河南省农业面源污染负荷估算及区划

研究河南省农业面源污染的来源及污染负荷,对河南省农业面源污染治理具有重要意义。采取输出系数模型法,估算了2014年河南省农业面源污染物总氮和总磷负荷量。结果表明:2014年河南省农业面源污染物总氮负荷量是总磷负荷量的6.7倍,分别是3.87×10~5,5.73×10~4 t/a。三种不同污染源类型总氮负荷贡献率的大小顺序为:耕地畜禽养殖农村生活;总磷负荷贡献率的大小顺序为:畜禽养殖耕地农村生活。河南省农业面源污染程度区划可分为5个区域:南阳市和驻马店市为重度污染区,周口市、商丘市和信阳市为较重度污染区,新乡市、安阳市、洛阳市、开封市、平顶山市、郑州市、许昌市为中度污染区,濮阳市、三门峡市、鹤壁市、焦作市、漯河市为较轻污染区,济源市为轻度污染区。研究表明,河南省农业面源污染主要来源于耕地、畜禽养殖和农村生活,面源污染在可区划为5个区,区划可为河南省面源污染的分区治理提供科学依据。     

基于输出系数模型的北京地区农业面源污染负荷估算

农业生产活动产生的面源污染物是环境污染负荷的主要来源之一。利用输出系数模型对北京市农业面源污染负荷进行了估算。结果表明,2006年北京市农业面源污染物总氮和总磷负荷量分别是19 565.7×106和2 413.1×106 g/a。土地利用方式显著影响氮和磷负荷,不同污染源类型对污染负荷贡献的差异较大。不同污染源类型对总氮污染负荷贡献率的大小顺序为农村生活污水及废弃物＞耕地＞林地＞畜禽养殖＞园地＞牧草地,对总磷负荷贡献率的大小顺序为农村生活污水及废弃物＞畜禽养殖＞耕地＞林地＞园地＞牧草地。各区县总氮和总磷负荷量和负荷强度的差异较大,其中大兴、顺义、房山、密云和通州的总氮和总磷负荷量较大,而朝阳、丰台、通州、顺义和大兴的总氮和总磷负荷强度较大。农业面源污染物氮和磷分布状况和负荷强度的研究,为北京地区区域规划和农业结构调整提供了科学依据。     

宁夏农业面源污染及其影响因子解析

为探明宁夏农业面源污染特征及其主要影响因子,运用等标污染负荷法、主成分分析法、灰关联分析法,以地级市为单元研究宁夏种植业、养殖业、农村生活等农业面源污染来源化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的负荷、特征以及主要影响因素。结果表明,宁夏农业面源污染最主要污染源为畜禽养殖,其等标污染负荷比达到30.38%,最主要污染物为TN,其等标污染负荷比达到61.67%。农业面源污染程度银川市、吴忠市为严重污染,中卫市为中度污染,石嘴山市、固原市为轻度污染。宁夏农业面源污染的主要影响因子依次为畜牧业产值、农业产值、农业耗水量、有效灌溉比例、农民人均收入、秸秆利用率、人均农业产值、农业人口、化肥施用量和耕地面积。     

1991—2021年广东省农业面源污染源特征分析

广东省是经济强省也是农业大省。为保障粮食安全,近年来农业发展速度加快,化肥、农药、地膜的大量使用以及畜禽养殖业的迅猛发展等,使得广东省农业面源污染问题日渐凸显。为揭示广东省农业面源污染物排放量和排放来源,阐明农业面源污染的主要特征及发展趋势,该研究基于1991—2021年历史统计数据分析,运用排污系数法估算了广东省各农业面源污染物排放负荷,阐明了农业面源污染的主要来源及其随时间发展的变化趋势。结果显示：1）1991—2021年广东省农业源化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand,COD）、氨氮（ammonia nitrogen,NH₃-N）、总氮（total nitrogen,TN）和总磷（total phosphorus,TP）排放量整体呈现增加趋势,近4年来各污染物排放量出现小幅度降低。与1991年相比,2021年农业源COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP排放量分别增长至1.9、1.9、1.7和2.1倍。2）种植业和畜禽养殖业是广东省农业面源污染的主要来源,种植业对农业源NH₃-N、TN排放量的贡献率最大（占比分别为48%、52%）,而畜禽养殖业对农业源COD、TP排放量的贡献率最大（占比分别为90%、51%）;此外,水产养殖业对农业源各项水污染物排放总量的贡献率在10%~16%之间,但其排放量及贡献率均呈逐年上升趋势。研究客观分析了1991年来广东省农业面源污染特征及变化趋势,结果可以为农业面源污染防治对策提供科学依据。     

基于水环境功能区划的农业面源污染源解析及其空间异质性

通过清单分析方法和等标污染负荷法,以乡镇为单元研究了上海市化肥施用、有机肥施用、农作物秸秆、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、农村生活污水等农业面源污染来源化学需氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）等污染物的排放量及其贡献率,并根据各区域水环境功能区划分别在区县尺度和乡镇尺度分析了农业面源污染程度及其区域分布。结果表明,上海市农业面源污染COD、TN、TP实物排放量分别为4.42×104、1.13×104、0.44×104 t/a,相应的等标排放量分别为0.16×104、0.93×104、1.65×104 m3/a,最主要污染源为畜禽养殖,其等标污染负荷比达到66.31 %,最主要污染物为TP,其等标污染负荷比达到60.32 %。各区县因农业面源污染引起的COD、TN、TP排放质量浓度分别为4.16～40.91、1.30～8.71、0.23～4.94 mg/L,各区县农业面源污染水质平均指数在0.67～5.91之间,主要污染乡镇分布在上海南部以及崇明岛等农业产值相对较高且距离水源保护区较近的远郊区域。     

四川凯江流域农村非点源污染特征分析

为探讨凯江流域农村非点源污染状况,防止区域非点源污染进一步加剧,本文选取农村生活源、畜禽养殖源、农田径流源3大污染源,以2015年为基准年,利用排污系数法估算了COD、NH_3-N和TP的污染入河负荷。结果表明,2015年凯江流域农村非点源污染入河COD、NH_3-N和TP总量分别为4 906.71、1 074.02、203.50 t;农村生活源对COD和NH_3-N的入河贡献率最大,畜禽养殖源对TP的入河贡献率最大;凯江流域入河污染物主要分布在中江县、三台县和罗江县,COD、NH_3-N和TP入河量之和分别占凯江流域该类污染物入河总量的84.52%、84.28%和89.72%,其中中江县的污染负荷入河量最大。研究表明,中江县、三台县和罗江县是凯江流域农村非点源污染产生的关键区域,需重点关注。     

黄河流域农业面源污染时空变化及因素分析

为探究黄河流域农业面源污染特点及有效治理措施,基于两次全国污染源普查数据,通过补充计算,分析了黄河流域污染物排放总量以及农业面源污染排放量的时空分布特点,探究了流域内各省份影响农业源污染化肥施用量、秸秆产生量和畜禽养殖等因素的时空分布情况以及污染治理效率,讨论了黄河流域面源污染针对性的治理对策。与2006年相比,2017年黄河流域污染物排放总量显著减少,农业源产生的化学需氧量、氨氮污染量占总污染量的比例显著增加,2017年农业源产生的化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮、总磷污染物排放量分别为96.2、1.2、7.9和1.1万t,污染量输出最大的省份为内蒙古,但单位耕地面积污染输出最大的两个省份为河南省和山东省。2017年黄河流域畜禽养殖是化学需氧量排放量的最直接影响因素,化肥是氨氮、总氮及总磷排放量的最直接影响因素,不同污染物指标与主控因子之间呈现显著的线性相关关系。与2006年相比,2017年流域内基础因素典型变化包括内蒙古耕地面积增加30%、流域内秸秆产生量及畜禽养殖猪当量分别增加46%和减少27%。河南、陕西、山东省份的单位面积化肥施用量过大,河南省的污染治理效率需要迫切提升。黄河流域农业面源污染治理应当采取全面治理政策及针对性污染治理策略相结合的方法进行,典型针对性措施包括加强陕西、河南以及山东省瓜果蔬菜化肥减量措施、西部地区牛羊养殖以及中东部地区猪养殖污染治理。     

江苏省畜禽粪便污染现状与防治对策

根据2000年以来江苏省畜禽饲养状况的有关资料,利用各类畜禽粪便日排泄系数估算畜禽粪便量,在此基础上计算江苏省各地畜禽粪便污染负荷量。研究发现,江苏省畜禽养殖业产生的粪便及各类污染物数量巨大,盐城市产生的粪便及各类污染物居全省首位,南通市次之;江苏省畜禽粪便污染负荷量平均为16.5t/(hm~2·a),南通市畜禽粪便污染负荷量最高,达26.7t/(hm~2·a)。全省畜禽粪便污染负荷最高的县是南通市的海安县,其次是盐城市的盐都县。最后本文分析了畜禽粪便污染环境的主要原因并提出了畜禽养殖污染防治的对策。     

小清河流域畜禽养殖结构变化及其粪便氮素污染负荷特征分析

在分析小清河流域1991—2007年间畜禽养殖总量和结构变化态势的基础上,估算该流域畜禽养殖粪便总量和氮素污染负荷量及其空间分布特征。结果表明：该流域畜禽养殖粪便量（以氮含量为标准的猪粪当量计）呈现增加-下降-增加-下降的趋势,基本上是随着畜禽养殖总体数量的变化而变化。小清河流域上游地区畜禽养殖产生的粪便量最大,约占整个流域地区的58%,对小清河流域氮素污染起到主要作用。该流域畜禽粪便平均氮素污染负荷为116 kgN.hm-2,但流域各县粪便氮素污染负荷量则差异较大。负荷量大的县（区）主要集中在小清河流域的上游地区（槐荫区除外）,其氮素污染负荷均高于250 kgN.hm-2欧盟的最高限制标准,尤其是历下区和天桥区的氮素污染负荷最为突出,对小清河流域水体环境影响极大。     

广东省畜禽粪便污染及综合防治对策

结合广东省畜禽饲养量 ,采用各类畜禽粪便及其污染物的排泄系数 ,估算出畜禽粪便污染物排放总量、污染物流失量。研究发现 :畜禽养殖业的粪尿流失量是工业固体废弃物的 2 1倍 ;COD和NH3 -N的流失量分别是生活和工业废水的COD和NH3 -N排放量的 1 4倍和 1 7倍 ,畜禽粪便造成的环境污染是农村面源污染的主要原因。并提出采用综合防治的思路解决广东省畜禽养殖的污染问题     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.