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Mathilde Leclere Jean‐Pierre Lavoie Marilyn Dunn Christian Bédard 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2009,38(4):462-466
Background: Thrombelastography (TEG) is used to evaluate the viscoelastic properties of blood during clotting and provides a global assessment of hemostasis and clot lysis. TEG analysis initiated with recombinant human tissue factor (TF) has not been evaluated in clinically healthy horses. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether TEG results are affected by the time elapsed between sampling and analysis (storage time) of equine blood samples and to establish a preliminary equine reference interval for a modified TEG assay, using recombinant human TF to initiate coagulation. Methods: Citrated blood samples were obtained from 20 clinically healthy adult horses. Thirteen samples were stored for 30, 60, and 120 minutes at room temperature before TEG analysis. Coagulation was initiated by adding 20 μL of CaCl2 to 330 μL of blood and 10 μL of diluted recombinant TF for a final dilution of 1:3600. Reaction (R) and clotting (K) times, angle (α), and maximum amplitude (MA) were compared between time points. A preliminary reference interval (minimum–maximum values) was determined using data from all 20 horses after 30 minutes of sample storage. Results: There was a significant effect of storage time on R, K, and α but not MA. Reference intervals were: R, 3.65–6.4 minutes; K, 1.8–5.45 minutes; α, 33.4–66.2°; MA, 41.2–64.1 mm; lysis at 30 minutes post‐MA (LY30), <2.75%; and lysis at 60 minutes post‐MA (LY60), 1.55–9.5%. Conclusions: TEG can be performed on equine citrated blood samples using recombinant human TF to activate clot formation. TEG parameters were significantly affected by storage time, suggesting an incomplete inhibition of coagulation in citrated blood. 相似文献
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Thromboelastography (TEG) is a viscoelastic, whole blood‐based assay that integrates information from both the cellular and soluble components of coagulation, providing a global evaluation of the haemostatic system. This contrasts with the conventional coagulation assays (i.e. platelet count, prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT] and fibrinogen concentration [FIB]), which only provide information about one component (e.g. clotting factors in the case of PT and aPTT) of the haemostatic process, requiring the combination of several assays for a complete evaluation of haemostasis. Thromboelastography is an old technology that has been used in human medicine for over 50 years. However, it is relatively new in veterinary medicine and has only been applied to horses in the last 5 years. Clinical applications in human medicine include diagnosis and monitoring of coagulopathies. Currently, extensive research is being carried out to expand the use of TEG in dogs and cats. Therefore, it is expected that the use of this technique will also further expand in horses in the near future. To date, the available studies in the equine species have evaluated TEG in healthy horses, horses with gastrointestinal disease, septic foals, horses with exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) and a filly with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. The main objective of this review is to introduce the TEG technique to equine clinicians, providing information on how the TEG functions, blood sample collection and processing, variables measured and their interpretations, normal reference values and areas of potential clinical application. 相似文献
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Ramaswamy CM Eades SC Venugopal CS Hosgood GL Garza F Barker SA Moore RM 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(3):454-458
OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma endothelin (ET)- like immunoreactivity between healthy horses and those with naturally acquired gastrointestinal tract disorders. ANIMALS: 29 healthy horses and 142 horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected from healthy horses and from horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders prior to treatment. Magnitude and duration of abnormal clinical signs were recorded, and clinical variables were assessed via thorough physical examinations. Plasma concentrations of ET-like immunoreactivity were measured by use of a radioimmunoassay for human endothelin-1, and CBC and plasma biochemical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Plasma ET-like immunoreactivity concentration was significantly increased in horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders, compared with healthy horses. Median plasma concentration of ET-like immunoreactivity was 1.80 pg/ml (range, 1.09 to 3.2 pg/ml) in healthy horses. Plasma ET-like immunoreactivity was greatest in horses with strangulating large-intestinal obstruction (median, 10.02 pg/ml; range, 3.8 to 22.62 pg/ml), peritonitis (9.19 pg/ml; 789 to 25.83 pg/ml), and enterocolitis (8.89 pg/mI; 6.30 to 18.36 pg/ml). Concentration of ET-like immunoreactivity was significantly associated with survival, PCV, and duration of signs of pain. However, correlations for associations with PCV and duration of pain were low. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders have increased plasma concentrations of ET-like immunoreactivity, compared with healthy horses. The greatest values were detected in horses with large-intestinal strangulating obstructions, peritonitis, and enterocolitis. This suggests a potential involvement of ET in the pathogenesis of certain gastrointestinal tract disorders in horses. 相似文献
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Reasons for performing study: In human medicine, oesophageal electrocardiography (ECG) is a well‐established technique that magnifies P waves with respect to the QRS complex. Objectives: To investigate the feasibility of oesophageal ECG recording in horses and its ability to produce larger P waves compared with base‐apex and unipolar recordings. Methods: Bipolar and unipolar ECG were performed using oesophageal and surface electrodes. Oesophageal ECG was obtained from 6 different recording configurations at different oesophageal depths. Amplitudes of P, Q, R, S and T waves were measured from 3 different cardiac cycles for each recording configuration and depth. Results: Oesophageal ECG was feasible in all horses. For all oesophageal recording configurations, significantly larger P waves were recorded from a depth that equalled ‘height of the withers + 10 cm’ (HW+10) than from any other depth. P/QRSmagn, the ratio between the P wave and QRS complex magnitudes, was largest for intraoesophageal recordings with an interelectrode distance of 10 cm, at HW+10, where it was significantly larger than base‐apex and unipolar recordings. Base‐apex recording resulted in significantly smaller P waves than all other recording configurations and significantly smaller P/QRSmagn ratios than all other recording configurations except one combined oesophageal‐surface recording (E/Slow). Conclusions: Oesophageal ECG recording is feasible in horses and effective in magnifying P wave amplitude. Potential relevance: The procedure is promising for diagnosis of supraventricular tachydysrhythmias and might be used in electrophysiological studies and for cardiac pacing. 相似文献
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Nutritional considerations for horses with colitis. Part 1: Nutrients and enteral nutrition 下载免费PDF全文
The equine colon is the primary site of fibre digestion and water absorption. It is therefore not surprising that colitis and associated colonic dysfunction can result in severe nutritional derangements, which can be exacerbated by reduced feed intake in affected horses. Dietary management of colitis is important for optimum recovery. In broad terms, it should prioritise provision of nutrients to horses that otherwise have reduced appetites. In some forms, such as right dorsal colitis, as well as those with chronicity, nutritional recommendations include restricting or eliminating long‐stem roughage from the diet and feeding a complete pelleted diet. Voluntary enteral nutrition is preferred, but horses that are not ingesting enough to meet the minimum recommended requirements as outlined, should be fed via nasogastric tube (if tolerated – no reflux, no ileus and no colic present; faecal output present). Parenteral nutrition may be necessary in some cases, as some colitis cases do not tolerate enteral feeding for reasons such as colic, intestinal dysmotility or abdominal distension. Timing and constitution of nutritional intervention is vital and should be tailored to the individual patient to prevent further complications of the disease process. 相似文献
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C. G. Donnelly E. Burns C. A. Easton-Jones S. Katzman R. Stuart S. E. Cook C. J. Finno 《Equine Veterinary Education》2021,33(4):215-219
Vitamin E is essential for neuromuscular function. The primary treatment, oral supplementation with natural (‘RRR’) α-tocopherol, is not effective in all horses. The objectives of this pilot study were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a subcutaneously administered RRR-α-tocopherol preparation. Horses were randomly assigned in a cross-over design to initially receive RRR-α-tocopherol (5000 IU/450 kg of 600 IU/mL) subcutaneously (n = 3) or orally (n = 3) or were untreated sentinels (n = 2). Tissue reactions following injection in Phase I of the study necessitated adjustment of the preparation with reduction of the RRR-α-tocopherol concentration to 500 IU/mL in Phase 2. Following an 8-week washout period, horses received the reciprocal treatment route with the new preparation (5000 IU/450 kg of 500 IU/mL). Serum, CSF and muscle α-tocopherol concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography over a 14-day period during each phase. Serum and CSF α-tocopherol concentrations increased significantly postinjection only when the 500 IU/mL product was administered (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in the muscle concentration of α-tocopherol following either treatment. All eight horses had marked tissue reaction to subcutaneous injection, regardless of product concentration. Whilst we have demonstrated that this route may be a useful alternative to oral supplementation, the marked tissue reaction makes use of such products limited at this time to only the most refractory of cases. 相似文献
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I. JOHNS B. TENNENT‐BROWN B. DALLAP SCHAER L. SOUTHWOOD R. BOSTON P. WILKINS 《Equine veterinary journal》2009,41(2):160-164
Reasons for performing study: The incidence and implications of positive blood cultures in mature horses with diarrhoea is unknown. The diagnosis of bacteraemia may alter treatment and prognosis. Hypothesis: The proportion of horses with diarrhoea that are blood culture positive is higher than previously assumed and a positive blood culture has a negative impact on survival. Methods: Blood cultures were taken at admission and 24 h after admission from 31 mature horses with diarrhoea. Results: Nine (29%) horses were blood culture positive within 24 h of admission. Organisms isolated included Corynebacterium spp. (n = 6), Streptococcus spp. (n = 2), Pantoea agglomerans (n = 1), Gram‐negative rod (n = 1), Bacillus spp. (n = 1) and yeast (n = 1). Horses with positive blood cultures were significantly less likely to survive. Prior treatment with antimicrobial drugs had no significant effect on blood culture status. Horses with positive blood cultures had a significantly higher heart rate, packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma potassium concentration at admission, and a higher PCV and lower total plasma protein concentration 24 h after admission. Conclusions: Positive blood cultures occur more frequently than previously reported, and may have a negative impact on survival in horses with diarrhoea. Potential relevance: Results of blood cultures may be useful in formulating a prognosis for horses with diarrhoea. Further research is required to determine the effect of antimicrobial treatment on outcome. 相似文献
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《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2020,47(4):509-517
ObjectivesTo determine the physiologic and behavioral effects and pharmacokinetic profile of hydromorphone administered intravenously (IV) to horses.Study designProspective, randomized, crossover study.AnimalsA group of six adult healthy horses weighing 585.2 ± 58.7 kg.MethodsEach horse was administered IV hydromorphone (0.025 mg kg–1; treatment H0.025), hydromorphone (0.05 mg kg–1; treatment H0.05) or 0.9% saline in random order with a 7 day washout period. For each treatment, physiologic, hematologic, abdominal borborygmi scores and behavioral data were recorded over 5 hours and fecal output was totaled over 24 hours. Data were analyzed using repeated measures anova with significance at p < 0.05. Blood samples were collected in treatment H0.05 for quantification of plasma hydromorphone and hydromorphone-3-glucuronide and subsequent pharmacokinetic parameter calculation.ResultsHydromorphone administration resulted in a dose-dependent increase in heart rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP). HR and SAP were 59 ± 17 beats minute–1 and 230 ± 27 mmHg, respectively, in treatment H0.05 at 5 minutes after administration. No clinically relevant changes in respiratory rate, arterial gases or temperature were observed. The borborygmi scores in both hydromorphone treatments were lower than baseline values for 2 hours. Fecal output did not differ among treatments and no evidence of abdominal discomfort was observed. Recorded behaviors did not differ among treatments. For hydromorphone, mean ± standard deviation for volume of distribution at steady state, total systemic clearance and area under the curve until the last measured concentration were 1.00 ± 0.29 L kg–1, 106 ± 21 mL minute–1 kg–1 and 8.0 ± 1.5 ng hour mL–1, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceHydromorphone administered IV to healthy horses increased HR and SAP, decreased abdominal borborygmi and did not affect fecal output. 相似文献
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