四川省外种猪的生产性能与遗传进展

四川省长白、大约克夏和杜洛克3品种种猪经过4年的选育，生产性能得到了较大提高。100kg体重背膘厚分别达到12．4、11．75、11．97mm，下降了1．8、1．6、2．14mm，其中遗传上下降0.31、0．17、-0．48mm；达100kg体重的日龄分别达到166、172、163d，下降了3、-6.0d。其中遗传上下降0．4、1．4、5．6d。     

四川省种畜禽管理委员会公告

2002年,四川省畜禽繁育改良总站组织四川省原种猪场、内江市种猪场、绵阳市种畜场、德阳市种猪场、南充市种畜场、达州市种畜场开展了1308头种猪性能测定,其中长白661头,大约克夏521头,杜洛克126头。经省种猪遗传评估系统统一评估,核定746头为良种种猪,其中长白370头,大约克夏308头,杜洛克68头,准予登记。现将其遗传评估结果和登记的良种种猪公告于后。特此公告四川省种畜禽管理委员会二○○三年四月二十四日耳号背膘厚日龄背膘厚EBV日龄EBV父系指数所在场YYMYZC002002032806-4.49336119.121523241.67MYZCYYMYZC0020020978068.8187…     

四川省种猪管理委员会公告

２００１年，我省组织四川省原种猪场、内江市种猪场、乐山市种畜场、绵阳市种畜场、德阳市种猪场开展种猪性能测定，共测定种猪１３８３头。经省种猪性能遗传评估系统评定，核定６８０头为良种种猪，其中，长白３６７头、大约夏克２７４头、杜洛克３９头，准予登记。现将各品种前１０名良种猪公告于后。特此公告四川省种猪管理委员会二○○二年五月八日性别序号耳号年度背膘厚日龄背膘EBV日龄EBV父系指数所在场公１LLLESH００２００００００７４２２０００９．９１５８－３．１１６９６３－２．９１２６６８１５９．０４乐山市种畜场…     

不同品种品系及品系组合猪间繁殖和生长性能测定报告

为了解大约克、长白和杜洛克3个品种不同品系的猪在繁殖性能和生长性能上的特点和差异,对大丰丰海种猪繁育有限公司所饲养的大约克(法系、美系、法×美、美×法)、长白(美系、挪系、美×挪、挪×美)和美系杜洛克的繁殖性状和生长性状进行测定和分析,结果表明:1)大约克猪的窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、初生窝重、21日龄断奶重、妊娠天数和断奶到再配种间隔在4个品系间差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)从长白猪所统计的6项繁殖指标而言,除初生窝重在4个品系间差异不显著外,其余5项指标(窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、21日龄断奶重、妊娠天数、断奶到再配种间隔)美系长白都相对较好。3)对于生长性状而言,大约克猪的4个品系达100 kg体重日龄间差异不显著(P>0.05),美系大约克的背膘最薄(13.1 mm),低于其它3个品系;在长白猪中,美系长白达30 kg体重日龄最低为76.83 d,极显著低于挪×美组合(P<0.01)。4)对于大约克、长白和杜洛克3个品种而言,达100 kg体重日龄分别为179.5 d、182.3 d和179.2 d,3者间差异不显著;杜洛克的活体背膘厚(10.5 mm)极显著低于大约克(13.9 mm,P<0.01),显著低于长白(13.6 mm,P<0.05)。     

永诚杜洛克种猪的选育

以引进的美系杜洛克群体为基础,采用闭锁与开放相结合的选育策略,实施全群测定,应用Herdsman育种软件进行遗传评估,按综合选择指数进行严格的种猪选留。选育结果表明,2012年杜洛克公母猪的100kg体重日龄比2009年分别缩短了10.11天和12.79天,平均校正背膘厚分别减少了2.32mm和1.61mm,终端父系指数提高了18.92。经过4年的选育,稳定并提高了引进种猪的性能,基本上选育成了生长速度快、背膘薄、胴体瘦肉率高且遗传稳定的杜洛克种猪。     

云南省瘦肉型种公猪生长性能检测报告

为了解云南省种猪质量水平,对云南大约克、长白及杜洛克3个品种的不同品系种公猪进行了集中生长性能测定。结果发现,云南大约克、长白及杜洛克种公猪达100 kg日龄分别为(185.97±17.03) d、(183.03±3.94) d和(170.69±9.74) d;云南大约克、长白及杜洛克种公猪的100 kg活体背膘分别为(11.20±0.53) mm、(11.32±0.52) mm和(11.38±0.51) mm,均高于全国99家核心育种场大约克、长白和杜洛克公猪的[达100 kg日龄(164.79±15.13) d、(163.97±15.24) d和(162.52±15.37) d,100 kg活体背膘(10.55±1.91) mm、(10.72±2.00) mm和(10.42±2.06) mm]数据。云南省的种猪质量水平与国家核心育种场还有一定距离,而且不同品系均有各自特点。但在生产实际当中,因新美系耐粗饲、体型较大等因素,比较受养殖户的喜爱;丹系和加系,因其繁殖性能较好,正在逐渐被养殖户接受;台系猪引进时间短且数量有限,随着时间延长和数量增加,其生长速度和饲料利用率等优势进一步被大家了解,也会有一定的市场前景。     

生猪遗传改良计划实施以来我国猪主要经济性状进展分析

《全国生猪遗传改良计划(2009—2020)》自2010年实施以来,经过10年发展,对我国生猪育种产生了深远影响。本研究收集2010—2019年全国猪育种数据,分析我国猪育种主要考虑的3个目标经济性状表型和遗传进展,反映我国生猪遗传改良计划成效。结果表明:我国杜洛克、长白和大白3个品种种猪登记和性能测定数据量逐年增长,建立了约15万头母猪组成的育种核心群;杜洛克、长白和大白3个品种猪平均每年表型和遗传进展,达100 kg体重日龄为0.90、0.67、0.5 d和0.51、0.3、0.4 d;100 kg活体背膘厚为0.07、0.06、0.04 mm和0.06、0.02、0.02 mm;长白和大白总产仔数平均每年表型和遗传进展为0.10、0.17头和0.013、0.016头,杜洛克主要考虑生长速度和瘦肉率,总产仔数变化不大。3个品种核心群群体结构不断优化,更新速度加快,我国猪育种工作进入了"引种-适应-改良-提高"的良性循环。     

美系大白母猪100kg体重活体背膘厚对其首胎繁殖性能影响

本研究所用材料来源于湖北省原种猪场2001年3月-2005年10月份期间的共351窝美系大白后备母猪的测定、配种、繁殖材料。以100kg体重活体背膘厚分成4组，观察其100kg体重活体背膘厚对其首胎繁殖性能的影响。经统计分析，在种猪体况正常的情况下，100kg体重活体背膘厚对首胎窝均产活仔数和初生窝重、校正21日龄窝重、断奶窝重、首胎断奶后的发情间隔等繁殖力性状差异不显著（P〉O．05），首胎母猪配种成功率与100kg体重活体背膘厚无关。表明对于种猪背膘厚的选择不会带来种猪繁殖性能的下降。这与王爱国等（2002）报道的是一致的。     

杜洛克母猪使用寿命遗传参数估计与影响因素的研究

本研究通过6 220头杜洛克母猪的生产数据对杜洛克使用寿命遗传参数进行估计,并计算背膘厚、日增重、第1次配种日龄与使用寿命的表型和遗传相关。采用广义线性模型估计6种不同使用寿命性状的遗传力在0.16～0.18,遗传相关在0.70～0.99。背膘厚与使用寿命为低的正遗传相关(0.10～0.20),日增重、第1次配种日龄与使用寿命为负的遗传相关。再对各组背膘厚、日增重和第1次配种日龄进行分组,并分析对比各组与使用寿命之间的关系,结果表明杜洛克母猪背膘厚在10.6～13.0 mm对使用寿命最为有利,日增重为610～670g/d有利于延长使用寿命,第1次配种日龄在230d之前可以增加母猪的使用寿命。建议猪场在培养后备杜洛克母猪时,提高背膘厚以及选择发情早的个体,提高母猪使用寿命。     

温带气候条件下母猪品种和体况对其繁殖性状的影响

为研究母猪品种和体况对其繁殖性能的影响,对杜洛克、长白、大约克和长大、大长母猪的繁殖期体况变化和窝产仔数进行了统计分析,同时对母猪体况和繁殖性能进行了相关分析。结果表明,母猪品种显著影响其繁殖性能,长白和大约克母猪的总产仔数、21日龄仔猪数、出生窝重、21日龄窝重均显著高于杜洛克母猪,其中总产仔数、21日龄仔猪数分别多0.96头和1.98头(P0.05),出生窝重、21日龄窝重增加7.19%和25.37%(P0.05),而与长大和大长二元母猪间差异不显著(P0.05)。母猪繁殖期背膘厚均显著影响母猪的繁殖性能,长白和大约克母猪配种、孕30d、分娩和21日龄仔猪断奶背膘厚均显著高于杜洛克母猪,提高6.63%~12.31%(P0.05),但与长大和大长二元母猪4个节点背膘厚差异不显著(P0.05)。母猪妊娠期和哺乳期背膘厚与总产仔数、产活仔数、出生窝重、21日龄窝重等繁殖性状均呈极显著相关(P0.01)。由此可见,母猪品种与其繁殖期体况变化显著影响繁殖性能,提示在种猪繁殖性能方面应对这些因素加以优化和改善。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.