禾螟赤眼蜂的功能反应研究

在实验室条件下,以玉米禾螟卵和麦蛾卵为寄主,观察了禾螟赤眼蜂的功能反应。初步结果表明,在寄主卵密度为5,10,20,40粒的条件下,赤眼蜂对寄主的寄生率随卵的密度增加而增加,但密度由40粒增加到80粒时,寄生率的变化较为平缓。每只雌蜂寄生的卵粒数随着赤眼蜂密度的增加而减少。寄主密度的变化对赤眼蜂子一代的雌蜂比率无明显影响。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂适宜生境的研究与利用:Ⅲ.夏玉米间作匍匐型绿豆对赤眼蜂的增诱作用及其在穗期玉米螟防治中的利用

本文就夏玉米间作匍匐型绿豆对玉米螟赤眼蜂增诱作用及其在穗期玉米螟防治中利用的可行性进行了研究。结果表明，夏玉米间作匍匐型绿豆结合接种式放蜂区，与平作夏玉米结合接种式放蜂区和不放蜂对照区相比，明显提高了玉米螟赤眼蜂对螟卵的寄生率，１９９２年三者人工挂卵的卵块总寄生率分别为２６．７％、３．６％和０；１９９３年分别为２８．０％、６．６％和１．０％，自然落卵的寄生率分别为６９．１％、２２．４％和４．６％。１９９４年用心叶期抗螟品种间作绿豆结合接种式放蜂区，人工挂卵的卵块总寄生率为３０．７％，而平作夏玉米不放蜂对照区仅为２．５％；自然落卵的卵块寄生率前者为５６．２％，后者为１２．３％。心叶期抗螟品种间作匍匐型绿豆结合接种式放蜂区、心叶期抗螟夏玉米平作不放蜂和感螟品种不放蜂对照区的平均百株蛀孔数分别为５４．８、１０２．６和２７７．２个，放蜂区与两个不放蜂对照区相比，对玉米螟的防效分别为４６．６％和８０．２％。试验结果显示采用心叶期玉米抗螟品种间作匍匐型绿豆，并接种释放少量赤眼蜂等综合措施对穗期玉米螟害有明显的控制作用     

甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂对几种重要农业害虫寄主卵的选择性

在室内采用选择性方法 ,研究了甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G品系和F品系对我国几种重要农业害虫的寄主选择性。结果表明 ,G品系对亚洲玉米螟卵和麦蛾卵的选择性无明显差异 ;在对玉米螟卵的选择性上 ,G品系与玉米螟赤眼蜂的差异不明显 ,可作为防治亚洲玉米螟的候选蜂种。F品系对麦蛾卵的选择性强 ,已丧失对玉米螟卵的选择性。G和F品系以及螟黄赤眼蜂对棉铃虫卵的选择性较强 ,而对麦蛾卵的选择性较弱。在对棉铃虫卵的寄主选择性上 ,G和F品系同螟黄赤眼蜂无显著差异 ;但在寄生能力上 ,G和F品系均显著高于螟黄赤眼蜂 ,均可作为防治棉铃虫的候选蜂种。G和F品系以及广赤眼蜂对麦蛾卵的选择性较强 ,而对小菜蛾卵的选择性较弱。     

赤眼蜂Trichogramma sp.nr.mwanzai成蜂羽化数量和时间的观察

据作者在肯尼亚国际昆虫生理生态中心观察,寄生于玉米禾螟(Chilo partellus)卵的赤眼蜂T.sp.nr.mwanzai,每日羽化时间在6:00～13:00之间,羽化高峰在8:00～10:00之间。在这段时间内羽化蜂的数量占当日羽化蜂总数的70％以上。雄蜂与雌蜂均遵循这一节律,出蜂的性比基本一致。上午7:00、8:00、9:00、10:00和11:00时,羽化雌蜂所占百分比分别为85％、84.7％、87.8％、71.4％和80.9％。     

两种赤眼蜂对捕食性天敌昆虫卵选择性观察

在室内采用非选择性和选择性方法，研究了松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂对5种捕食性天敌昆虫卵的选择性。结果表明，两种赤眼蜂均可寄生日本通草蛉和大草蛉卵，并成功在卵内完成发育；但均不寄生龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫和七星瓢虫卵。同时面临防治靶标和草蛉卵时，两种赤眼蜂均选择寄生草蛉卵，但嗜好程度存在明显差异。松毛虫赤眼蜂对日本通草蛉卵的接触次数和寄生粒数比对亚洲玉米螟卵的显著要多；螟黄赤眼蜂对日本通草蛉卯的接触次数和寄生粒数比对棉铃虫卵的要多，但未达显著水平。在子代性比、每寄主出蜂数和寄生雌蜂率几项指标上，两种赤眼蜂在各自靶标和日本通草蛉之间均差异不显著。     

稻螟赤眼蜂体外培育成功简报

稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum系稻田赤眼蜂优势种,对稻纵卷叶螟卵有时田间自然寄生率可达50％以上,并能寄生于三化螟卵,寄生率可达30％～40％。因此,在稻田散放稻螟赤眼蜂,是防治稻田害虫的优良天敌之一。稻螟赤眼蜂中间寄主范围较窄,在人工繁殖中仅能寄生于纵卷叶螟卵、三化螟卵、米蛾卵,粉斑螟卵等小卵。而蓖麻蚕卵、柞蚕卵和松毛虫卵等大卵均不被寄生。因此,人工培育时多以米蛾卵进行繁殖。人工体外培育稻螟赤眼蜂国内外尚未见有成功的报导。为了大量繁殖稻螟赤眼蜂并为机械化繁蜂开辟新路子,我们自去年开始进行了用人工饲料体外培育该蜂的研究。采用腊卵涂上引诱物质,营养液添加无机盐及用薄膜制人     

柞蚕灰卵对螟黄赤眼蜂寄主适应性及选择偏好的影响

为明确螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis对柞蚕Antheraea pernyi灰卵(一种感病寄主卵)的适应性,本研究以柞蚕灰卵为供试寄主,健康卵为对照,探究了螟黄赤眼蜂对柞蚕灰卵的寄生选择与适应性,并比较了螟黄赤眼蜂对寄主的嗅觉反应。结果表明：螟黄赤眼蜂对柞蚕灰卵表现出较强的嗅觉反应。无选择条件下,螟黄赤眼蜂在灰卵和健康卵上的寄生率、羽化率、窝蜂数和窝卵数均有显著差异,在灰卵上的寄生率、羽化率、窝蜂数和窝卵数分别为45.0%、36.9%、56.6头和61.4粒,而在健康卵上分别为74.0%、80.2%、102.1头和105.7粒;双向选择条件下,螟黄赤眼蜂在柞蚕灰卵上的寄生率、羽化率、窝蜂数和窝卵数分别为34.0%、72.7%、61.5头和72.1粒,而在健康卵上分别为60.0%、88.6%、89.9头和91.3粒,其中寄生率和窝蜂数呈显著差异,而羽化率和窝卵数无显著差异。螟黄赤眼蜂在灰卵上的发育历期长于在健康卵上的历期,灰卵中孵化的后代雌性比也高于健康卵。表明柞蚕灰卵对螟黄赤眼蜂寄主适应性产生一定程度的不良影响。     

蜡螟绒茧蜂对大蜡螟幼虫的寄生作用

以大蜡螟的低龄幼虫为寄主,在实验室条件下对蜡螟绒茧蜂的寄生作用进行了研究。结果表明：蜡螟绒茧蜂一生最多产卵68粒,平均45.85粒。蜡螟绒茧蜂卵产于寄主体内的位置多在1～4腹节;多数在寄主体内只产1粒或2粒卵。该蜂能寄生大蜡螟1～4龄幼虫,但2～4龄幼虫同时存在时,偏爱寄生2、3龄幼虫,其选择系数分别为0.35和0.42。     

禾螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma sp.nr.mwanzai实验种群生命表

1986～1989年在国际昆虫生理生态中心的研究表明,在肯尼亚和非洲,禾螟赤眼蜂是目前记录的Chilopartellus卵的唯一的优势种寄生蜂。作者在室内研究该寄生蜂的实验种群生命表,结果表明,在35、30、25、20和15℃恒温条件下,该蜂的净生殖率R_0值依次为25.1、31.9、35.9、7.3和0; 内禀增长率rm值依次为0.4603、0.4075、0.3337、0.1101和0。在30℃和35℃时较高的R_0和r_m值表示该蜂对高温的适应性,这一特性与田间自然种群研究结果一致。对世界上某些赤眼蜂的r_m值,与本试验结果进行了比较,初步认为,肯尼亚本地产的禾螟赤眼蜂是目前最有希望的可用于Chilo partellus生物防治的优势寄生蜂。     

不同品系赤眼蜂对桃蛀螟卵的寄生选择性

近年来,桃蛀螟已成为黄淮海夏玉米穗期的主要害虫之一。其幼虫的为害直接降低了玉米产量和品质,对玉米安全生产构成严重威胁。由于其幼虫钻蛀为害的特性以及化学防治的弊端使其防治难度增加。为了更好的开展利用赤眼蜂防治桃蛀螟,我们对广泛用于鳞翅目害虫生物防治的松毛虫赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的11个品系对桃蛀螟卵的寄主选择性进行了比较,以期筛选出对桃蛀螟卵寄生效果好的赤眼蜂品系。结果表明,寄生24 h后,松毛虫赤眼蜂Sd和Xd品系和玉米螟赤眼蜂So和Zo品系单头雌蜂在选择性试验中对桃蛀螟卵的寄生卵粒数分别为14.35、15.05、14.65和13.45粒,非选择试验中为15.8、16.1、13.8和13.1粒,均对桃蛀螟卵均有较好的寄生能力;各品系赤眼蜂后代的羽化率保持在93.64%~98.37%,雌性比也表现较好,在73.10%~89.39%,后代出蜂数介于13.18~18.40。综合来看,玉米螟赤眼蜂So和Zo品系和松毛虫赤眼蜂Sd和Xd品系可以作为防治桃蛀螟的候选赤眼蜂用于进一步的田间防治试验。     

Parasitoids Associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mussidia</Emphasis> spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Kenya

The pyralid Mussidia nigrivenella, a pest of cotton, maize and Phaseolus bean in West Africa, has never been reported as a crop pest in East and Southern Africa, although reportedly it exists in the wild. It is hypothesized that the difference in pest status of M. nigrivenella between western and eastern Africa was either due to differences in natural enemy compositions or that there exist several populations and/or species of Mussidia, which vary in their host plant range. Thus, a catalogue of parasitoids of Mussidia spp. was established through surveys in mid-altitude and coastal Kenya, between 2006 and 2007. Mussidia spp. eggs, larvae and pupae were collected from fruits of plants known to host Mussidia spp. and were examined for parasitoid-related mortality. The trichogrammatid Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. lutea was obtained from eggs of Mussidia fiorii. A braconid egg-larval parasitoid, Phanerotoma sp., was reared from the larvae of unknown species of Mussidia (which we are referring to as Mussidia “madagascariensis”, Mussidia “quanzensis”) and M. fiorii, while the bethylid Goniozus sp. and the braconid Apanteles sp. were obtained from Mussidia nr. nigrivenella. Moreover, the ichneumonid larval parasitoid Syzeuctus sp. was obtained from M. fiorii, while the tachinid Leskia sp. was obtained from Mussidia “madagascariensis”. Overall, mortality caused by parasitoids was negligible; hence they were not considered key mortality factors in the population dynamics of the Mussidia spp. in Kenya.     

靶标寄主害虫提取物驯化对松毛虫赤眼蜂寄主选择偏好的影响

柞蚕卵繁育的松毛虫赤眼蜂已被用于防治多种鳞翅目害虫.为改善雌蜂对害虫的嗜好性,本研究以亚洲玉米螟卵、幼虫和雌蛾腹部提取液及正己烷对照溶液,在孤雌产雌品系和两性品系子代蜂幼期及羽化前期施加气味刺激,调查子代雌蜂对玉米螟卵的选择偏好.结果发现,对照组孤雌产雌品系雌蜂对玉米螟卵选择率显著高于两性品系;经提取液驯化的两性品系雌...     

寄生荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的斑螟分索赤眼蜂过寄生驯化培育

针对寄生荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的斑螟分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea hypsipylae Nagaraja不能正常羽化出蜂问题,室内以米蛾Corcyra cephalonia（stainton）卵为寄主,分别以1：3、1：5、1：10（对照）的蜂卵比接蜂培养,经过35代过寄生连代繁殖驯化,其36代（F36）成蜂个体大小显著小于对照组。与对照组相比,成蜂体长、体宽分别减小28．89％、16．08％（1：3处理）和27．43％、20．56％（1：5处理）。经蜂卵1：3、1：5接蜂连代繁殖驯化后的F36斑螟分索赤眼蜂对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生率分别为44％和55％,与对照差异不显著,但能顺利从荔枝蒂蛀虫卵内羽化出蜂,羽化率分别为31．8％、25．5％,对照则无羽化出蜂。表明通过过寄生驯化培育可以改变斑螟分索赤眼蜂的个体大小,并有望使其在荔枝园内建立稳定种群,达到持续控制荔枝蒂蛀虫的目的。     

Encapsulation rates of the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Anagyrus</Emphasis> sp. nr. <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">pseudococci</Emphasis>, by three mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Laboratory studies assessing the degree of suitability of the mealybugs Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Planococcus citri (Risso) and Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), towards the Sicilian ecotype of the encyrtid parasitoid Anagyrus sp. nr. pseudococci were carried out. All three species of mealybugs were shown to encapsulate the eggs of the encyrtid; however, significant differences were revealed among them in rates of encapsulation and/or superparasitism. The level of aggregate encapsulation and effective encapsulation of the parasitoid eggs by P. citri (74.95 ± 0.87 and 60.19 ± 1.70, respectively) was significantly higher than that recorded for P. ficus (aggregate encapsulation = 58.43 ± 0.83 and effective encapsulation = 31.31 ± 1.55) and significantly lower than the values found in Ps. calceolariae (93.99 ± 0.97 and 88.61 ± 2.03, respectively). As such, rates of parasitism were significantly lower for P. ficus compared with both P. citri and Ps. calceolariae. The two latter species of mealybugs showed similar rates of parasitism by A. sp. nr. pseudococci. Moreover, a significantly higher rate of superparasitism was found for Ps. calceolariae compared with both P. citri and P. ficus, whereas no significant differences were found between the two species of Planococcus for this parameter.     

对孤雌生殖产两性子代的暗黑赤眼蜂的研究

试验证阴暗黑赤眼蜂孤雌生殖能产雌雄两性子代。雌蜂占90％以上,与两性生殖没有区别。在山西运城该蜂寄生棉铃虫及黄地老虎卵,人工接种时也能寄生杨雪毒蛾和多种夜蛾科害虫卵,但不能在柞蚕、蓖麻蚕卵内寄生。用杨雪毒蛾卵作寄主繁殖该蜂,方法简便,效果良好。在棉田小区中分别释放暗黑赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂防治棉铃虫,寄生率分别为63.7％和47.9％。由于该蜂雌性比特高,对棉铃虫的防治效果较好,值得进一步研究。     

Effect of host diet on the development of the solitary egg-larval parasitoidChelonus oculator in superparasitizedEphestia kuehniella

Effect of host diet on the development time, mortality and adult size of the solitary koinobiont egg-larval parasitoidChelonus oculator (Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was examined in superparasitizedEphestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The experiment at a tritrophic level was conducted at 25±1°C, 60–70% relative humidity. Eggs ofE. kuehniella were parasitized one, two and three times by the parasitoid, and the hosts containing different numbers of parasitoid eggs were reared in two different host diets. As host diets, a 2:1 mixture of wheat flour and rough wheat bran (HD1) and a 2:1:0.25:0.50:0.25:0.25 mixture of rough wheat bran, corn flour, dry yeast, honey, milk powder, glycerin (HD2) were used. Unlike in the HD1 treatment, development times of the parasitoid were significantly affected by the number of eggs per host in the HD2 treatment. In addition, all development times of the parasitoid in the HD2 treatment were found to be significantly shorter than those of the parasitoid in the HD1 treatment. The mortality of the parasitoid was similar on both host diets, regardless of the number of eggs per host. However, superparasitism decreased the parasitoid eclosion in both host diet treatments. As well as mortality, when the size of the adult parasitoid was not affected by the host diet differences with the same number of eggs per host, superparasitism significantly decreased the size of the parasitoid in both host diet treatments. The findings of this investigation confirm that there is a significant interaction between host diet and the third trophic level, the parasitoid. Thus, effects of host diets at tritrophic levels should be incorporated into models of superparasitism. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 22, 2006.     

寄主卵排列对松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生的影响

本文描述了群聚寄主卵和间隔分布的寄主卵对松毛虫赤眼蜂子代分配的影响。单头雌蜂产卵于群聚寄主卵时,平均每粒寄生卵的子蜂数明显少於单粒寄主卵时的子蜂数,但每头雌蜂所产的总子蜂数和被寄生的寄主卵数随着寄主卵群的卵数增加而增加。表明,雌蜂产卵于群聚寄主卵时能减少在每粒寄主卵中所分配的子蜂数,而增加寄生的寄主卵数目。密度制约是限制每头雌蜂寄生寄主卵数目的因素。在分散的寄主卵中,平均每粒寄生卵的子蜂数随着卵粒间距离增加而增加,但每头雌蜂所产的总子蜂数和被寄生的寄主卵数并没有明显地随着寄主卵粒间的距离大小而改变。可见,在分散寄主卵中,雌蜂的生殖力则是限制每头雌蜂寄生寄主数目的一个重要因素。     

Selectivity of pesticides used on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Trichogramma pretiosum reared on two laboratory-reared hosts

The side-effects of pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators) used on cotton were tested on adults and pupae of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley reared in the laboratory on two different hosts, the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) and the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller)). The eggs of the host enclosing the parasitoid pupae received direct pesticide sprays, while the adults of the parasitoid were exposed to the pesticides through contact with residues on sprayed eggs offered to parasitism. Alpha-cypermethrin, carbosulfan, deltamethrin, endosulfan, profenofos and zeta-cypermethrin were highly noxious to the parasitoid, significantly reducing the percentage of emergence and parasitism of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella or S. cerealella eggs. However, the pupal stage of the parasitoid developing in S. cerealella eggs was less susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Lufenuron and metamidophos greatly reduced the percentage of adult emergence from eggs of both hosts, while novaluron only interfered on this variable when the wasps were developing in E. kuehniella eggs. However, lufenuron and monocrotophos had no effect on the parasitoid pupae of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella eggs. Chlorfluazuron, diafenthiuron, diflubenzuron, fentin hydroxide, mepiquat chloride, novaluron, thiacloprid and triflumuron did not affect T. pretiosum emergence when eggs of S. cerealella enclosing pupae of the wasps were surface treated. The pesticides azoxystrobin, carbendazin + thiram, mepiquat chloride and novaluron had no effect on the ability of the wasps to parasitise E. kuehniella eggs. However, only mepiquat chloride did not affect the percentage of F1 wasps emerging from E. kuehniella eggs. The remaining pesticides moderately reduced the percentage of emergence and parasitism of the wasps when they had contact with the chemicals during their pupal or adult stage. Thus there were differences in pesticide toxicity according to the host used for parasitoid development. These differences were hypothesised to occur because of differences in egg morphology and parasitoid performance.     

夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾卵的生物学特性

2019年7月,我们在贵州黔东南地区采集的草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵块内发现1种卵寄生蜂,经分子鉴定确认为夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus。为验证该蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生效能,本研究以草地贪夜蛾卵为主要研究材料,以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura卵为对照,统计了夜蛾黑卵蜂对这两种寄主卵的卵粒寄生率、单卵出蜂数、雄性比和个体大小等指标。结果显示,夜蛾黑卵蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵和斜纹夜蛾卵的卵粒寄生率均可达到95%以上。与斜纹夜蛾卵相比,草地贪夜蛾卵育出的子代蜂个体较大,但单卵出蜂数相对较低。结果说明夜蛾黑卵蜂是草地贪夜蛾潜在的高效生防作用物,斜纹夜蛾卵可以作为替代寄主用于繁育夜蛾黑卵蜂。本研究将为我国利用夜蛾黑卵蜂防治草地贪夜蛾提供重要参考。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的人工繁育研究进展

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae Uchida是一种世界范围分布、寄主谱很广的内寄生蜂,产卵于低龄寄主幼虫体内,可使寄主幼虫在暴食期前大量死亡,能有效抑制寄主的种群密度。该寄生蜂对多种作物上的鳞翅目害虫种群控制具有重要的利用价值。本文对该蜂人工繁育的研究进展及存在问题进行综述,希望对其繁育与利用提供借鉴和指导。