两种猎物饲养对东亚小花蝽捕食作用的影响

本文研究了用两种猎物（豆蚜Aphis craccivora、西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis）饲养后的东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri成虫对单一猎物的捕食作用及对混合猎物的选择性。结果表明：用不同猎物饲养后的东亚小花蝽成虫对单一猎物的捕食量都随着猎物密度的增加而增大。东亚小花蝽对饲料的选择性研究发现：猎物密度设置为5、10、15、20、25、30头.皿-1,用西花蓟马饲养3代的东亚小花蝽对西花蓟马和豆蚜的捕食量分别是4.80、8.80、11.40、16.00、20.20、20.60头和3.00、4.60、6.40、10.20、15.80、16.20头,两者之间存在显著性差异,倾向于选择西花蓟马;用豆蚜饲养3代的东亚小花蝽对西花蓟马和豆蚜的捕食量分别是4.00、5.80、8.00、11.80、14.80、16.20头和4.80、6.80、12.00、15.20、18.80、19.20头,两者之间存在显著性差异,倾向于选择豆蚜。本结果说明东亚小花蝽对长期取食的猎物已产生了适应性。     

东亚小花蝽若虫对西花蓟马成虫的捕食作用

室内开展了东亚小花蝽二龄、四龄若虫对西花蓟马成虫的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应研究。结果表明,在26℃试验温度下其捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,东亚小花蝽若虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增加,搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低,捕食上限分别为9.2头和23.0头。     

南方小花蝽对西花蓟马成虫的捕食功能及种内互残行为

为进一步评价南方小花蝽Orius strigicollis的生物防治潜能,明确南方小花蝽高龄若虫以及成虫对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis成虫的捕食作用及其种内互残行为。在室内通过捕食功能反应试验评价南方小花蝽对西花蓟马成虫的捕食能力,通过南方小花蝽种内互残的选择与非选择性试验分析不同龄期、不同猎物密度下南方小花蝽的种内互残行为。结果表明,南方小花蝽4～5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对西花蓟马的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,捕食能力评价指标a’/T_h大小依次为雌成虫(33.2)>雄成虫(18.8)>5龄若虫(16.7)>4龄若虫(11.7)。种内互残试验结果表明,在没有蓟马的环境下南方小花蝽4、5龄若虫平均死亡数量分别为1.5头和1.7头,显著高于对照。接入南方小花蝽雌成虫后,当西花蓟马若虫密度为10头时的死亡数量高于密度为5头时的死亡数量。当南方小花蝽雌成虫∶若虫∶蓟马数量比为1∶5∶5时,南方小花蝽1龄若虫死亡数量最高,为2.3头;当南方小花蝽雌成虫∶若虫∶蓟马数量为1∶5∶50头时,南方小花蝽若虫的死亡数量均较...     

东亚小花蝽若虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食作用

在室内条件下进行东亚小花蝽2、4龄若虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应试验.结果表明在供试温度下,其捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程;相同温度下,东亚小花蝽若虫的捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增加,而搜寻效应随之降低.相同猎物密度条件下,18～26℃之间,随着温度的升高,东亚小花蝽若虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食量增加、搜寻效应增强;而在26～30℃之间,趋势相反.26℃时,东亚小花蝽2、4龄若虫日捕食量最大,捕食上限分别达18.2头和38.2头;处置1头猎物所需时间(Th)最低,分别为0.0549天和0.0262天;瞬时攻击率(a)s最高,分别为1.0574和1.3665.东亚小花蝽2、4龄若虫捕食作用率与其密度的关系分别为E=0.4034P-0.6669和E=0.3851P-0.4767;分摊竞争强度与其密度的关系分别为I=1.01671gP 0.0172和I=0.80881gP 0.0142.     

东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马成虫的捕食功能

为明确东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对茶棍蓟马Dendrothrips minowai的捕食作用和生物防治潜能,于室内系统研究东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫和成虫对茶棍蓟马雌成虫的捕食行为、捕食功能反应、搜寻效应、自身干扰反应及两者之间的相互干扰效应。结果表明,东亚小花蝽取食单头茶棍蓟马雌成虫的时间随着自身发育阶段的增大而变短,成虫取食时间最短,为7.40 min。在一定的猎物密度范围内,东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫与成虫对茶棍蓟马的捕食作用均符合HollingⅡ功能反应模型,东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫与雌成虫的捕食量均随猎物密度的增加而升高。东亚小花蝽雌成虫对茶棍蓟马雌成虫的瞬时攻击率、捕食能力和日最大捕食量均最高,分别为0.459、124.05和250.00头。东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马的捕食量与猎物密度呈正相关,但搜寻效应与猎物密度呈负相关,且东亚小花蝽雌成虫的搜寻效应最高。东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马的捕食作用同时受自身密度的影响,随着自身密度的增大其平均捕食率降低。东亚小花蝽成虫的捕食作用率随着自身密度和猎物密度的增大而降低。表明东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马有较好的生物防治潜能。     

东亚小花蝽对四种害虫的捕食作用

室内饲养的东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri成虫对棉蓟马成虫、烟粉虱4龄若虫、朱砂叶螨雌成螨和甘蓝蚜成虫的捕食作用、种内干扰作用测定结果表明：捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型;东亚小花蝽对棉蓟马的捕食量符合Na=1.0819Nt/（1＋0.08485Nt）,对朱砂叶螨的捕食量符合Na=2.704Nt/（1＋0.1423Nt）,对烟粉虱的捕食量符合Na=1.9641Nt/（1＋0.2455Nt）,对甘蓝蚜的捕食量符合Na=1.5912Nt/（1＋0.1808Nt）。东亚小花蝽的捕食作用有较强的种内干扰反应,捕食率与个体间相互干扰的关系符合Hassell模型。东亚小花蝽的捕食量与害虫密度正相关,寻找效应与害虫密度负相关。在这4种害虫中,小花蝽对朱砂叶螨的瞬间攻击率和最大捕食量均最大、处置时间最短,对棉蓟马的瞬间攻击率最小,对烟粉虱的最大捕食量最小、处置时间最长。     

温度对东亚小花蝽捕食美洲棘蓟马的影响

为明确不同温度下东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri雌成虫对美洲棘蓟马Echinothrips americanus雌成虫捕食能力的影响,利用HollingⅡ、HollingⅢ及Flinn’s三种模型研究了辣椒上天敌捕食量、猎物密度和环境温度三者间的关系,并推测了该功能反应和搜索效应的相关参数。结果表明:在16、19、22、25、28、31和34℃各温度条件下,东亚小花蝽雌成虫捕食量随猎物密度增加而增大,且差异显著,寻找效应随之降低。HollingⅡ与HollingⅢ模型均适合拟合不同温度下东亚小花蝽雌成虫的捕食功能反应,且HollingⅡ模型较HollingⅢ模型拟合度更好。在HollingⅡ模型拟合条件下,东亚小花蝽22℃时瞬时攻击率最高,为1.132,34℃时处理单头猎物时间最短,为0.007 d。在HollingⅢ模型拟合条件下,19℃时最佳寻找密度最低,为10.31头,34℃时单日最大捕食量最大,为52.67头。由双因素变量Flinn’s模型拟合得到的东亚小花蝽雌成虫平均瞬时攻击率为4.314,并且在34℃、初始猎物密度45头下,东亚小花蝽雌成虫能发挥最大捕食潜能。表明东亚小花蝽为美洲棘蓟马的有效天敌。     

异色瓢虫对苜蓿上豌豆蚜和牛角花齿蓟马的捕食效能及捕食偏好性

异色瓢虫是我国苜蓿重要的天敌昆虫,豌豆蚜和牛角花齿蓟马是严重为害苜蓿的刺吸类害虫。为探究异色瓢虫对豌豆蚜和牛角花齿蓟马的生防潜力,室内测定了异色瓢虫1～4龄幼虫和雌成虫分别对豌豆蚜2～3龄若蚜和牛角花齿蓟马成虫的捕食功能反应及猎物捕食偏好性。结果表明,不同龄期的异色瓢虫对两种害虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ模型。异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对豌豆蚜2～3龄若蚜的捕食能力最强,雌成虫次之,异色瓢虫1～3龄幼虫的捕食能力随龄期减少而逐渐降低。另外,异色瓢虫雌成虫对牛角花齿蓟马成虫的捕食能力最强,其次为4龄幼虫,3龄幼虫和2龄幼虫的捕食能力较弱。不同龄期的异色瓢虫分别对豌豆蚜2～3龄若蚜和牛角花齿蓟马成虫的搜寻效应均随猎物密度的增加而降低。当猎物豌豆蚜若蚜和牛角花齿蓟马成虫以3种不同数量比例（豌豆蚜:蓟马＝40:80头、60:60头、80:40头）共存时,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对猎物的选择性指数（D）均大于1,表明4龄幼虫对豌豆蚜表现较强的正捕食偏好性;但异色瓢虫雌成虫对猎物的选择性指数均小于1,表明雌成虫对两种猎物无明显的捕食偏好。综上表明异色瓢虫对苜蓿豌豆蚜若蚜和牛角花齿蓟马成虫具有较好的控制能力,尤其是异色瓢虫4龄幼虫与雌成虫对两种猎物具有很强的捕食能力且优于1～3龄幼虫。当两种猎物共存时,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫偏好取食豌豆蚜2～3龄若蚜。     

短期驯化对米蛾卵饲养的东亚小花蝽捕食瓜蚜功能反应的影响

为探究米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵饲养的东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对瓜蚜Aphis gossypii的控害潜能及对其是否进行短期驯化的必要性,以水果黄瓜斯托克为寄主植物,在实验室条件下分别进行了米蛾卵饲喂及预先饲喂瓜蚜2 d的东亚小花蝽(5龄若虫和雌成虫)对瓜蚜的捕食功能反应研究。结果显示,2种处理的东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫对瓜蚜的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型反应模型,即随着猎物密度的增加,其对瓜蚜的捕食量先增加,后趋于稳定;其中预先饲喂2 d瓜蚜的东亚小花蝽5龄若虫在瓜蚜密度每皿为30头、雌成虫在每皿15头时,其捕食量均显著高于相同瓜蚜密度处理下一直饲喂米蛾卵的东亚小花蝽;其余瓜蚜密度下2种处理间无显著差异。瓜蚜驯化后的东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫对瓜蚜的瞬间攻击率均高于未经瓜蚜驯化的。表明短期饲喂驯化可在一定程度上提高东亚小花蝽对靶标害虫瓜蚜的捕食能力和识别能力。     

南方小花蝽和黄蓟马的种群动态及捕食功能反应

为明确南方小花蝽和黄蓟马在冬季蚕豆植株上的发生情况及南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的室内捕食控害能力,本试验采用五点取样盘拍法调查了蚕豆植株上黄蓟马及其天敌南方小花蝽的种群密度;在实验室内用捕食功能反应法研究了南方小花蝽雌成虫对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能、寻找效应及其自身密度对捕食黄蓟马的干扰反应。结果表明：黄蓟马在3月初达种群密度最大值18.2头/株,南方小花蝽种群高峰晚于黄蓟马19 d出现,在3月中旬达到最高峰3.4头/株;南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的捕食效应受自身密度和猎物密度影响,捕食效应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程功能反应模型,南方小花蝽对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能反应方程分别为N_a=0.5655N/（1＋0.0193N）和N_a=1.1864N/（1＋0.0346N）;日最大捕食量分别为29.3头/d和34.3头/d;当猎物密度不变时,南方小花蝽成虫对黄蓟马的捕食作用受到自身密度的干扰,平均捕食量随南方小花蝽密度升高而下降,其干扰反应方程为E=0.3009P^-0.4290。南方小花蝽种群在野外蚕豆上种群对黄蓟马种群有跟随现象,其种群随着黄蓟马的增加而增长,在2―3月,蚕豆进入花期时黄蓟马种群数量达到最大值;南方小花蝽对黄蓟马有较强的捕食能力,可作为黄蓟马生物防治实践中重要的天敌资源加以研究和利用。     

Base-catalysed hydrolysis of (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos

The rates at which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed in aqueous solutions in the pH range 8.7–11.5, and in the temperature range 30–50°C, have been measured. The overall activation parameters have been calculated, and equations to allow calculation of the rates in any basic conditions are given. The complicated routes by which (E)- and (Z)-mevinphos are hydrolysed to simple molecules have been deduced. The rates for the individual steps in each route have been either measured experimentally, or have been calculated through analogue simulation of all the reactions, by matching the calculated to the observed ultraviolet spectral changes during hydrolysis. It is proposed that (Z)-2-carboxyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate is not observed as a hydrolysis product of (Z)-mevinphos because it decomposes by an extremely fast intramolecular reaction. The reasons for the greater lability of (E)-mevinphos are also discussed.     

检疫性害虫南亚果实蝇生物学及控制技术

南亚果实蝇[Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)tau(Walker)]是黄瓜、南瓜、丝瓜、冬瓜和苦瓜等多种果蔬作物上的一种重要检疫性害虫。近年来在我国多个省市发生危害,发生程度呈加重和扩大蔓延的趋势,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。本文概述了南亚果实蝇的发生危害规律、生物学特性,提出了加强植物检疫、农业防治、诱集灭虫、雄性不育技术和保护天敌等防治措施。     

Comparative biology of Mallada desjardinsi (navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), predators of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphis gossypii (glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton in eastern Tanzania

The developmental biology of Mallada desjardinsi (Navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) on the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was studied in the laboratory at 28–32°C. Total larva! periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua on H. armigera eggs were 14.4 and 14.8 days respectively. However, when reared on A. gossypii larval periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua were 14.9 and 13.5 days respectively. When reared on H. armigera 52.9% and 25% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsis and C. congrua sp. died before pupation. However, when reared on A. gossypii 82.6% and 46.9% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua died before pupation. Thus, H. armigera eggs and A. gossypii nymphs were both adequate but not optimal diets for chrysopid larval development. The number of prey consumed by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua increased with instar. Total larval consumption of H. armigera by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was determined to be 135.5 and 169.8 eggs respectively. However, total larval consumption of A. gossypii by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was found to be 189.0 and 171.8 nymphs respectively. Because of its longer larval period, and higher consumption of A. gossypii, M. desjardinsi would be better suited for use against A. gossypii than C. congrua. In contrast, C. congrua whose consumption of H. armigera was higher than that of M. desjardinsi although their larval periods were similar, would appear promising for control of H. armigera.     

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae) in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Pheromone traps were placed in the market place in Banja Luka, and in greenhouses and open field tomato crops, on 13 September 2010 to determine the presence of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Banja Luka region. Based on examination of traps, the presence of T. absoluta was confirmed for the first time in the Republic of Srpska. Only mines of Liriomyza species were found by examining leaves under a stereomicroscope. In 2011, pheromone traps were placed in greenhouses at several locations (Banja Luka, Prijedor, Novi Grad, Kozarska Dubica, Ljubinje and Trebinje) at the beginning of June, and in open fields in Bijeljina and Trebinje at the beginning of September. Examination of the traps was carried out at intervals of 15 days. A sample of 100 leaves, taken from 20 randomly selected plants, was examined in order to evaluate the intensity of the attack. The first adults were caught in greenhouses in Ljubinje and Trebinje on 18 June 2011; in open field crops in Bijeljina on 9 September 2011 and in Banja Luka on 5 October 2011. Adults were not captured in Prijedor, Novi Grad or Kozarska Dubica, and no mined leaves were observed. The intensity of attack was evaluated on the basis of active infestation (percentage of leaves with active mines compared with all mined leaves). The strongest intensity of active infestation was recorded in the open field crops in Trebinje, where 19% of leaves with active mines were found.     

具条实蝇研究综述

具条实蝇[Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)scutellata(Hendel)]是我国对外重要检疫害虫,地理分布广,危害程度重,使我国果蔬生产遭受了严重经济损失。文章综述了具条实蝇的形态特征、分类地位、寄主范围、地理分布、种群数量动态以及分子生物学等方面的研究进展,并提出未来研究展望。     

黏虫和劳氏黏虫形态特征比较

黏虫和劳氏黏虫往往混合发生,给小麦、玉米和水稻等造成严重的产量损失。本文从卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4个虫态分别描述了这两种黏虫在形态特征上的差异。两种黏虫卵无差异。低龄幼虫中黏虫刚毛基部的毛片色深,2龄幼虫前胸背板上各条背线较明显;劳氏黏虫毛片色浅,2龄幼虫各背线不明显。高龄幼虫中黏虫头部有"八字纹",气门近圆形,气门筛黑色有光泽;劳氏黏虫头部除"八字纹"外唇基还有一黑褐色斑,气门椭圆形,气门筛黄褐色。黏虫蛹腹部背面5~7节有刻点,臀棘着生近于平行;劳氏黏虫蛹4~7节有刻点,臀棘呈"八"字形。黏虫成虫前翅有环纹、肾形纹,劳氏黏虫则无。本研究旨为两种黏虫的田间调查提供技术支撑。     

Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy) [Hemiptera: Aphididae] and Chile

As there was no consensus on the presence or absence of Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy) in Chile, a meticulous literature survey has been carried out to clarify the issue. From this survey, it can be concluded that A. (T.) citricidus is not present in Chile, that it has never been cited as present from first‐hand information/observations in this country, and that all available Chilean records of this species are due to old (and now abandoned) taxonomic interpretations or poor transmission of information.     

进口大豆中菌核和麦角的鉴别

进口大豆中不断检出的黑色鼠粪状物质,究竟是大豆菌核病菌的菌核还是麦角,是目前困扰口岸检验检疫人员的一个问题。本文对大豆菌核病菌的菌核和麦角的分类地位、寄主及为害症状、形态特征、检疫鉴定方法等方面进行了介绍和比较,以期对今后大豆检疫工作有所帮助。     

Powdery mildews on borage (Borago officinalis) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)

The powdery mildews Erysiphe cynoglossi and E. howeana, causing disease on borage (Borago officinalis) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), respectively, are reported for the first time in Britain.