天目山不同森林类型林冠对酸雨的缓冲作用

通过在浙江天目山国家级自然保护区不同森林类型中采集酸雨,比较空旷地和6种森林林冠下酸雨的pH值动态变化,研究森林林冠对酸雨的缓冲作用。结果发现,天目山主要森林林冠对酸雨有缓冲作用,受到酸性降水的淋溶后,除了毛竹林,大部分森林类型树冠下截留的雨水pH值普遍升高,说明树冠对酸性降雨具有缓冲作用。不同季节酸雨的pH值有差异,不同森林林冠下的酸雨pH值也不同,反映不同季节森林的缓冲的幅度有差异,春季:空旷地酸雨pH值5.7,森林5.9;夏季:空旷地酸雨pH值5.3,森林5.6;秋季:空旷地酸雨pH值5.1,森林5.3;冬季:空旷地酸雨pH值4.4,森林4.8,森林对酸雨的缓冲作用以冬季最为明显。     

生长抑制——重金属和酸雨的影响

重金属和酸性沉降物连同干旱和其它因素已经成为导致“森林减少”的原因。赛勒和帕格涅里将红果云杉(Picea rubensSarg)和火炬松(Pinus taeda L)的苗分别种植在各自原来生长的土壤中,然后使用PH值4.5或3.0的模拟酸雨喷淋十九个星期。尽管土壤中的化学成分有变化,但是模拟酸雨的酸碱值大小对这两种植物中的任     

酸雨对土壤的影响(连载·一)

本文简要说明了土壤的酸化机理及酸性土壤。在研究酸雨对土壤的影响时,不仅包含湿性沉降物,也应考虑干性沉降物的影响,同时还根据已有的研究成果考察了日本土壤的特性。通过实验得知,酸雨对土壤的影响是因土壤的种类、土壤的层位、阴离子的种类等而不同。同时还指出,日本应以欧洲的临界负荷量为基础尽快决定出日本各种土壤相应的临界负荷量,并制定相关的各种对策。     

湖南森林系统对酸沉降敏感性的初探

选用MAGIC模型分析了湖南森林系统对酸沉降的响应程度，提出了湖南森林系统的酸沉降临界负荷为3．5－4．0g/m2.a，。属于中等敏感地区，由于湖南森林系统对酸雨有一定缓冲能力，尽管湖南境内的酸性降水较为严重，但并未出现因酸雨危害有大片森林衰亡。     

酸性沉降物对土壤动物的影响“连载·一”

文章介绍了酸性沉降物对土壤动物的两种影响：（1）土壤动物与酸性沉降物直接接触引起衰弱、死亡为直接影响。（2）由于酸性沉降物的落入、吸附使土壤pH值降低；随之微生物相发生变化或树木枯死等，引起大范围生态环境变化为间接影响。     

土壤理化性质对杉木生长影响的灰色关联分析

本文运用灰色关联分析的原理,对天目山东部森林立地研究中有关资料进行土壤理化性质与杉木生长的相关关系的探讨。认为,在天目山东部海拔800M以下山地中,以凝灰岩为成土母岩的土壤,砂粒含量、土壤pH值和土层总厚度是影响杉木生长的主要因素,以砂岩为成土母岩的土壤,粗粉粒含量和土壤PH值则是影响杉木生长的主要因素。     

不同桉树优良无性系幼苗对酸铝的抗性生理响应差异

据估计,全世界已有超过40%的耕地为酸性土壤,我国酸雨区覆盖面积、酸性土壤面积分别占国土面积的40%,21%,并有不断上升的发展趋势(刘鹏等,2005),而在酸性土壤中活性铝浓度会大大增加,成为酸性土壤抑制植物生长的一个主要因素(刘东华等,1995;丁爱芳等,2000)。广西是我国酸雨污染最严重的地区之一,降雨酸度平均pH值为4.9,最小值可降至3左右,土壤对酸雨的敏感度绝大部分属于最敏感和敏感2级(王敬华等,1994;张帆等,2005),又由于工业化的不断发展、人工林连作及施用肥料等原因,更加剧富铝化酸性土壤的酸化程度,是极易产生活性铝     

北亚热带3种典型森林群落水文过程中盐基离子年内动态变化特征

[目的]揭示大气沉降盐基离子在北亚热带典型森林群落中分配特征及其时空差异性,评价典型森林群落对大气降水的净化能力。[方法]于2018年7月至2019年6月,在杭州富阳庙山坞林区毛竹、杉木和青冈林分样地采集大气降水、穿透雨、树干茎流、枯透水和地表径流,对比生长季和非生长季森林群落不同层次各水文分量中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的浓度和通量变化。[结果]研究表明,大气降水中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的年均浓度分别为0.27、0.36、0.89和0.17 mg·L~(-1),且K~+和Ca~(2+)在生长季浓度高于非生长季;3种森林群落的林冠层和枯落物层对K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)均表现出强烈的淋溶作用,并在一定程度上调升降水pH值。林冠层对K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的淋溶率在生长季偏低,而地表层对4种盐基离子的截留率在生长季与非生长季间无显著差异;对比地表径流(输出)与大气降水(输入)通量,3种森林群落对4种盐基离子均表现为截留作用,青冈阔叶林对其截留能力最强,截留率超过94.70%。[结论]3种北亚热带典型森林群落的林冠层和枯落物层是林内盐基离子的重要释放源,并缓冲非生长季酸性降水的pH;地表层则在生长季和非生长季都能有效截留径流水中盐基离子的流失,维持群落内养分循环,并保证森林集水区出水水质安全。     

杉木二代更新不同栽培措施试验

针对杉木人工林地力衰退的发生原因，对杉木二代更新采取营造不同树种、套种、施肥等栽培技术措施进行对比试验，并提出建议。研究结果表明，采取营造不同树种对林木胸径和单株材积生长影响极显著，套种对林木树高生长影响达极显著水平。     

威胁森林的酸雨

什么是酸雨?酸雨是怎样形成的?从地面、水面及植物体蒸发和蒸腾所形成的水蒸气,在变成雨雪降落到地面的过程中,经过与大气中各种成分的复杂反应,改变了化学性质。大气中的二氧化碳溶解于水蒸汽变成碳酸,大气中其它化学成分也参与了同水蒸气的化学反应,使水蒸气的pH值有变化,当pH值低于5.6的雨为酸雨,pH值愈小,酸性越强。这种带有硫酸和硝酸的雨称为酸雨。它的形成主要是由于工业化排放污染物,机动车辆以及家庭排放的硫氧化合物和氮氧化合物与潮湿的空气混合,凝结成酸化雨水降落而成。酸雨是大气污染的一种表现形式,酸雨通过已酸化的土壤、水体危害林木的生     

Seed germination and seedling emergence of four tree species of southern China in response to acid rain

Acid rain has become a major concern due to increasing atmospheric pollution,particularly in China.We investigated whether acid rain inhibits the germination of seeds and subsequent emergence of seedling of four tree species from southern China:Cunninghamia lanceolata,Fokienia hodginisi,Pinus massoniana and Phoebe zhennan by simulating acid rain with pH of 2.5,3.5,4.5 and 5.5.We hypothesized that the inhibitory effect of acid rain on germination of seeds and emergence of seedling varies between species and the degree of acidity.A solution of 1 N H_2 SO_4 and 1 N HNO_3 in the ratio of 10-1 was prepared and diluted to four pH levels,and seeds were supplied with solutions of these pH values and distilled water as control and tested for germination in a controlled growth chamber.The results revealed that simulated acid rain of pH 2.5 adversely affected the germination capacity of F.hodginisi and P.zhennan;while all acid solutions significantly increased germination of P.Massoniana;but had no effect on germination of C.Lanceolata seeds.Strong acid solution(pH of 2.5) adversely affected elongation of radicle and hypocotyl as well as fresh and dry weights of radicle and hypocotyl of tender seedlings.The result demonstrated that seedling emergence is more sensitive than seed germination to simulated acid rain,and germination of conifer species are less sensitive than broad leaved species to simulated acid rain.As a whole,acid rain of pH of 3.5 is the threshold level and acid rain below this value will have a detrimental effect on seed germination and seedling emergence.     

Factors influencing decline in soil pH in Hawaiian Eucalyptus and Albizia plantations

Soil pH declined from 5.9 to 5.0 in 8 years beneath plantations of Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.) in Hawaii. In stands of Albizia falcataria, (L.) Fosberg, the soil pH change was more dramatic, declining from 5.9 to 4.6. We measured several components of soil acidity beneath four mixtures of the two tree species to gain insight on the processes responsible for the decline in soil pH. These components were studied using an empirical method of comparing acid quantity, degree of neutralization (depletion of base cations), and acid strength. The decline in soil pH differed between species as a result of differences in the degree of neutralization of the soil exchange complex; the larger decrease in soil pH under Albizia was produced by greater acidification of the exchange complex. Empirical titration curves suggested that differences in acid strength moderated the divergence in soil pH beneath the species. Had the acids accumulating in the soil under Albizia been as strong as those in the Eucalyptus soil, the difference in soil pH would have been greater. Though the two species had contrasting effects on soil pH, the differences in degree of neutralization, responsible for the pH decline, were small compared with differences in the amount of cations stored in tree biomass. Continued supply of nutrient cations (from weathering or fertilization) will ultimately control both the extent of soil pH decline and the level of productivity sustained by the forest.     

模拟酸雨对广西4个树种苗木生长的影响研究

采用盆栽试验,设置4个水平(pH3.0、pH4.0、pH5.0、pH5.6)、一个对照(pH6.0),共5种处理,测定4个树种在不同pH值酸雨处理下其苗高、地径和生物量变化情况,分析不同pH值及处理方式的酸雨对广西地区速生及珍贵树种幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明,随酸雨pH值的降低,4个树种的苗高相对生长量和地径相对生长量总体均呈下降趋势;巨尾桉9号在模拟酸雨pH3.0时,其地上生物量显著大于对照,在pH5.0时,其地下生物量、总生物量略大于对照,在pH5.6时,其根冠比最大;格木在模拟酸雨pH5.6时,其苗高相对生长量显著大于对照,根冠较对照大;降香黄檀在模拟酸雨pH5.0时,其苗高相对生长量显著高于对照,根冠比最大;在不同浓度酸雨处理下,土沉香各生长指标均显著小于对照。     

深山含笑对酸雨胁迫的适应性研究

应用模拟酸雨溶液喷洒法和石蜡切片技术,研究了深山含笑幼苗在不同pH值(2.0,3.0,4.0,5.6(对照))的酸雨溶液胁迫下的生长情况(叶面积、苗高、根长等)和叶片解剖结构变化。结果表明:pH<3.0的酸雨溶液严重抑制幼苗的生长,植株出现明显的伤害症状,大量的苗木出现死亡;显微结构观察显示,叶表皮及叶肉细胞结构均受损或坏死。与对照相比,pH≥3.0的酸雨溶液处理对苗木的伤害较轻,可见性伤害症状不明显,显微观察结果显示仅表皮细胞受损。从生长指标来看,pH≥3.0的酸雨溶液对苗木生长有促进作用,呈正生物效应。     

Effects of Acidic Precipitation and Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth,Mineral Nutrition,and Xylem Water Potential of Juvenile Loblolly Pine and White Oak

Abstract

Individual and interactive effects of simulated acidic rainfall and mycorrhizal inoculation on growth and nutrient and water relations of loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.) grown in a loam soil were examined. Seedlings of each species inoculated with basidiospores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.) Coker and Couch, a known my-cobiont of both loblolly pine and white oak, and uninoculated control seedlings received two simulated rains per week of either pH 3.6, 4.2, or 4.8 for 26 weeks. Higher acidity rainfall reduced the growth but increased mycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine, while both loblolly pine and white oak exposed to these rains exhibited greater foliar injury. Inoculation with P. tinctoriusincreased growth and reduced foliar injury of both species. Foliar concentrations of P, S, and Cu in loblolly pine and white oak, Ca in loblolly pine, and Fe and Zn in white oak decreased with increasing rain acidity while the Al concentration of both species increased. Higher rainfall acidity also reduced soil pH and Ca and Mg concentrations while increasing soil AI. Foliage of inoculated seedlings of both species had higher N and P concentrations and lower Al concentrations than control seedlings. Following the final rain applications, a drought cycle was simulated by withholding irrigation for two weeks during which seedling xylem pressure potential and soil water potential were measured. One day after cessation of irrigation, xylem pressure potential of loblolly pine that had received pH 3.6 rains was lower than that of other treatments. Thereafter, xylem pressure potential and soil water potential of the inoculated treatment decreased below those of the control treatment in both species. These results suggest that acid deposition is detrimental to juvenile loblolly pine and white oak, but the magnitude of this effect is less than the positive response to ectomycorrhizal inoculation.     

The effect of acid rain treatments on the susceptibility of Pinus sylvestris to Gremmeniella abietina

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings were planted in a nursery bed 20 cm thick. The substrate had been removed from an illuvial horizon in the soil underlying a stand of Scots pine in Finland, which had suffered from severe infection by Gremmeniella abietina. The seedlings were irrigated for 3 years, applying three pH levels (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5) using sulphuric acid, nitric acid, and a 3:1 mixture of sulphuric and nitric acid. The pH of the pure water used in the control treatment was 6.1–6.4. The seedlings were inoculated with the conidiospores of G. abietina to find out their susceptibility to infection with the Scleroderris canker disease. Because to the adequacy of its buffering capacity, the soil was observed to become more acidic only in the treatments at pH 2.5. The concentrations of extractable Ca and Mg cations decreased while the concentration of Al and Fe increased with soil acidification during the 3-year experiment. Acidification did not increase the susceptibility of Scots pine to infection by the Scleroderris canker. Seedling growth was at its maximum in the acidification treatments where most nitrogen was added.     

Effect of simulated acid fog on membrane-bound calcium (mCa) in fir (Abies firma) and cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) mesophyll cells

The decline of virgin fir (Abies firma) forest at Mt. Oyama has been reported. Related field observations suggest that high acidity fog is linked with its decline. However, cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) in the same area shows no symptoms of decline. For assessing effects of acid fog on membrane-bound calcium (mCa) of the leaf mesophyll cells, 9-year-old seedlings of fir (Abies firma) and 8-year-old seedlings of cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) were exposed twice a week to simulated acid fog (SAF at pH 3 with pH 5 as control) for 2 h per day in a chamber during May–December 2007 (except August). Current and 1-year-old needles were collected from seedlings and analyzed at 1-month intervals. For current-year needles of fir, mCa levels in cells exposed to SAF at pH 3 were significantly lower than in cells exposed to pH 5, especially during September 2007–March 2008. In contrast, it is noteworthy that mCa levels of cedar were maintained as virtually constant irrespective of SAF acidity, indicating that fir is more sensitive to acid fog than is cedar. Based on these results, mCa loss by acid fog might also be caused in the declining virgin fir forest at Mt. Oyama.     

The effects of acid rain and ozone on biomass and leaf area parameters of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.)

Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings in 24 open-top chambers were exposed to combinations of ozone (carbon-filtered (control), ambient, 1.7 x ambient, and 2.5 x ambient) and acidic precipitation (pH 5.3, 4.3 and 3.3) for 16 months (1989 harvest) or 28 months (1990 harvest). Although the effects of acid rain were generally not significant, there was a trend toward increased aboveground biomass and leaf area in seedlings subjected to the low pH treatments. Because N concentrations in the soils generally increased with decreasing pH, we concluded that the effects of acid rain on aboveground biomass and leaf area were a consequence of an increasing concentration of soil N. In the 1989 harvest, seedlings in the 2.5 x ambient ozone treatment had significantly less biomass in all aboveground plant components and significantly less total leaf area than seedlings in the 1.7 x ambient ozone treatment. In the 1990 harvest, there were no significant effects of ozone on total aboveground biomass, although there was a trend toward reduced biomass in seedlings in the 2.5 x ambient ozone treatment. Both total leaf area and leaf biomass were significantly less in seedlings exposed to 2.5 x ambient ozone for 28 months than in both control seedlings and seedlings in the 1.7 x ambient ozone treatment. The greater, but not always significant, aboveground biomass and leaf area of seedlings in the 1.7 x ambient ozone treatment compared with control seedlings may be associated with the observed increase in soil nitrate concentration as a result of increased rates of leaf senescence and litterfall.     

Oak seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization are less in eastern hemlock stands infested with hemlock woolly adelgid than in adjacent oak stands

Invasive, non-indigenous, phytophagous insects have caused widespread declines in several dominant tree species. The decline in dominant tree species may lead to cascading effects on other tree and microbial species and their interactions, affecting forest recovery following the decline. In the eastern USA, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr) is declining because of infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand). Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is a common replacement species in declining hemlock stands, but reduced mycorrhizal inoculum potential in infested hemlock stands may cause oak to grow more slowly compared with oak in oak stands. We grew red oak seedlings for one growing season in declining hemlock-dominated stands infested with HWA and in adjacent oak-dominated stands. Ectomycorrhizal root tip density and morphotype richness in soil cores were 63 and 27% less, respectively, in declining hemlock stands than in oak stands. Similarly, ectomycorrhizal percent colonization and morphotype richness on oak seedlings were 33 and 30% less, respectively, in declining hemlock stands than in oak stands. In addition, oak seedlings in declining hemlock stands had 29% less dry mass than oak seedlings in oak stands. Analysis of covariance indicated that morphotype richness could account for differences in oak seedling dry mass between declining hemlock stands and oak stands. Additionally, oak seedling dry mass in declining hemlock stands significantly decreased with decreasing ectomycorrhizal percent colonization and morphotype richness. These results suggest that oak seedling growth in declining hemlock stands is affected by reduced ectomycorrhizal inoculum potential. Further, the rate of forest recovery following hemlock decline associated with HWA infestation may be slowed by indirect effects of HWA on the growth of replacement species, through effects on ectomycorrhizal colonization and morphotype richness.     

Promotion of the population growth of pinewood nematode in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings by pretreatment with simulated acid rain

Simulated acid rain (SAR) at three pH levels (pH 4, 3, 2) was applied to only the top or both the top and roots of 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings repeatedly for two months. Then the seedlings were inoculated with a virulent isolate (S10) of pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The exposure to SAR at any level did not kill the seedlings. When inoculated with nematodes, however, the nematode population build-up was significantly higher in the seedlings pretreated with SAR at any level than in the control at the 7th and 17th day after inoculation, and subsequent disease symptom development was also significantly accelerated by the exposure to SAR at pH 2 and 3. This result indicates that even acid rain at pH 4 has the potential for promoting population growth of pinewood nematodes in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings.