最小受偿意愿(WTA)方法对玛曲草地生态系统恢复价值的估算

运用最小受偿意愿方法,针对玛曲草地生态系统退化现状,以支付卡问题格式设计调查问卷,并采用入户调查和访谈相结合的方式对138户牧民家庭因减少牲畜数量而愿意接受的最小补偿数量进行了初步调查.结果表明:最小补偿数量牛为2 545元/头,羊为660元/只.如果把玛曲现有的超载牲畜全部折算为羊单位,并按50万只超载羊单位计算,则...     

黄河水源区首曲湿地草地生态系统服务价值初步估算

黄河水源区首曲湿地保护区的草地生态系统不仅是当地经济社会可持续发展的资源保障,也是黄河上游地区天然的生态屏障。参照国内外草地生态系统服务价值的评估方法,对玛曲草地生态系统的服务价值做了初步估算,以便为草地资源的合理开发、利用及管理提供科学的参考依据。研究结果表明:首曲湿地保护区的草地生态系统服务价值为55.76~71.54亿元/a,是所在地玛曲县生产总值的15~19倍,单位国民生产总值(GDP)的环境成本均高于全国和全球水平。高额的环境成本,是造成该保护区草地大面积退化的主导因素。因此欲从根本上解决草地退化问题,必须转变草地粗放经营模式,实施高效集约化畜牧业生产模式和草地资源管理模式。     

若尔盖县主要生态系统服务价值评价研究——以若尔盖退化草地改良示范工程项目区为例

运用生态系统服务价值评价方法,构建生态系统服务价值评价模型,评价若尔盖县草原生态综合治理示范工程项目区生态系统服务价值.结果表明,2012年若尔盖县退化草地改良示范工程项目区生态系统服务价值为36 339.07万元,其中物质生产价值和休闲娱乐价值1 785.97万元,仅占总生态服务价值的4.91％,而调节价值占到95.09％.若尔盖县退化草地改良示范工程项目区生态系统具有巨大的服务价值,而由经济上直接体现的物质产品生产价值和部分文化价值仅占小部分,在经济活动中被人们忽略的调节价值占生态系统服务价值较大比重.     

青海省草原鼠虫害防治效益分析

1990~2004年青海省草原鼠虫害累积发生面积8 186.25万hm2,平均每年发生面积545.75万hm2,占可利用草原面积的17.27%,每年成灾面积350.503万hm2,占发生面积的64.22%,每年平均防治面积129.07万hm2,占成灾面积的36.82%。连续防治后,牧草每年可减少损失187.25万t,相当于102.00万只羊单位的载畜能力;植被恢复后,防治第2~3年每年牧草增产148.76~247.93万t,相当于增加81.51~135.85万只羊单位载畜能力;由于载畜能力增加,每年直接和间接产生的经济收益可达1 841.1~3 576.75万元,相当于防治投入费用的1.90~3.69倍。每年恢复草地生态系统服务价值8 021.73万美元,其中草地畜牧业的生产价值1 122.24万美元,其余均为生态功能价值。     

青海省都兰县草地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估初探

对青海省都兰县不同草地类型的生态系统服务价值和类型功能价值进行了尝试性的估算。结果表明,草地系统年平均价值为55.40亿元,各类草地提供的生态服务总价值为:温性荒漠16.50亿元>温性草原13.64亿元>高寒草甸11.60亿元>高寒草原7.61亿元>低地草甸6.05亿元。草地各类功能价值中,提供食物生产的经济价值仅是草地服务价值的一小部分,草地生态系统提供给人类服务最主要的是其潜在的间接生态功能和服务价值。     

草原的生态系统服务:Ⅲ.价值和意义

连续综述了中国草原／草地生态系统服务价值的构成,草地生态系统服务的总价值,各类型草地的生态系统服务的价值。论证了草原／草地为中国提供了最大的生态系统服务价值,草地生态系统服务的生态价值远大于经济价值。论述了草地生态系统服务价值评估具有下列重要意义：1．指明了草地生态系统服务的具体项目及其不可代替性;2．确定了草地生态资本的价值;3．促进了环境成本核算和实现绿色GDP。文章在最后还讨论了草原／草地生态系统服务价值评估中存在的问题。     

草原的生态系统服务:III.价值和意义

连续综述了中国草原/草地生态系统服务价值的构成,草地生态系统服务的总价值,各类型草地的生态系统服务的价值。论证了草原/草地为中国提供了最大的生态系统服务价值,草地生态系统服务的生态价值远大于经济价值。论述了草地生态系统服务价值评估具有下列重要意义: 1. 指明了草地生态系统服务的具体项目及其不可代替性; 2. 确定了草地生态资本的价值; 3. 促进了环境成本核算和实现绿色GDP。文章在最后还讨论了草原/草地生态系统服务价值评估中存在的问题。     

黄河上游首曲湿地保护区退牧还草效益分析

通过对黄河上游首曲湿地保护区内实施退牧还草项目后的草地生态系统的生产经济价值和生态服务价值的估算,分析了退牧还草项目的实施效益。结果表明,项目实施后,该区内的草地地上生产力提高了13．65％～29．29％,盖度提高了12．06％～22．76％。玛曲境内休牧草地和禁牧草地的生产经济价值分别为0．13亿元和0．10亿元,分别比对照提高了28．84％和21．55％;休牧草地和禁牧草地的生态服务价值分别为83．32亿元和78．62亿元,分别比对照提高了18．64亿元和13．94亿元。退牧还草项目的实施,显著改善了区内草地生态系统的直接经济效益和间接生态效益。     

山西省京津风沙源治理工程草地生态系统服务价值评估

为了评价京津风沙源治理工程草地建设项目所涉及到的山西省13个县区,2006年前完成的基本草地、人工种草、草种基地、飞播牧草、围栏封育等草地生态系统的服务价值。依据学者提出的9种生态服务功能,结合生物量因子等校正,对京津风沙源治理工程草地建设项目所涉及到的山西省草地生态系统的服务价值进行评估。京津风沙源治理工程中,建植或恢复的草地植被,能够为13个县区带来0.754~2.493×108元/a的生态系统服务价值,从提供的生态系统服务价值的构成来看,从高到低依次为:废物处理、土壤形成与保护、食物生产、气候调节、生物多样性保护、水源涵养、气体调节、原材料、娱乐文化,各自所占的比例分别为22.9%、22.0%、13.0%、12.8%、11.0%、9.0%、7.8%、1.3%、0.2%。京津风沙源治理工程总计可为山西省产生2.338×109元/a的生态系统服务价值。     

青海天然草地生态系统服务功能价值评价

利用生态系统服务价值当量因子表和最新草地资源调查数据,对青海天然草地生态系统服务功能价值进行初步评价,结果表明:青海天然草地的生态服务功能总价值为4068.03×108元/a,其中气候调节、气体调节、水源涵养、土壤形成与保护、废物处理和生物多样性维持等6项生态因子的服务价值合计为3848.90×108元/a,占天然草地生态服务功能总价值的94.62%。生态环境严酷的高寒类草地组生态服务价值为3544.33×108元/a,对青海天然草地生态服务功能的贡献率达87.12%,合理利用此类草地对青海生态环境保护极为重要。     

Willingness to pay for compulsory deworming of pets entering Sweden to prevent introduction of Echinoccoccus multilocularis

To investigate if the Swedish entry rules for pets to prevent the introduction of Echinococcus multilocularis (EM) are proportional (i.e. that their costs do not exceed the value of their benefits), a dichotomous-choice contingent valuation study was conducted. The study was performed before the first case of EM was detected in Sweden in February 2011. About 5000, randomly selected, Swedish citizens were invited to participate and 2192 of them (44%) accepted to do so. Missing information on whether or not one would accept to pay for keeping the rules for 143 respondents resulted in 2049 observations (41%) available for the estimation of willingness to pay (WTP), and missing information on personal characteristics for another 274 respondents reduced the number of observations available for sensitivity analysis to 1775 (36%). Annual expected WTP for keeping the rules ranged between € 54.3 and € 99.0 depending on assumptions about compensations demanded by respondents not willing to pay. The estimates are conservative since only answers from respondents that were absolutely certain they would pay the suggested bid were regarded as yes-responses. That WTP is positive implies that Swedish citizens perceived the benefits of the rules to be larger than their costs.     

通辽地区已垦草原现状与退耕还草效果分析

通辽市位于内蒙古自治区东部,草原总面积334.67万hm2,其中已垦草原142.27万hm2,占草原总面积的42.5%.2004-2010年规划总投入993 563.2万元,对85.87万hm2的已垦草原实施围封改良、退耕还草工程,占已垦草原面积的60.36%,植被盖度增加到60%.年产风干草增加37.52亿kg,草食家畜饲养量增加514.0万个羊单位.风干草直接效益达18.01亿元,饲养草食家畜产值达15.42亿元.     

拉萨河谷山地灌丛草地生态系统服务价值评价——以拉萨达孜县为例

以拉萨河谷地区达孜县为例,运用市场价值法、替代工程法、影子价格法等方法对山地灌丛草地生态系统生产产品、固定CO2、释放O2、涵养水分、维持营养循环等服务功能进行计算。结果表明,达孜县山地灌丛草地生态系统各项服务功能的总价值为265.03万元/a,各项服务功能的价值依次为：产品价值45.60万元/a（17.20%）、固定CO2价值83.80万元/a（31.62%）、释放O2价值113.33万元/a（42.76%）、涵养水分价值13.16万元/a（4.97%）、营养循环价值9.14万元/a（3.45%）。由此可知,达孜县山地灌丛草地生态系统提供了巨大的生态服务,其释放O2的服务功能尤为突出。     

青海省甘德县天然草地植被固定CO_2释放O_2生态价值分析

为了研究天然草地的生态功能和生态价值,对青海省甘德县天然草地植被固定CO2释放O2的生态价值进行了分析。结果表明,甘德县天然草地植被年固定CO2释放O2生态价值为1.87×109元,平均为3046元/hm2,远高于用同等面积天然草地从事畜牧业生产的收入。     

Economic values of a public outreach and education program for aquatic invasive species prevention

Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are often impossible to eradicate from an ecosystem once breeding populations are established and widely dispersed. After establishment, control programs become one of the only options available to managers. Agencies are using public outreach programs to increase public awareness and prevent new introductions. This study employed the contingent valuation method to quantify boaters’ willingness to pay (WTP) for public outreach programs. On average, Michigan boaters were willing to pay $20.68 per year for AIS-prevention education, and total economic benefits at the population level were calculated at US$16.74 million. From a cost–benefit perspective, WTP benefits far outweigh aggregated federal, state, and nonprofit costs by a wide margin. One-time exposure to AIS education materials and perception of AIS threats did not affect WTP. Long-term program impacts and the economic benefits of resulting behavior change are important areas for future research. Managerial and policy-related implications are also discussed.     

内蒙古东乌旗草原生态系统水源涵养量与价值研究

草地是我国重要的自然资源之一,开展针对草地水源涵养功能及价值的研究,在当前具有非常紧迫而又现实的意义。结合内蒙古东乌旗草地生态系统实际情况,研究草地水源涵养量及价值核算方法,评估东乌旗草地水源涵养量及价值时空变化。结果表明,2000年、2005年、2010年全旗草地水源涵养量分别为1.88×10~9、7.63×10~8、2.01×10~9m^3,价值分别为1.35×10~5万元、5.47×10~4万元、1.44×10~5万元;2000—2005年,东乌旗草原水源涵养总价值下降59.48%,2005—2010年,全旗草地水源涵养总价值上升163.25%。     

Investigating the value dairy farmers place on a reduction of lameness in their herds using a willingness to pay approach

A survey was conducted to elicit dairy farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce the prevalence of lameness in their herds. A choice experiment questionnaire was administered using face-to-face interviews of 163 farmers in England and Wales. Whole herd lameness assessments by trained researchers recorded a mean lameness prevalence of nearly 24% which was substantially higher than that estimated by farmers. Farmers’ responses to a series of attitudinal questions showed that they strongly agreed that cows can suffer a lot of pain from lameness and believed that they could reduce lameness in their herds.Farmers’ mean WTP to avoid lameness amounted to UK£411 per lame cow but with considerable variation across the sample. Median WTP of UK£249 per lame cow was considered a better measure of central tendency for the sample. In addition, the survey found that farmers had a substantial WTP to avoid the inconvenience associated with lameness control (a median value of UK£97 per lame cow) but that they were generally prepared to incur greater inconvenience if it reduced lameness. The study findings suggest that farmers need a better understanding of the scale and costs of lameness in their herds and the benefits of control. To encourage action, farmers need to be convinced that lameness control measures perceived as inconvenient will be cost effective.     

天祝县牧区开发示范工程项目草地围栏建设及其综合效益

天祝县牧区开地示范工程项目１９９５年由农业部和国家计委审批立项,１９９６年全面启动建设,该项目以良种繁育,疫病防治,草地建设,技术服务四大体系为主体建设内容,并于１９９８年８月通过验收,围栏是草地建设体系的主要建设内容,在突出生产性,公益性,基础性建设原则的基础上,自１９９６年以来累计建成４０００ｈｍ＾２建成后,经综合改良,使草地植被得以迅速恢复,平均增产鲜草１６５３ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,年创经济效益３     

Is Willingness to Pay for Non-Consumptive Wildlife Watching Falling? Evidence From Three Rounds of the National Survey of Fishing,Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation

Since 1955, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service has conducted the National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Association Recreation (FHWAR) with the purpose of evaluating outdoor recreation. Using the socioeconomic, activity, and contingent valuation data collected from the last three rounds of this national survey (2001, 2006, 2011), econometric modeling demonstrates that variables such as age, income, gender, and type of land visited (public/private) explain variation in wildlife watching willingness to pay (WTP) and consumer surplus (CS). Although not having been fully investigated in the previous FHWAR contingent valuation literature, results suggest that distinguishing between in-state and out-of-state wildlife watching is important. Additionally, analyses indicate that CS for out-of-state wildlife watching along with CS and WTP for in-state wildlife watching are temporarily reliable. Given the study period overlaps the recent recession, this outcome suggests that welfare is stable across time and in the face of business cycles.