的黑曲霉进行好氧堆肥,研究了黑曲霉不同添加量对腐熟度指标、养分含量、腐殖质组成以及纤维素组分的影响,并采用激发发射荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分(Excitati...     

不同种类有机物对污染农田土壤重金属活性的影响

为了解施用不同种类有机物对污染农田土壤重金属行为的影响,布设了田间小区试验,观察研究施用6种不同类型有机物对土壤水溶性重金属和农作物对重金属吸收等的影响。试验设7个处理,分别为对照(不施有机肥)、施新鲜水稻秸秆、新鲜鸡粪、鸡粪堆肥、新鲜猪粪、猪粪堆肥和商品有机肥,动态检测土壤中水溶性重金属含量、田面水中重金属浓度及收获水稻籽粒中重金属含量的变化。结果表明,与不施有机物的对照处理比较,施用各类有机物在试验前期均可明显提高土壤中水溶性重金属和田面水中重金属的含量,总体上以施用新鲜猪粪的最高,其次为新鲜鸡粪,施用商品有机肥的最低。土壤中水溶性重金属含量随试验时间增长逐渐下降。施用各类有机物对水稻籽粒中重金属的积累影响不明显。土壤中水溶性重金属及田面水中重金属含量均与相应的水溶性碳(DOC)浓度呈显著相关性,表明因有机物施用增加土壤中DOC浓度可能是土壤中水溶性重金属含量增加的主要原因;而不同有机物对土壤重金属活性影响的差异可能与有机物本身的分解程度及可释放DOC大小有关。但施用有机物引起的农田土壤水溶性重金属含量的增加是暂时的,对水稻生长后期籽粒中重金属积累的影响不明显。     

土壤水溶性有机物的紫外光谱特征及地域分异

测定了中国中东部地区 1 7种土类 45个样点近表层 1 0cm土样中水溶性有机物的紫外光谱和分子量分布特征 ,同时测定部分样品富里酸的相应特征。在此基础上比较和分析水溶性有机物与富里酸紫外光谱特征的差异、紫外光谱特征与样品平均分子量分布的关系及其地域分异规律。结果表明土壤水溶性有机物和富啡酸具有相似的紫外光谱特征 ;WSOC样品紫外 /可见光比值与其平均分子量负相关 ,而WSOC单位浓度的紫外吸收值则与平均分子量正相关。研究区水溶性有机物的单位浓度紫外吸收值具有明显的自北向南和自东向西递降的趋势 ,从根本上受制于水热条件的WSOC分子量分布可能是影响样品紫外特征地域分异的主要因素。     

塞内加尔达喀尔地区沙丘土壤中有机添加物的荧光表征及去向

The application of organic amendments on soils poor in organic matter (OM) can improve long-term soil fertility, but may also enhance the mineralization of native soil organic matter. Three organic amendments, compost, sewage sludge and horse manure used by urban market gardeners in Dakar, Senegal were analyzed for their OM maturity. Their fate was evaluated in a 45-d agronomic trial in a sandy Arenosol with lettuce. In each case, water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) and humic-like substances (HLS) were isolated from raw amendments and amended soils, and characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy. Results highlighted the general more aromatic character of HLS and WEOM fractions extracted from compost compared to the other two amendments. When applied to soils, however, these differences were not clearly observed. The aromaticity and humification degree of the labile fraction (WEOM) increased with depth in the first 30 cm for all amendments. This indicated the high lixiviation rates that fresh OM underwent in the studied sandy soil. Finally, a statistical analysis of the results was able to discriminate between surface and deeper horizons and between amended- and non-amended soil samples. Spectroscopic indices showed indeed strong increase/decrease with depth linked with the mineralization/humification processes that the fresh OM from amendments underwent during the 45 d of the agronomic trial. This study highlights the potential of spectroscopic techniques to study agricultural amendment organic matter fractions and their fate in soils.     

Physical,Chemical and Biological Processes for Optimizing Decentralized Composting

On-site composting of nonpolluted organic wastes avoids costs and energy for transportation since the volume to be transported can be reduced to about 20% of the original. This paper describes the aerobic processes in a small-scale composting reactor, and evaluates how these processes can be optimized. The optimized composting process has a relatively short turnover time for organic matter; at the same time the temperature of about 60°C decreases the problems with pathogens and weeds in the mature compost. The compost produced has a high nutritional value, with high concentrations of especially nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, while the contamination by heavy metals and other toxic substances are very low.     

EM堆肥对土壤生物影响的研究

长期定点施用EM堆肥试验结果表明:EM有机堆肥能提高土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量;相同有机物料投入水平下,EM堆肥处理的微生物总量最高;随着有机物料投入水平的降低,土壤微生物数量下降;施用EM能提高土壤微生物活性,增加微生物的分布密度。施用EM堆肥土壤蚯蚓数量均显著高于其他施肥处理。EM堆肥各处理平均土壤螨虫数量高,但在相同的有机物料投入水平下,差异不显著。在大部分作物生长期,施EM 15t/hm2处理与化肥处理和对照处理土壤生物总量差异显著。     

Sorption of s-Triazine Herbicides in Organic Matter Amended Soils: Fresh and Incubated Systems

Fresh amendment of soil with sewage sludge and composted sewage sludge resulted in increased sorption of three s-triazine herbicides: atrazine, ametryn and terbuthylazine. The extent of increased sorption (as evaluated by sorption coefficients K_d or K_f) was a function of soil type, such that sorption in amended organic carbon-poor soil (0.4% OC) was more enhanced than in amended organic carbon-rich soil (1.55% OC). Despite significant differences between the organic amendments in terms of humic and fulvic acid content, humin content, soluble organic matter content, total organic matter content, and H/C and O/C atomic ratios, organic matter composition had no discernible effect on either sorption distribution coefficients or on isotherm linearity in amended soils. Soils amended with composted sludge had the same sorption potential as did soils amended with the analogous uncomposted sludge. After incubating soil-sludge mixtures for a year at room temperature, organic matter content decreased to original pre-amendment levels. Sorption coefficients for the three compounds similarly decreased to initial pre-amendment values. Organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients (K_oc) were essentially identical in the soils, amended soils, and incubated amended soils, indicating that sludge and compost derived organic matter does not have a significantly different sorption capacity as compared with the original soils, despite compositional differences.     

国内外堆肥标准分析及其对中国的借鉴启示

中国农业废弃物产量巨大,堆肥是农业废弃物资源化利用的主要方式之一,也是养分和有机质回收到土壤中的方法。结合国内外堆肥标准制定情况,通过分析对比无害化指标、有机质、总养分、重金属、含水率等指标,指出中国存在就农业废弃物处理缺乏专业化堆肥及有机肥标准推进委员会、对堆肥产品中氮磷钾和有机质含量的最低限值较高及未建立堆肥标准体系等问题。建议国家组建堆肥标准制定专家委员会或堆肥协会,进一步规范有机肥生产运行管理,进一步修订有机肥、生物有机肥、沼肥等标准,建立完善的堆肥标准体系。     

Characterization of Organic Matter in Compost Produced with Municipal Solid Wastes: An Italian Approach

Stabilization of the organic matter of a static pile of compost from municipal solid wastes (MSW) under a forced-pressure ventilation composting system was followed for 55 days during winter season. The materials were analyzed according to the official methodologies required by Italian regulations regarding the quality of composts from MSW. The stabilization process of the organic matter was monitored using both the degree of humification (DH), i.e. the ratio between the humified fractions (HA + FA) and the total extractable carbon (TEC), and the electrofocusing technique (EF). The DH increased steadily in compost during stabilization process and converged asymptotically at the end of the period of composting. The EF analyses of the organic extracts of compost from MSW showed a definite trend in the humification process and confirmed the actual evolution of the organic matter composted.     

Changes in the chemical composition of soil organic matter after application of compost

Is the composition of soil organic matter changed by adding compost? To find out we incubated biowaste composts with agricultural soils and a humus‐free mineral substrate at 5°C and 14°C for 18 months and examined the products. Organic matter composition was characterized by CuO oxidation of lignin, hydrolysis of cellulosic and non‐cellulosic polysaccharides (CPS and NCPS) and ¹³C cross‐polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS ¹³C‐NMR) spectroscopy. The lignin contents in the compost‐amended soils increased because the composts contained more lignin, which altered little even after prolonged decomposition of the composts in soil. A pronounced decrease in lignin occurred in the soils amended with mature compost only. Polysaccharide C accounted for 14–20% of the organic carbon at the beginning of the experiment for both the compost‐amended soils and the controls. During the incubation, the relative contents of total polysaccharides decreased for 9–20% (controls) and for 20–49% (compost‐amended soils). They contributed preferentially to the decomposition as compared with the bulk soil organic matter, that decreased between < 2% and 20%. In the compost‐amended agricultural soils, cellulosic polysaccharides were decomposed in preference to non‐cellulosic ones. The NMR spectra of the compost‐amended soils had more intense signals of O–alkyl and aromatic C than did those of the controls. Incubation for 18 months resulted mainly in a decline of O–alkyl C for all soils. The composition of the soil organic matter after compost amendment changed mainly by increases in the lignin and aromatic C of the composts, and compost‐derived polysaccharides were mineralized preferentially. The results suggest that decomposition of the added composts in soil is as an ongoing humification process of the composts themselves. The different soil materials affected the changes in soil organic matter composition to only a minor degree.     

Carbon and nitrogen transformation during composting of sweet sorghum bagasse

Two types of compost, consisting of sweet sorghum bagasse with either sewage sludge or a mixture of pig slurry and poultry manure, were studied in a pilot plant using the Rutgers system. The total degradation of the piles as determined by the weight loss of organic matter during the bio-oxidative and maturation phases accounted for 64% of the organic matter applied and followed a first-order kinetic function. Concentrations of total and organic N increased during the composting process as the degradation of organic C compounds reduced the compost weight. Losses of N through NH₃ volatilization were low, particularly in the compost with sewage sludge due to pH values of <7.0 and the low temperatures reached in the compost during the first 2 weeks. The C:N ratio in the two composts decreased from 24.0 and 15.4 to values between 12 and 10. Increases in cation exchange capacity and in fulvic and humic acid-like C revealed that the organic matter had been humified during composting. The humification index, the C:N ratio, fulvic:humic acid-like C, and cation exchange capacity proved to be the most suitable parameters for assessing the maturity of these composts.     

Compost Effect on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Mycorrhizal Fungi Population in Maize Cultivations

The composting process allows the conversion of organic waste into organic matter that can be used in counteracting organic matter soil depletion. Moreover, agricultural use of compost increases plants defense abilities against pathogens, leading to a higher crop yield. Key plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhial fungi (AMF) populations were evaluated after incorporating high quality composts in both conventional and organic maize production in order to determine if compost application affects the presence of important PGPR and AMF. Results obtained indicate that while the use of the compost as an amendment may exert a limited influence on AMF population, it can significantly modulate the composition of PGPR in the rhizosphere of maize plants.