托桂型茶花‘金盘荔枝’中花器官发育基因CjAG1的克隆与功能分析

为探讨山茶重瓣花形成的机理，在山茶A和B类基因研究的基础上，通过同源基因查找分析，从山茶（Camellia japonica）重瓣品种‘金盘荔枝’（‘Jinpan Lizhi’）早期花芽中克隆了长度为1 418 bp的C类基因CjAG1全长cDNA序列（Genbank登录号JX843816），包括长度为224 bp的5′非编码区、768 bp的编码区和426 bp的3′非编码区三部分。基因编码的蛋白质包含258个氨基酸残基，属于不稳定亲水性蛋白，α-螺旋和无规则卷曲构成了其结构骨架。Real-time P     

河北鸡泽发现世界上首个“九瓣棉桃”

河北省鸡泽县司马堡村棉农弓社花,2008年种了0.13 hm2冠铃牌大桃棉花,与其他棉花不同的是五瓣棉比例明显增多,她还发现了4个六瓣棉桃.近日又惊喜发现了一个九瓣棉桃,单铃重11.2 g,棉籽数65粒(一般棉桃只有四、五个瓣,单铃重5.5 g左右,棉籽数30粒左右).     

河北鸡泽发现世界上首个“九瓣棉桃”

河北省鸡泽县司马堡村棉农弓社花,2008年种了0.133 hm2冠铃牌大桃棉花.与其它棉花不同的是,五瓣棉比例明显增多,她还发现了4个六瓣棉桃.近日,她又惊喜地发现了1个九瓣棉桃,单铃重11.2 g,棉子数65粒(一般棉桃只有四、五个瓣,单铃重5.5 g左右,棉子数30粒左右).     

低温引起月季花朵过度重瓣化关键基因的表达及分析

低温引起切花月季花朵过度重瓣化导致畸形在生产上亟需解决。以‘芬得拉’(Rosa hybrida‘Vendela’)为试材,以RT-PCR研究与月季花器官发育密切相关基因Rh AP1,Rh AP2,Rh AP3,Rh TM6,Rh PI,Rh AG,Rh SHP,Rh WUS在不同温度不同花芽分化时期表达量。发现过度重瓣化形成关键时期,只有Rh AG表达水平相对较高,且低温下表达水平明显低于常温,相比其它基因变化最明显。本课题组推测Rh AG在低温导致的过度重瓣化中可能起着主要调控作用。为深入研究,以RT-PCR结合RACE克隆到Rh AG全长。其全长4 942 bp,包含7个内含子、8个外显子,开放阅读框747 bp,编码248个氨基酸,N端含保守MADS-box、K-box结构域,属MADS-box家族。洋葱表皮亚细胞定位发现其位于细胞核内,属核蛋白。上述结果对明确低温导致月季花朵过度重瓣化分子机制提供了理论依据。     

自然花香型茶叶初识

自然花香型茶叶初识李传忠（湖北省在科院果茶所·武汉·４３０２０９）自然花香是自然界的某种植物散发的天然花香。茶叶用开水冲泡后所散发出的香气具有兰花香、金银花香等，即称为自然花香型茶叶。自然花香型茶叶香气纯正郁雅持久，芬芳扑鼻，细品慢尝，有如回到春意盎...     

完全重瓣型山茶花品种‘红十八学士’CjHTM6基因cDNA的克隆与分析

为研究山茶重瓣性状形成分子机理,采用RACE技术从完全重瓣型山茶花品种‘红十八学士’中克隆TM6基因全长cDNA,再利用生物信息学和Real-time PCR技术对其进行分析。结果表明:该基因cDNA全长729 bp,命名为CjHTM6,有一个完整的开放阅读框(627 bp),编码208个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量24.31 ku,理论等电点为9.53,不稳定系数达44.07;编码蛋白为MADS-box蛋白,其预测的二级结构和三级结构主要以α-螺旋为主,其次为无规卷曲,延伸链所占比重最小;与单瓣花型短柄山茶至少有4个氨基酸差异。定量分析结果表明,CjHTM6基因在花中各部均有表达,其中在花心的花瓣中表达量最高,而在苞片中表达量最低。初步表明,CjHTM6基因在山茶重瓣花形成中起重要作用。     

连作对抗、耐、感大豆孢囊线虫病品种根系发育的影响

连作对抗、耐、感大豆孢囊线虫病品种根系发育的影响黑龙江省农科院大豆所刘丽君，高明杰黑龙江省农科院安达所李云辉黑龙江省农科院嫩江所杨兆英泰来县种子公司刘书明，李连江大豆重迎茬种植，其减产机理不尽相同。本实验着重在大豆连作条件下，土壤化学性质变化、土壤酶...     

棉铃病害的发生与综合防治

棉铃病害俗称烂铃、烂桃，有20余种，黄河流域棉区主要是疫病、炭疽病、角斑病等。发病棉铃轻则局部纤维紧结，铃重减轻，形成低等级的黄瓣花；重则棉铃成为僵瓣、不能开裂或有1～2室坏死，甚至全铃烂掉。此病虽不是新发病害，但因该病化防较为困难，加之棉农不太重视，因此每年都有不同程度的发生，特别是夏秋多雨年份和群体较大、后期长势较旺的棉田，棉铃病害严重，对棉花产量和品质也可造成较大的影响，其经济损失可达10％～20％，甚至30％以上。     

磷酸二氢钾在棉花上的增产效果

磷酸二氢钾在棉花上的增产效果李从顺，刘存田山东安丘布景芝镇农技站２６２１１９近几年我们在景芝镇王家彭旺村进行了棉花叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾的试验与示范，结果表明，磷酸二氢钾能延长棉花叶片功能期，使棉花叶色加深，并能防止蕾铃脱落，增加单株铃数，提高铃重和衣分...     

山东省大豆根腐病研究与防治

山东省大豆根腐病研究与防治李长松，罗瑞梧（山东省农科院植保所）王金龙，徐冉（山东省农科院作物所）大豆根腐病是一种分布广、危害重的病害。在我国主要分布于山东、安徽、黑龙江等省。山东省自８０年代以来，该病日趋严重，不少地方出现了绝产地块，已成为山东省大豆...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.