原始红松林穿透雨和树干茎流养分特征研究

对小兴安岭原始红松林穿透雨和树干茎流中的K,Ca,Mg,Mn,Fe共5种养分元素进行了测定,结合水量分配比例,计算了各元素在森林中的净输入量。结果表明:⑴原始红松林穿透雨和树干茎流中,除Fe元素外,所有浓度值均有树干茎流>穿透雨>大气降雨;从各元素平均浓度来看,Ca元素最高,Fe元素最低,其排序为:Ca>K>Mg>Mn>Fe。⑵大气降雨年平均浓度中,K元素变动系数最大,为1.514,Ca元素最小,为0.827;原始红松林穿透雨、树干茎流年平均浓度中变动系数最大的元素分别为Mn,Mg(或Fe);变动系数最小的元素分别为Ca,Mn;各元素年平均浓度的变异系数均为大气降雨>穿透雨>树干茎流。⑶原始红松林各元素净输入量排序为:K>Ca>Mg>Mn>Fe,且Fe元素的净输入量为负值。     

人工落叶松林降雨截留再分配及其水化学特征

以凉水国家级自然保护区内的人工落叶松林为研究对象,对其林冠截留再分配和水化学特征变化进行了系统研究,结果表明:(1)一个生长季内(4-9月),人工落叶松林林冠总截留量为109.19 mm,占同期降雨量21.71%,穿透雨量为393.39 mm,占同期降雨量的78.20%;树干茎流量为0.47 mm,占同期降雨量的0.093%;(2)按照各养分元素月平均浓度排序,林外雨为:CaKMgSiMnNaFe,穿透雨为:CaKSiNaMgFeMn,树干茎流为;CaNaMgSiKMnFe,且不同样品按照养分元素浓度稳定度排序为;树干茎流穿透雨林外雨;(3)人工落叶松林养分元素净输入排序为;KMgMnNaFeCaSi,净输入量依次为22.339,2.920,0.856,-0.216,-0.260,-1.280,-2.478 kg/hm2,其中,穿透雨占人工落叶松林(穿透雨+树干茎流)元素输入量的98.23%,树干茎流占1.77%.     

重庆缙云山三种典型林分穿透水和树干茎流中氮素特征研究

为研究重庆酸雨区森林生态系统中氮湿沉降在不同林分中的分布特征,以重庆缙云山为站点,于2012年5月到10月间,测定了针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林三种典型林分内大气降水、穿透雨和树干茎流的铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和可溶性有机氮(DON,Dissolved Organic Nitrogen)浓度,并进行系统分析。结果表明:(1)各林分降雨组分中氮浓度均值关系为:NH4+-NNO3--NDON,NH4+-N和NO3--N的最小值分别为1.84 mg L-1和1.11 mg L-1,而DON浓度不超过0.47 mg L-1;(2)相比于大气降水,各林分的穿透雨和树干流的氮浓度都有增加,林分上分布表现为:针阔混交林常绿阔林毛竹林;(3)在时间尺度上,各林分穿透雨NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度的最高值、次高值和最低值分别出现在10月份、8月份和6月份,林分间差异不显著。树干茎流无明显时间分布规律,林分间无显著差异。研究指出,降雨量不是决定氮浓度的关键因子,而林分对氮浓度的影响作用显著。     

六盘山分水岭沟典型森林植被对大气降雨的再分配规律及其影响因子

通过2009年5-10月定位监测的六盘山分水岭沟内的典型森林植被(华北落叶松林、白桦林)的穿透雨、树干茎流和林冠截留等数据资料,并基于样地调查数据和同期气象数据,对两种典型林分对大气降雨的再分配特征及其有关影响因子进行综合分析。结果表明:研究期间,林外降雨总量为727.5mm,六盘山分水岭沟华北落叶松林的林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量,分别占林外降雨总量的15.26%,74.04%和0.22%;白桦林的林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量分别占林外降雨总量的9.13%,76.98%和0.33%。两种林分的穿透雨量和树干茎流量与降雨量均呈极显著的线性关系(P0.01),穿透雨率、树干茎流率以及林冠截留率与降雨量呈极显著的对数函数关系(P0.01)。华北落叶松林和白桦林两种林分产生树干茎流的降雨临界值分别为6.0mm和3.5mm。对华北落叶松林冠截留影响程度由大到小的因子依次为:降雨强度降雨量空气相对湿度降雨期间的气温降雨历时风速;对白桦林林冠截留影响程度由大到小的因子依次为:降雨强度降雨量降雨历时降雨期间的气温空气相对湿度风速。降雨强度和降雨量是对该区森林植被林冠截留影响最显著的两个因子,均以风速因子影响程度最低。     

祁连山青海云杉林冠降雨再分配特征及影响因素

以祁连山排露沟小流域青海云杉林为研究对象,2015年5—9月观测了34场降雨的林外降雨量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量,并同步观测了相关的林外气象因子,分析了青海云杉林冠降雨再分配特征及影响因素。结果表明:(1)青海云杉林的总穿透雨量、树干茎流量和截留量分别为275.9,1.8,90.0mm,分别占总降雨量的75.04%,0.48%和24.48%,并在不同降雨量等级之间存在差异。(2)冠层降雨再分配各组成要素(穿透雨、树干茎流、林冠截留)与降雨量、降雨历时、10min最大雨强、空气相对湿度呈极显著的相关性。随着降雨量和降雨历时的增大,穿透雨量和树干茎流量均不断增大,而穿透雨率、树干茎流率和截留量(率)均逐渐趋于稳定。(3)青海云杉林内产生穿透雨和树干茎流的临界降雨量分别为0.8mm和9.6mm。因此,气象因素是影响冠层降雨再分配的重要因素之一。     

六盘山叠叠沟小流域华北落叶松人工林的冠层降水再分配特征

于2006-2007年生长季(5-10月)定位监测了六盘山北段叠叠沟小流域华北落叶松人工林的穿透雨、树干茎流和林冠截留特征,并基于同期气象数据初步分析了有关因素的影响.结果表明:林下穿透雨率存在明显的空间异质性,这种差异随着降雨量增大而变小.在整个测定期间,华北落叶松林穿透雨占总降雨量的(74.94±2.4)%,树干茎流占(0.16±0.03)%,而林冠截留占(25.08±2.41)%.穿透雨、树干茎流和林冠截留的数量与降雨量呈正相关(p＜0.01),随着雨量或雨强的增加.穿透雨率升高,并且在高的雨量(＞0 mm)和雨强(＞5 mm/h)下逐渐趋于稳定.当降雨量到达6.44 mm时开始出现树干茎流.林冠截留率与降雨量、降雨历时和空气相对湿度呈显著负相关(p＜0.05).     

辽河源3种林分降雨再分配特征及其影响因素

于2013和2014年5—9月对辽河源自然保护区油松林、山杨林和华北落叶松林的穿透雨、树干茎流和林冠截留进行了监测,分析森林冠层对降水再分配的影响。结果表明:(1)油松林、华北落叶松林和山杨林的穿透雨率分别为78.8%,81.1%和83.8%,3种林分穿透雨量与林外降雨量呈线性正相关,穿透雨月变化与林外降雨量月变化趋势一致,油松林、山杨林和华北落叶松林产生穿透雨的临界降雨量分别为1.5,0.9,1.2mm;3种林分的树干茎流率分别为油松林0.8%、华北落叶松林1.0%、山杨林3.7%,树干茎流量与降雨量成正比。(2)林冠截留能力为油松林(20.4%)华北落叶松(17.9%)山杨林(12.4%),油松林的林冠截流率显著高于山杨林,在降雨量较小时表现更加明显,降雨特征和冠层结构对林冠截流都产生影响。     

马尾松人工林林冠层对氮、磷、硫的截留效应

观测宜宾高县来复镇18,32年生马尾松人工林以及马尾松针阔混交林在雨季的大气降雨量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量,并对其全磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硫(S)进行同步取样分析。结果表明:(1)马尾松针阔混交林对降雨截留能力要高于马尾松纯林,但在秋末落叶后马尾松针阔混交林截留能力显著减弱;(2)林龄对茎流、穿透雨中氮、磷和硫的月平均含量没有显著影响。针阔混交林中NO-3-N、NH+4-N月平均含量显著低于两个马尾松纯林,秋末落叶后针阔混交林的TP、NO-3-N、NH+4-N、S月平均含量都显著降低;(3)从穿透雨、树干茎流的氮、磷、硫总含量来看,32年生马尾松人工林最高,针阔混交林含量最低,经过针阔混交林冠层后,穿透雨中的NO-3-N、TP、S和NH+4-N总含量降低;(4)林型对树干茎流穿透雨中氮和硫的总含量都有显著影响,而对磷的总含量没有显著影响;(5)在降雨观测期内,大气降雨中P的输入量为0.028kg/hm2,NH+4-N的输入量为0.238kg/hm2,NO-3-N的输入量为0.344kg/hm2,S的输入量为5.471kg/hm2。S在经过32年生马尾松人工林,18年生马尾松人工林以及马尾松针阔混交林林冠层后,总的净输入量分别为-3.770,-4.692,-6.131kg/hm2,说明3个人工林林冠层对S具有一定的吸附能力。TP、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、S在经过针阔混交林后总的净输入量分别为-0.009,-0.272,-0.156,-6.131kg/hm2,说明针阔混交林林冠层对其都有吸附能力。因此,在马尾松人工纯林内混交阔叶树种可以起到很好的提高截留过滤氮、磷和硫的作用。     

江西大岗山杉木人工林降雨截留特征及修正Gash模型的模拟

为研究杉木人工林降雨截留特征,选择江西大岗山国家森林生态系统定位研究站杉木人工林固定观测试验样地,对其大气降雨量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量进行定位观测,采用修正的Gash模型对其降雨截留过程进行模拟。结果表明,研究期间观测到的林外降雨量、穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别为1289.5,955.2,57.1,277.2mm,模拟的穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别为946.4,53.6,289.5mm,占降雨总量的73.4%,4.2%和22.4%,相对误差分别为1.0%,6.1%和4.4%。模拟结果和实测值具有很好的一致性,说明修正的Gash模型在江西大岗山杉木人工林降雨截留模拟应用中具有很好地适用性。     

不同类型原始红松林对降雨水化学特征的影响

针对小兴安岭林区不同类型原始红松林对降雨水化学特性影响进行研究。结果表明:穿透雨中K+、Mg2+含量在红松人工林中最高,年均含量分别为6.803,1.352mg/L;Ca2+、Na+、Cl-含量在枫桦红松林中最高,分别为12.200,2.513,3.436mg/L;Fe、Mn、SO24-、NH4+含量在椴树红松林中最高,分别为0.036,0.011,3.598,0.483mg/L。树干茎流中K+、Na+、Mn、SO24-、Cl-和NH4+平均含量在枫桦红松林最高,分别达9.138,6.180,0.338,9.861,7.209,2.181mg/L;Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe含量在椴树红松林中最高,年均含量分别为17.860,3.320,0.131mg/L。各红松林型穿透雨中K+、SO24-、Cl-含量在秋季达最高值,Na+、Ca2+、NH4+含量在春季达最高值,Mn、Mg2+、NH4+含量在夏季达最低值。树干茎流中K+、Na+、Mg2+、Mn、SO24-、Cl-含量均表现出明显的春季含量高、夏秋季含量低的趋势,其中Na+、Mg2+、Mn、SO24-夏季含量与秋季含量差异较小(P>0.05)。不同元素大气降雨、穿透雨、树干茎流三者间关系不同。Mg2+、Fe、Mn、SO24-含量呈现树干茎流>穿透雨>大气降雨的趋势。各林冠对Ca2+春季产生淋溶作用,夏季产生吸附作用,秋季枫桦红松林和椴树红松林表现为吸附作用,云冷杉红松林和人工红松林为淋溶作用。各林型穿透雨中NH4+含量均低于大气降雨,树干茎流中NH4+含量均高于大气降雨,其中3种原始红松林树干茎流中NH4+含量明显高于红松人工林。春季除椴树红松林外,其他林型对Na+产生吸附作用。     

Chemical Composition of Precipitation in Beijing Area, Northern China

Variations of anions (SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^-,NO₂ ^-, Cl^- and F^-),cations (K⁺,Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and ⁺) and pH values in precipitation, througfall and stemflow samples collected overa four-year period (1995–1998) in Beijing (two sitesZhongguancun and Mangshan) are presented. The annualvolume-weighted range of pH values were 6.57–7.11 inprecipitation, 5.46–6.86 in thoughfall and 5.32–6.41 instemflow. The fominant anion was , while Ca⁺and NH₄ ⁺ were the main cations in precipitation,throughfall and stemflow. Most of ion concentrations with precipitation, throughfall and stemflow volume showed negative correlation, except for some ones. Significant correlationvalues were also found between ions (SO₄ ^2-,NO₃ ^-, Cl^-, F^-, Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺ andNa⁺) in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow indicatedthe common sources of these ions such as coal combustion,automobile emission and fertilizers application. Compared toprecipitation, there was an increased ion concentration inthroughfall or in stemflow. Changes of ion concentrations werein Quercus liatungensis Koiz. and Pinus tabulaefornisCarr. throughfall (or stemflow) because of different crown andbark qualities of tree species.     

Rainfall,Stemflow, and Throughfall Chemistry at Urban- and Mountain-facing Sites at Mt. Gokurakuji,Hiroshima, Western Japan

Rainfall, stemflow, and throughfall were collected from 1996 to 1999 at two types of forest sites: (1) forests near the traffic roads and urban areas and (2) forests away from the urban areas at Mt. Gokurakuji, Hiroshima, western Japan in order to estimatethe effects of anthropogenic activities on atmospheric deposition. Rainfall deposition for major ions showed small differences between the sites. The NO₃ ^- and SO₄ ^2-concentrations in stemflow were higher at the urban-facing slope than at the mountain-facing slope. Throughfall deposition of NO₃ ^- and SO₄ ^2- was also higher at urban-facing slopes. Net throughfall (NTF) deposition (throughfall minus rainfall) of NO₃ ^- and SO₄ ^2- accounted for 77 and50% of the total throughfall deposition on urban-facing slopes, respectively, while it accounted for 44 and 23% on themountain-facing slopes, respectively. These results indicated a higher contribution from dry deposition on urban-facing slopes compared to mountain-facing slopes. Atmospheric N (NO₃ ^- +NH₄ ⁺) deposition from throughfall was estimated to be around 17–26 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 on urban-facing slopes, which was greater than the threshold of N deposition that could cause nitrogen leaching in Europe and the United States. The highload of atmospheric N deposition may be one of the factors bringing about the decline of pine forests on urban-facing slopesof Mt. Gokurakuji.     

Study on Sampling Method of Rainfall, Throughfall, and Stemflow to Monitor the Effect of Acid Deposition on Forest Ecosystem

The use of samplers for rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow was studied in Chamaecyparis obtusa forest in Kobe to develop a suitable simplified collection method for long-term monitoring of the effect of acid deposition on the forest ecosystem. A filtrating bulk sampler, widely used in Japan due to its convenience, was modified for rainfall- and throughfall-sampling. The pH value, NH₄ ⁺- and NO₃ ^?- concns. did not change within a two-week sampling period, and the collection efficiency of the modified type relative to the wet/dry sampler was 97% (mean). The three samplers (shampoo-hat, vinyl chloride tube, and gauze type) were used for stemflow sampling. Collection efficiency of the samplers was in the order of shampoo-hat> vinyl chloride tube> gauze and that of the gauze type varied significantly with rainfall condition.     

间歇性降雨对黄土坡地水土养分流失的影响

坡面水土养分流失是研究农业非点源污染方面的核心问题,涉及土壤侵蚀、坡地水文和环境治理等方面的内容。以黄土坡地为研究对象,利用人工降雨模拟试验,分析间歇降雨时坡地产流-入渗-土壤侵蚀过程,以及通过预先在坡地喷施养分(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P),研究间歇降雨时坡面水土流失以及土壤溶质的迁移规律。试验采用针孔式人工模拟降雨器进行模拟降雨,对试验坡地间歇性进行3次降雨,雨强恒为100mm/h,每次降雨历时60min,降雨间隔时间60min。结果表明:(1)3次降雨的初始含水率不同,但产流规律相似,降雨径流率均为先增大后趋于平稳。(2)3次降雨产生的泥沙累积量分别为250.91,100.20,79.76g,第1次降雨的泥沙量远高于第2,3次。泥沙率先迅速增大到峰值然后缓慢减少,平均泥沙率随降雨次数的增多而递减。(3)对于非吸附性的NO_3~-、NH_4~+,3场降雨过程中溶质浓度均呈现由高降低并逐渐平稳的变化趋势;PO_4~(3-)-P浓度的变化规律却略显不同,降雨初期溶质浓度先短暂升高,然后再由高降低并逐渐平稳。(4)3次降雨的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P的径流总流失量分别为535.33,1 058.18,400.79mg,其中NO_3~--N流失量最多,PO_4~(3-)-P流失量最少。随着降雨次数的增加,不同降雨次数下的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P径流流失量均逐渐减少,流失量较前次降雨分别降低了19%,14%、3%,62%和57%,28.3%。因此,通过对间歇性降雨条件下黄土坡地水土溶质迁移特征的研究,对揭示降雨-径流-土壤相互作用过程和土壤养分迁移机理具有重要意义。     

Comparison of Nitrate Leaching under Silver Birch (Betula Pendula) and Corsican Pine (Pinus Nigra SSP. Laricio) in Flanders (Belgium)

In a forest in Flanders (Belgium), situated in a region of intensive livestock production, comparable stands of Corsican pine and silver birch were studied for (1) NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^- concentrations in throughfall water and soil solution and (2) depositions and leaching of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^- to groundwater. In each stand, throughfall collectors and porous cup lysimeters at three depths (0.1m, 0.5m and 1m) were installed in three replicated sets. Throughfall concentrations of ammonium and nitrate were significantly different for both species as well as soil solution concentrations of nitrate at all depths. Under pine, nitrate concentrations of the soil solution at 1m depth clearly exceeded the Belgian critical level for drinking water (50 mg.1^-1). Under birch, this level was only sporadically exceeded. During the sampling period, the depositions of NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^--N reached respectively 21.6 kg/ha and 6.3 kg/ha under birch and 81.3 and 15.2 kg/ha under Corsican pine. Nitrate-N leaching under silver birch amounted 25.4 kg/ha whereas 56.4 kg/ha was measured under Corsican pine.     

Canopy and Soil Retention of Nitrogen Deposition in a Mixed Boreal Forest in Eastern Finland

Nitrogen deposition, leaching, and retention were monitored in a mature spruce (Picea abies Karsten) dominated mixed boreal forest in eastern Finland. Bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and percolation through the podzolic soil profile were monitored from 1993 to 1996. Mean annual bulk deposition of total N was 3.83 kg ha^-1, of which 33% was NH₄ ⁺, 26% was NO₃ ^- , and 41% was organic N. Throughfall+stemflow flux of total N was 2.93 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Sixty-four % of NH₄ ⁺ and 38% of NO₃ ^- in bulk precipitation was retained by tre three canopy. Organic N was released (0.27 kg ha^-1 yr^-1) from the tree canopy. Nitrate-N was retained and organic N was leached as the water passed through the ground vegetation and soil O-horizon. Ammonium-N and organic N were retained mainly in the E-horizon. The output of total N from the E-horizon was only 5% of the total N deposition in the forest stand during the study period and it was mainly as organic N. The output of inorganic N forms from under B-horizon was seasonal and occurred mainly at spring snowmelt.     

Fate of Nitrogen Compounds Deposited to Spruce (Picea Abies Karst.) and Pine (Pinus Silvestris L.) Forests Located in Different Air Pollution and Climatic Conditions

Measurements were made of NO₃-N and NH₄-N in bulk deposition, throughfall and soil solution on six permanent plots in pine and spruce stands located along a transect from the south to the north of Poland. Location differed both in the level of air pollution level and in climatic parameters. The total N load calculated from throughfall ranged from 12.5 to 34 kg^{-1a -1}. The load of NH₄-N exceeded the NO₃-N contribution. Differences in total N load were not reflected in foliar N concentration. Present forest health status of stands determined by defoliation class, and do not appear to be related to their N deposition.     

密云水库上游流域水体营养物质现状及来源分析

密云水库作为北京地区最重要的地表饮用水水源地,其水质优劣直接关系到首都的社会经济发展,开展密云水库水污染监测和治理研究具有重要的现实意义。以密云水库上游流域为研究区,通过不同尺度流域水体营养物质监测,分析了水库上游河流水体营养物质现状;通过分割流量过程线,划分了水体营养物质来自点源和非点源污染的比例。研究结果表明,依据标准(GB3838-2002)要求,密云水库上游河流水体TN含量几乎全部超标,且15.9%样本的TP含量超标。密云水库的营养物质平均40.3%来自点源污染,59.7%来自非点源污染;入库水体中50.1%的TN,49.1%的NO₃^--N,39.0%的NH₄⁺-N,26.5%的TP和36.8%的COD_Mn来自点源污染;49.9%的TN,50.9%的NO₃^--N,61.0%的NH₄⁺-N,73.5%的TP和63.2%的COD_Mn来自非点源污染。     

不同铵硝比对菠菜生长、安全和营养品质的影响

通过水培试验,研究了等氮条件下5种不同铵硝比对菠菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)从铵硝比100∶0到0∶100,菠菜地上部鲜重不断增加,铵硝比为0∶100时,菠菜的鲜重达最大值;但铵硝比25∶75和0∶100两个处理菠菜的干物重没有显著差异(p<0.05)。(2)随着铵硝比的降低,菠菜茎叶中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的含量均表现为线性增加;菠菜茎叶中可溶性草酸的含量和营养液中铵硝比之间呈现出二次曲线相关,在铵硝比为25∶75时,菠菜茎叶中草酸含量最低。适当增施铵态氮有利于降低菠菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及草酸的含量。(3)增铵可以提高菠菜Vc含量,铵硝比为50∶50的处理菠菜Vc含量最高;随着铵硝比的下降,菠菜茎叶中可溶性糖的含量逐渐降低,而粗蛋白的含量则以铵硝比25∶75处理最高。     

黄土丘陵区2种典型林分降雨分配特征及其主要影响因素

森林对降雨的分配是森林生态水文和生物地球化学循环中的重要过程之一。通过对黄土丘陵区2种典型林分(刺槐林和辽东栎林)生长季降雨分配过程的实地监测,探究2种林分的降雨分配特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明:试验期间,刺槐林和辽东栎林降雨分配各组[JP]分均表现为穿透雨量(325.0,295.1 mm)＞冠层截留量(39.8,73.6 mm)＞树干径流量(25.8,21.9 mm),同时穿透雨率(83.2%和75.6%)＞冠层截留率(10.2%和18.8%)＞树干径流率(6.6%和5.6%)。次降雨量是影响降雨分配的关键因子,穿透雨量和树干径流量与次降雨量间呈现极显著线性关系,冠层截留量与次降雨量间呈现极显著对数函数关系;穿透雨率和树干径流率与次降雨量间呈现显著对数函数关系,冠层截留率与次降雨量间呈现极显著指数函数关系。刺槐林和辽东栎林产生穿透雨的次降雨阈值分别为1.0,1.3 mm,产生树干径流的次降雨阈值分别为5.9,5.4 mm。刺槐林产生的穿透雨量和[JP]树干径流量均大于辽东栎林,而冠层截留量小于辽东栎林。研究结果为黄土丘陵区森林生态水文过程的研究提供基础数据,对该地区植被恢复过程中植被类型的选择具有指导意义。