我国微生物肥料研究现状及发展趋势

为促进我国农业的可持续发展,适应有机、绿色农业的发展趋势,微生物肥料凭借其肥效高、无污染、成本低和节约能源等特点,将在未来农业中发挥重要的作用。本文概述了微生物肥料的特点及种类,分析了其开发利用现状,并从广义角度对“微生物肥料”的概念进行了相应讨论。     

绿源生(叶面肥)在蔬菜上应用效果评价

青岛常年种植蔬菜面积 18万公顷左右 ,其中设施蔬菜面积达 4万公顷。近几年来 ,在大棚菜上 ,由于同种蔬菜长期连作、施用未腐熟或未腐熟彻底的有机肥、大量使用化肥 ,尤其是氮肥、大量使用农药 ,已造成严重的土壤板结、土传病害及土壤和作物的药残留 ,因而影响了蔬菜产量和品质。为了解决蔬菜生产中存在的上述问题 ,2 0 0 1年 ,青岛市农业技术推广站承担了国家“948”项目—“植物有机生长增效剂的引进、试验示范及推广”。几年来 ,我们与山东六和农牧科技园有限公司合作 ,引进美国、日本技术 ,研发出复合微生物肥料 -绿源生。该产品是由乳…     

微生物肥料对绿色食品蔬菜品质的影响

对抚顺市顺城区茄子、辣椒、白菜三种蔬菜作物施用微生物肥料进行筛选试验研究，分析比较了三种微生物肥料对蔬菜品质产生的影响。结果表明，肥料C在降低辣椒、白菜和茄子硝酸盐含量，提高辣椒和白菜中Vc含量等方面优于其它两种肥料。     

我国微生物肥料行业发展状况

微生物肥料作为新型肥料中的一员,不仅能够活化土壤养分、改善土壤理化性质、防治土壤有害微生物、提高肥料利用效率,而且具有促进作物生长、协助植物吸收养分、增加作物抗逆性、改善作物品质等作用,在化肥零增长行动中具有重要作用。本文从微生物肥料生产、产品应用、行业管理等方面,总结梳理了近年来我国微生物肥料行业发展现状,从产品品质、产品使用及农民接受程度等方面,分析了我国微生物肥料行业发展面临的问题,为进一步推动我国微生物肥料行业发展提出了意见和建议。     

微生物肥料知识讲座：第一讲 微生物肥料概述

微生物肥料是以微生物生命活动导致作物得到特定肥料效应的生物制品，国内外均在研究和应用。我国的微生物肥料生产经历了几起几伏，原因是多方面的，既有优良菌株的选育、产品的质量、科学的使用以及有关科普知识的宣传问题，也有一些假冒伪劣品在市场上流通造成混乱，败坏微生物肥料产品信誉的问题。那么，究竟什么是微生物肥料？微生物肥料的功效都有哪些？它们的作用原理是什么？哪些条件影响微生物肥料的使用？微生物肥料的标准     

我国微生物肥料产业需求与技术创新

在国家绿色农业发展和乡村振兴计划等战略中,微生物肥料均被列为绿色新型投入品和优先支持发展的生物制品,必将在新时代迎来更好的发展机遇。本文在分析我国微生物肥料行业现状与标准体系特点基础上,阐述了微生物肥料具备的多功能、主动响应、信号调控、绿色环保等方面特征,提出了下一步发展的技术创新与新产品名录。     

微生物肥料的发展与土壤生物肥力的维持

综述了我国微生物肥料行业的发展状况、标准体系构建与未来微生物肥料的研究发展趋势。在介绍土壤生物肥力的概念及其内涵基础上,阐述了微生物在土壤生物肥力形成和维系过程中的核心作用,以及微生物肥料在我国农业可持续发展中的不可替代地位。     

农业部微生物肥料和食用菌菌种质量监督检验测试中心简介

农业部微生物肥料和食用菌菌种质量监督检验测试中心是农业部授权的经过国家计量认证的法定专职检验机构．具有第三方公正地位，是社会公益性非营利技术服务事业单位。在“科学，公正、廉洁、高效．服务”的宗旨指导下，遵循“质量第一．依法办事。实事求是．科学公正”的质量方针．面向微生物肥料行业和食用菌产业提供公正、科学．准确的检验数据．为促进微生物肥料行业和食用菌产业健康发展．保障微生物肥料和食用菌产品质量．提供优质的检验．咨询．培训等技术和信息服务。     

新型肥料对全球三大粮食作物产量和土壤生物学活性影响的Meta分析

  【目的】  随着近年来农业发展方式从资源消耗型向绿色生态型的转变,发展绿色新型肥料成为一大热门。已有研究大多关注新型肥料对三大粮食作物 (小麦、玉米和水稻) 产量、氮吸收和氮利用效率的影响,但关于新型肥料对土壤生物学活性影响的系统研究相对较少。本研究旨在整合已有的研究结果,定量分析新型肥料对三大作物产量和土壤生物学活性的影响,进而为加快新型肥料的研发与推广提供科学依据。  【方法】  本研究数据来源于“中国知网 (CNKI) ”及“Web of Science”数据库,以“小麦”、“玉米”、“水稻”、“产量”、“微生物量”、“酶活性”、“新型肥料”为主要关键词检索相关的田间试验文献,共筛选出文献29篇,包含32个独立试验,共545组数据。以施用传统化学肥料为对照组,施用新型肥料为试验组,采用Meta分析的方法,整合分析施用新型肥料对作物产量、土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响。  【结果】  与施用传统化学肥料相比,施用新型肥料显著提高三大作物产量、地上部吸氮量和氮肥利用效率,分别提高8.4%、9.9%和36.8%。施用新型肥料显著增加土壤微生物量氮 (14.6%),但对土壤微生物量碳无显著影响。施用新型肥料显著提高了土壤磷代谢酶活性 (8.6%) 和氧化相关酶活性 (5.7%),但对土壤碳代谢酶活性和氮代谢酶活性无显著影响。  【结论】  施用新型肥料提高了三大作物产量、地上部吸氮量和氮肥利用效率,同时增加了土壤微生物量氮、土壤磷代谢酶活性和氧化相关酶活性,提高了农田生态系统土壤生物学活性。     

减少蔬菜体内硝酸盐污染的施肥技术研究

通过３项田间定位试验研究表明,蔬菜生产中采用Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ平衡施肥,增施优质微生物肥料,微生物肥料与无机化肥、有机肥料配合等施肥技术,提高了蔬菜的产量、产值,增产幅度在１０．０５％～１６．９０％,蔬菜体内的硝酸盐含量降低了２５．４～７０２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Changes in proteolytic bacteria in paddy soils in response to organic management

Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?10⁸ to 8.02?×?10⁸?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.

Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis