甘肃两种典型盐成土不同粒径土壤颗粒中盐分离子的分布特征

以甘肃粉质黏壤土(瓜州)和砂质壤土(金昌)两种不同质地的典型盐成土作为研究对象,采用干筛法进行土壤颗粒大小分级(5、2～5、1～2、0.5～1、0.25～0.5、0.25 mm),探讨盐分及其离子在不同粒径土壤颗粒中的分布特征。结果表明:土壤盐分离子的分布与土壤颗粒的粒径大小有关。对于粉质黏壤土和砂质壤土,可溶性总盐、HCO~-_3、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、Na~+均主要分布在粒径0.25 mm的土壤颗粒中,其次是分布在粒径2～5 mm的土壤颗粒中,粒径5 mm的土壤颗粒中分布最少。在粉质黏壤土中,可溶性总盐、HCO~-_3、Cl~-、_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、Na~+在粒径0.25 mm土壤颗粒中所占百分比最高,依次为28.1%、29.7%、27.1%、32.1%、36.2%、29.3%,在粒径5 mm土壤颗粒中所占百分比最低,依次为7.9%、9.1%、8.7%、6.1%、5.8%、7.5%;在砂质壤土中,可溶性总盐、HCO~-_3、Cl~-、_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、Na~+在粒径0.25 mm土壤颗粒中所占百分比最高,依次为39.5%、45.7%、32.5%、36.6%、40.2%、31.3%,在粒径5 mm土壤颗粒中所占百分比最低,依次为8.1%、6.7%、9.6%、8.2%、5.8%、8.8%。Mg~(2+)的分布与土壤质地类型有关,且主要分布在粒径2～5 mm或5 mm的土壤大颗粒中。在粉质黏壤土中,Mg~(2+)在粒径2～5 mm的土壤颗粒中所占百分比最高,为24.6%,在粒径5 mm土壤颗粒中所占百分比最低,为8.6%。在砂质壤土中,Mg~(2+)在粒径5 mm的土壤颗粒中所占百分比最高,为32.4%,在粒径0.5～1 mm的土壤颗粒中所占百分比最低,为4.8%。     

开垦对土壤团聚体含量及微生物群落代谢多样性的影响

以新疆玛纳斯河流域盐渍化弃耕地为研究对象,基于Biolog生态平板法,分析开垦前后土壤团聚体组成分布及团聚体微生物代谢多样性的变化,从而评价人为开垦对弃耕地土壤质量的影响。结果表明:弃耕地开垦增加了各土层0.25 mm团聚体的含量,增加范围在3%～18%。弃耕地开垦前后土壤均以0.25～0.053 mm团聚体比例最高,与其它各粒径团聚体差异显著(P0.05)。开垦后土壤团聚体微生物平均颜色变化率显著高于弃耕地。弃耕地0.053 mm团聚体微生物群落AWCD显著高于0.25 mm各粒径团聚体,开垦后各粒径团聚体微生物群落AWCD关系为:2～1 mm0.25～0.053 mm1～0.25 mm(0.053 mm)(5 mm)5～2 mm。开垦增加了0.25 mm团聚体微生物物种丰富度指数,而0.25 mm团聚体却相反;开垦后土壤各粒径团聚体微生物均匀度指数均显著高于弃耕地,而土壤微生物优势度指数均低于弃耕地,其中在5～2、2～1、1～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm四个粒径中更为显著。开垦前后土壤团聚体微生物对6大碳源利用强度存在着差异,弃耕地土壤团聚体微生物对多聚物的利用率最高,开垦后其优势碳源转变为碳水化合物。主成分分析表明,开垦前后土壤团聚体微生物群落碳源利用在PC1上出现差异。碳水化合物类、羧酸类和氨基酸类碳源是影响土壤团聚体微生物代谢多样性的主要碳源。总体来说,开垦对土壤团聚体微生物群落代谢多样性具有重要影响。     

羧甲基纤维素钠与土壤复合后对吸附磷素的影响

用不同浓度的羧甲基纤维素钠处理土壤(土),研究土被处理前后对磷素的吸附特性特征。结果表明:土壤经0.1%、0.2%CMC处理后,与对照相比,在低加入磷浓度(小于50μg/ml)时,增加了磷的吸附量,在高加入磷浓度(大于50μg/ml)时,减小了磷的吸附量;0.4%CMC处理土样,总体增加了磷的吸附量。吸附热力学参数显示,CMC处理土壤后(0.4%CMC处理除外),土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)降低,但吸附强度和最大缓冲容量(MBC)呈增大趋势。     

冬麦不同施磷水平下土壤磷素淋溶试验

盆栽冬小麦条件下设置常规施磷,2倍施磷,4倍施磷三个施磷水平,观测不同磷肥施用量及施用方式对土壤磷素淋溶的影响,结果表明:①随着磷肥施用量的增加,淋出液中总磷(TP)浓度也随之提高,可溶性无机磷(MRP)占TP的比例也明显增加,而可溶性有机磷(DOP)占TP的比例却明显降低.②施肥方式不同,磷素淋失的特征也不同,集中施肥(磷肥施在表层3 cm内或与一半土壤混合)能明显地减少磷素淋溶出土体,而与土壤混合均匀施用磷肥会增加磷素的淋溶量,且与土壤混合施用磷肥也会增加可溶态磷的淋溶量.③淋溶发生的时间对磷素的淋溶也有影响,最先淋溶出土壤的磷是附着在细小土壤颗粒上的(PP),它们随着土壤中的优先流流出;其次是有机磷(DOP),与土壤的吸附较弱.随着水分的增加以及淋溶的延续,更多的可溶性磷被溶解而随水流出土壤(MRP).④土壤磷素含量较低时,主要是可溶性有机磷(DOP)淋溶出来,当土壤含磷水平高或施磷(无机磷肥)量大时,可溶性无机磷(MRP)就成为淋溶的主要形态.     

低分子量有机酸对不同肥力土壤磷素的活化作用

针对石灰性土壤磷素固定累积问题,采用化学浸提方法,探讨低分子有机酸对不同肥力水平土壤磷素的活化作用,提高磷素的有效性.结果表明,对于低肥力和中肥力土壤,相同浓度下有机酸活化土壤磷的能力表现为草酸＞柠檬酸＞苹果酸;对于高肥力土壤,相同浓度下有机酸活化土壤磷的能力为柠檬酸＞草酸＞苹果酸.低浓度对有机骏对土壤磷的活化有抑制作...     

施磷对不同生育期棉田土壤磷素吸持特性的影响

以两种质地棉田土壤为材料,研究不同施磷处理对不同生育期棉田土壤磷吸附与解吸的影响.结果表明:各生育期磷素等温吸附曲线与Langmuir,Temkin和Freundlich方程拟合度均达极显著水平,尤以Freundlich方程拟合度最高,相关系数均在0.96以上;磷的吸附饱和度(DPS)、零净吸附浓度磷(EPC_0)、吸附量、解吸量和解吸率随施磷量的增加均呈增长趋势,而标准需磷量(SPR)呈下降趋势;以Freundlich方程估算原状棉田土壤各个生育期的需磷量,壤质棉田苗期、花铃期和吐絮期的需磷量(按含P_2O_5 46%的磷肥折算)分别为143.7,137.4 kg/hm~2和160.2 kg/hm~2,砂壤质棉田苗期、花铃期和吐絮期的需磷量分别为106.6,251.1 kg/hm~2和173.0 kg/hm~2.     

塿土不同发生层铬（Ⅵ）吸附特性及还原容量研究

研究了土娄土对Cr( )的吸附特性、影响因素及还原容量。结果表明:1土娄土不同土层对Cr( )的吸附量大小顺序为粘化层>犁底层 老耕层>耕层>钙积层;土壤对Cr( )的吸附量与土壤中Fe2O3、粘粒含量和pH有关;2土娄土中Cr( )被吸附的主要形态是HCrO4-;3土壤对Cr( )的等温吸附可以用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型较好描述。根据Langmuir模型求得土娄土粘化层对Cr( )的最大吸附量最高,为228.3μg/g;4土娄土各土层的测定还原容量在9323～17318mg/kg之间,与土壤有机质有关;土娄土各土层对Cr( )的有效(条件)还原容量只有其测定还原容量的1/1844-1/3586。     

不同施肥方式对塿土土壤磷素各组分含量的影响

为阐明不同施肥方式对土壤磷素各组分的影响,采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级体系,观测分析了陕西省杨陵区陈小寨村塿土不同施肥方式及用量对土壤中无机磷、有机磷、全磷含量变化的影响。结果表明,该土壤中无机磷占全磷的77%~90%。施用磷肥,对土壤中的无机磷和有机磷都有增加的作用(P0.05),对无机磷的影响大于有机磷。各不同处理土壤无机磷组分均以Ca-P为主,其中又以Ca10-P占绝对优势(28.77%~63.96%);不同施肥处理中,对作物无效态的无机磷Ca10-P、O-P比例减少,有效态的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P比例增加;且施用有机肥对土壤中有效态磷素的增加效果好(P0.05);在有机肥的作用下,土壤中的磷素会向无机磷的方向发生反应,尤其是活性的Ca2-P、Ca8-P的增加幅度较大。施用低量有机肥(75 t·hm-2·a-1)或无机有机肥配合施用是一个比较好的施肥方式。     

磷细菌对复垦土壤磷素流失风险的影响

以实验室筛选的溶磷能力最强的磷细菌W37为试验菌株,采煤沉陷区复垦土壤为供试土样,通过盆栽试验研究施用磷细菌对复垦土壤磷素养分、油菜产量、磷吸附特性及流失风险的影响。结果表明:磷细菌可以提高复垦土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)含量和油菜产量;施用磷细菌后复垦土壤最大吸磷量(Xm),吸附常数(k)都减小;磷细菌处理易解吸磷(RDP)、磷零点吸持平衡浓度(EPC0)及磷素饱和度(DPS)呈增加的趋势,分别比M处理增加0.014mg·L~(-1),6.54ug·L~(-1),0.80%;通过估算复垦土壤Olsen-P、EPC0、DPS的环境风险值为28.52mg·kg~(-1),129.78ug·L~(-1),5.18%,本试验中磷细菌处理土壤Olsen-P、EPC0、DPS远小于风险值,因此复垦土壤上施用磷细菌对磷素流失风险影响较小。     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤团聚体特征

通过野外采样与室内分析相结合的方法,对塔里木沙漠公路5个不同种植年限防护林0~20 cm土层土壤团聚体的组成及稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:1干筛处理下,各土层0.25 mm风干团聚体含量在33.35~280.48 g·kg-1,其中5 mm粒级在土壤风干团聚体占主导地位,其含量占41.56%~70.09%;5~2 mm粒级次之,占6.58%~34.88%;1~0.5 mm粒级含量最少,仅为1.66%~5.46%。湿筛处理下,各土层0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量在0.21~72.54 g·kg-1,不同粒级含量占水稳性团聚体总量的比例基本随粒径的减小而降低。2在0~20 cm土层中,流沙地没有形成团聚体,但随着种植年限从7 a增加到18 a,土壤风干团聚体含量从69.94g·kg-1增加到159.88 g·kg-1,水稳性团聚体含量从0.41 g·kg-1增加到60.84 g·kg-1,防护林的种植促进了流动风沙土的成土过程。3随种植年限的增加,0.25 mm风干/水稳性团聚体含量〔SDA/WSA(0.25 mm)〕、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)都有增加的趋势,且这些指标间的相关性均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。4可分别用2 mm风干团聚体含量和1 mm水稳性团聚体含量来表征防护林土壤团聚体的机械稳定性和水稳定性。防护林的建设有利于流动风沙土地区土壤团聚体的形成,使团聚体在土体内均匀分布,团聚体的机械稳定性和水稳定性得到提高,促进流动风沙土的成土过程。     

有机质对黄土善土持水性与水肥效应的影响

黄土高原南部台塬地区有机质对土壤含水量的影响试验研究表明土壤水势相等时,随着土壤有机质含量提高,土壤水分含量增加。土壤水分能量(土壤水势)水平不同,有机质对土壤水分含量的效应值不同,在土壤水势为-40～-50kPa时,有机质对土壤水分含量的效应值最大,土壤水势大于-40kPa小于-50kPa,有机质对土壤水分含量的效应值逐渐变小;在不同土壤含水量条件下,土壤肥力(土壤有机质含量)与水势呈显著负相关,其直线斜率值能更好反映土壤水肥效应状况,并随着土壤含水量的降低,土壤水肥效应值增大,在低肥力土壤中,增施有机肥土壤水肥效应值增加最为显著。     

Influence of soil moisture on short-term adsorption of diuron and isoproturon by soil

The adsorption of diuron and isoproturon by a clay loam soil at 35% (3-16 kPa) and 62% (1 kPa) soil moisture content was studied by means of glass microfibre filters capable of sampling soil solution for herbicide analysis. Adsorption was rapid, with 40–80% of the final (24 h) sorption being achieved within 2 min. These equilibria were achieved more rapidly for diuron, which was also the more highly adsorbed. Adsorption of both herbicides was favoured by low soil moisture initially, but was enhanced by higher soil moistures at sorption times greater than 30 min. However, increasing the soil moisture from 31% (10 kPa) to 62% (1 kPa) had little effect on the final soil sorption capacity. Regarding the water status in the soil, it is thought that adsorption took place in small pores (<3 μm). Herbicides diffused rapidly into small pores and adsorption by wet soil was delayed for a short period of time (about 30 min).     

聚丙烯酰胺的理化特征及在黄土区减流减蚀应用前景

在阐述聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,简称PAM)的合成工艺、理化特征及在土壤改良中的应用基础上,详细描述了PAM和土壤粘粒及团聚体间的相互作用,并深入探讨了PAM增加团聚体稳定性、减少土壤结皮形成、增加降雨入渗、减少径流和土壤侵蚀的机理。从机理上概括了PAM的特性、土壤特征及施放方法对其改良效果的影响。     

耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏大豆产量的影响分析

为探讨不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏大豆产量的影响,评价出最适宜伊犁河谷地区滴灌条件下复播大豆农田的耕作方式,2012—2014年开展了冬小麦收获后土壤翻耕覆膜(TP)、翻耕(T)、旋耕(RT)和免耕(NT)四种不同耕作方式的复播大豆田间试验。结果表明,各处理土壤容重、孔隙度、含水量、养分和产量均表现出差异性。0~60 cm的平均容重以NT处理最大,达1.4 g·cm-3,分别比RT、T、TP处理高出2.2%、4.5%、5.3%。0~30 cm土层的土壤总孔隙度均以TP处理的最高,其平均值分别比T、NT、RT高出1.4%、3.8%、5.7%。30 cm以下各处理的土壤总孔隙度虽有减少,但差异不显著。各处理各个生育时期土壤含水量基本均表现为TPTRTNT。SOC、全N、全P含量表现为在0~20 cm土层以NT处理最高,20~40 cm土层以TP最高,T处理次之。TP和T处理显著提高0~40 cm土层土壤速效N、速效P含量。大豆产量均表现为翻耕覆膜处理最高,分别比T、RT和NT处理高出15.2%、30.8%和31.9%。本试验条件下,虽然免耕能够增加土壤养分含量,但翻耕覆膜措施不仅有效改善了土壤物理环境,而且更有利于提高复播大豆产量。     

新型改良剂对苏打碱土理化性质及水稻产量的影响

为明确新型土壤改良剂对碱土快速改良的效果,筛选出田间应用最佳的改良剂用量,采用田间试验与土柱淋溶模拟相结合方法,设A_0(不加改良剂)、A_1(改良剂5 t·hm~(-2))、A_2(改良剂7.5 t·hm~(-2))、A_3(改良剂15t·hm~(-2))4个处理,研究不同用量改良剂对盐碱土pH值、水溶性盐总量、碱化度、土壤养分变化特性及水稻产量的影响。结果表明:与A_0处理相比,用新型改良剂处理均显著降低了0~40 cm土层pH值、水溶性盐总量和Na+含量(P0.05),且随改良剂用量增加,呈现降低趋势。田间试验中施用改良剂的土壤碱化度由34.55%(A0)下降至18.20%(A_3)(P0.05),同时降低了收获后土壤有机质和有效磷的含量(P0.05)。经改良后,水稻空瘪率显著降低(P0.05),水稻的有效分蘖增加,穗粒数和千粒重显著提高(P0.05),其中,A_2处理水稻增产近三倍(290.8%)。综合改良效果与产投比,改良剂适宜施用量为7.5 t·hm~(-2)。     

Investigation the Efficiency of Soil Stabilizers against Soil Loss and their Effects on Chemical Properties of Soil

Soil erosion and dust storms are the main causes of air pollution in regions where there are dust emitting centers and in their adjacent locations. In recent years, various methods have been considered for stabilizing soil surface against wind erosion. In this study, the effects of two stabilizers (anionic polyacrylamide polymer and vegetable-based mulch) for reducing soil loss at four levels of concentration (0, 15%, 30%, and 60%) on three kinds of soils in western Khuzestan, Iran have been studied. The study was conducted in natural and laboratory-based conditions in four, time intervals (0, 3, 6, and 12 months). Moreover, the study covered the persistence and influence of stabilizers on soil chemical properties. The results showed that wind erosion in no treatment was between of 16.36?kg/m²/hand 26.73?kg/m²/^?h. The statistical results showed that there was a significant difference between the no treatment and soils treated with stabilizers. The polymer reduced soil loss by more than 90%. Mulch efficiency reduced in natural conditions after 6?months; however, there were no changes in laboratory conditions. There was no significant difference between polymer efficiency in the laboratory and natural conditions and the polymer was resistant in natural and laboratory conditions. Polymer increased EC, pH, and SAR in the soil after 1 year. Mulch decreased pH and SAR but did not change EC.     

Spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover of Mongolia and its implications

In this paper, we attempted to determine the most stable or unstable regions of vegetation cover in Mongolia and their spatio-temporal dynamics using Terra/MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) dataset, which had a 250-m spatial resolution and comprised 6 periods of 16-day composited temporal resolution data(from 10 June to 13 September) for summer seasons from 2000 to 2012. We also used precipitation data as well as biomass data from 12 meteorological stations located in 4 largest natural zones of Mongolia. Our study showed that taiga and forest steppe zones had relatively stable vegetation cover because of forest characteristics and relatively high precipitation. The highest coefficient of variation(CV) of vegetation cover occurred frequently in the steppe and desert steppe zones, mainly depending on variation of precipitation. Our results showed that spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover(NDVI or plant biomass) of Mongolia was highly dependent on the amount, distribution and CV of precipitation. This suggests that the lowest inter-annual CV of NDVI can occur during wet periods of growing season or in high precipitation regions, while the highest inter-annual CV of NDVI can occur during dry periods and in low precipitation regions. Although the desert zone received less precipitation than other natural zones of the country, it had relatively low variation compared to the steppe and desert steppe, which could be attributed to the very sparse vegetation in the desert.     

玉米线辣椒套作对线辣椒根际、非根际土壤微生物、酶活性和土壤养分的影响

实验旨在研究不同种植模式、作物种间不同的根部隔离处理对线辣椒根际与非根际土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性及土壤养分有效含量的影响.结果表明:套作栽培的线辣椒根际、非根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性均高于单作栽培.与膜隔处理相比,网隔与无隔处理的根际、非根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性均有提高,其中以网隔处理最高.各处理根际土壤有机质、有效磷、有效钾含量均低于非根际土壤,但碱解氮含量表现为根际土壤高于非根际土壤.网隔处理中尼龙网减缓了玉米根系对线辣椒根系营养的直接竞争,同时玉米根系根际效应使其根际、非根际土壤养分含量在所有处理中最高.土壤微生物主要类群数量是影响土壤酶活性主要因子,与土壤酶活性显著相关.有机质、碱解氮含量与土壤酶活性、微生物数量呈极显著相关,有效磷含量与土壤酶活性、微生物数量呈正相关.土壤真菌数量、脲酶活性与有效钾含量呈负相关.     

Effect of soil physical factors on methyl iodide and methyl bromide

Production and importation of methyl bromide is scheduled to be banned by 2001. Methyl iodide was evaluated as a possible replacement soil fumigant. The effects of soil moisture, temperature, soil texture and fumigation time on the efficacy of methyl iodide for the control of two common weeds, Abutilon theophrasti and Lolium multiflorum, were characterized and compared with those of methyl bromide. The optimal soil moisture for methyl iodide to kill both weed species in sandy soils was 14% water content (w/w). Greater efficacy was obtained when the temperature during fumigation was above 20°C. Compared to methyl bromide, the efficacy of methyl iodide was more consistent in different soils. Time to 100% mortality of weeds was 24 h for methyl iodide fumigation and 36 h for methyl bromide when 200 μM of fumigant was used. On a molar basis methyl iodide was consistently more effective than methyl bromide across the range of environmental factors tested. In terms of application technology and spectrum of activity, methyl bromide can be directly replaced by methyl iodide. © 1998 SCI     

保护地土壤盐分积累及其离子组成对土壤pH值的影响

在沈阳市于洪地区采集保护地土壤样品,测定土壤盐分含量、离子组成和土壤pH值,研究保护地土壤盐分积累及其与土壤pH值变化的关系.结果表明:(1) 保护地土壤的盐分含量和电导率均明显高于露地土壤,露地土壤平均盐分含量为0.29 g/kg,改为保护地10年左右土壤的平均含盐量上升至1.56 g/kg,相应的电导率(EC)值达到0.53 mS/cm,已超过作物的生育障碍临界点(EC>0.50 mS/cm);(2) 保护地土壤酸化趋势明显,建成保护地栽培蔬菜6年,土壤pH值从6.5降低至5.5以下,超过了蔬菜出现生理障碍的临界土壤pH值(5.52),保护地土壤酸化与土壤的次生盐渍化已成为限制当地保护地生产可持续发展的重要因素;(3) 保护地土壤NO3-、SO42-、Cl-和Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+等盐基离子含量均较露地土壤大大增加,但HCO3-低于露地土壤或与露地土壤持平,NO3-、SO42-数量与土壤pH值下降关系密切,Ca2+、Na+在全盐中的相对比例下降也是导致土壤pH值下降的重要原因.