施肥量与留叶数对烟叶产值量及化学成分的影响

为探讨施肥量与留叶数对烟叶产值量及化学成分的关系,在楚雄进行了施肥量（72kg/hm2、90kg/hm2、108kg/hm2）与留叶数（15片、18片、21片）两因素三水平试验,结果表明：随施肥量的增加烟株茎围、节距、田间叶面积系数增大;烟株患白粉病及赤星病机率增加,病情指数增大;烟叶产量、产值及上等烟比例增加;烤后上部烟叶比叶重随之增大;上部烟叶的总氮、烟碱含量增加,糖碱比变小。随留叶数的增加烟株封顶株高增高、田间叶面积系数增大;烟叶产量、产值增加,但上等烟比例减少;烤后上部烟叶比叶重随之减小;上部烟叶的烟碱含量降低,糖碱比变大;烟叶化学成分趋向不协调。因此不能盲目增加施肥量与留叶数,以施肥90kg/hm2、留叶18片的处理化学成分最协调。     

巧克力奶摇溶体系中复合乳化稳定剂组成研究

一般巧克力奶中含有1%～3%可可颗粒.通常可可颗粒不溶于水且比重大于水.如不采取特殊处理措施,可可颗粒会很快地下沉到容器底部,形成坚硬且难于分散的沉淀物.根据斯托克定律,减小可可颗粒直径、增加牛奶粘度均可减慢可可颗粒的下沉速度.但这样并不能从根本上解决巧克力奶中可可颗粒的沉降.     

罕遇地震下石化钢结构减震的关键影响因素

在强烈地震作用下,炼油厂的石化钢结构可能发生破坏,导致较大的经济损失,并易引发严重的次生灾害。为降低石化钢结构的地震风险,结合石化钢结构的特点,以某大型炼油厂重整装置反应器为例,建立有限元分析模型,设置黏滞阻尼器进行罕遇地震下的减震设计,并分析了阻尼器的设置位置、数量和阻尼参数等影响因素。研究结果表明,黏滞阻尼器所在楼层的层间剪力和层间位移角显著减小,布置在结构底部的减震效果优于布置在中、上部;随着阻尼器数量的增加,层间剪力和层间位移角都会随之减小,但减少幅度逐渐降低;阻尼系数对石化钢结构减震效果的影响大于阻尼指数,减震设计中宜优先调整阻尼系数以获得较好的抗震性能。     

咸蛋黄腌制过程中特性变化

咸蛋黄腌制过程中会产生水分、蛋白质、脂肪等的特性变化,这些变化会对咸蛋黄的质量有重大的影响。采用质构、热重/差热、电镜等方法初步探讨了咸蛋黄形成过程中特性的改变,结果表明：咸蛋黄腌制前期,随着水分的减少,蛋黄硬度逐渐增大,并在17d后达到峰值;22d后吸附水的含量降低到了0.628%,蛋白质与蛋黄油的乳化稳定结构也发生了改变,随着蛋黄油的析出与蛋白质颗粒的破裂,这时蛋黄硬度逐渐减小;蛋白质颗粒收缩变小到原直径的50%且蛋黄沙性出现。     

基于有限元的平房仓内部粮食颗粒摩擦力分析

为探究粮食颗粒内部之间的应力分布以及颗粒与仓壁之间的相对静摩擦力的分布规律,在考虑粮食颗粒压缩性对粮堆剪胀参数影响的情况下,通过理想弹塑性本构关系和Drucker-prager屈服准则,并采用非关联流动法则来模拟储料,建立了粮仓仓壁与粮食之间正压力、相对静摩擦力的有限元模型,分别模拟不同装粮高度下仓壁与粮食之间的相对静摩擦力、正压力等,找到不同装粮深度处仓壁的相对静摩擦系数的分布规律。结果表明,不同装粮高度处的相对静摩擦系数是不同的,具体表现为伴随深度的增加,系数先增加后减小。可见,粮食颗粒相互间的作用力以及颗粒与仓壁之间的静摩擦力对粮食重量的测量具有十分重要的指导意义。     

缺磷和缺铁胁迫对玫瑰幼苗根构型的影响

以玫瑰（Rosa Rugosa）实生苗为试材,在砂培条件下研究了缺磷、缺铁对玫瑰幼苗根系长度、表面积、体积、根尖数、分形维数等根构型参数与根系活力的影响。结果表明：缺磷或缺铁条件下,玫瑰幼苗根系总长度、根尖数、表面积、体积、根系直径变大,根系分形维数减小,根系活力显著下降;缺磷时,玫瑰幼苗主根生长受到抑制;缺铁使主根长度增加,二级侧根长度和数量增加尤为显著,分别比对照增加了229.9%和205.4%;缺铁比缺磷的根系活力与分形维数下降得更多。     

苹果组培苗移栽过程中根茎叶解剖结构变化

系统全面地研究‘嘎拉'苹果组培苗移栽过程中根茎叶的解剖形态变化,为今后的组培苗移栽提供一定的理论依据和技术支持。采用石蜡切片法和扫描电镜法对苹果试管苗驯化移栽过程中根茎叶的解剖结构进行观察。随着移栽时间的延长,根的木质部和韧皮部逐渐分化,在维管柱中央形成若干排列成链的导管。茎的厚角组织细胞层数逐渐增多,细胞排列变得整齐紧密。茎的维管束逐渐形成环状条带,条带的厚度不断增加。苹果组培苗驯化移栽初期,叶片的栅栏组织发育不完全,海绵组织细胞间隙大,栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度比很低,仅为0.41。随着移栽时间的延长,叶片的栅栏组织和海绵组织分化发育逐渐完善,栅栏组织的细胞层数明显增加且细胞排列整齐紧密,海绵组织细胞间隙逐渐变小,栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度比变大。移栽3周后,栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度比为0.74。气孔的形态由移栽初期的突出于表皮细胞之上变为下陷于表皮细胞之下,气孔的开张度和气孔密度均逐渐变小。苹果组培苗移栽3周后其气孔密度下降为187个/mm²,这与移栽初期的气孔密度252个/mm²差异显著。苹果组培苗驯化移栽过程中,苹果组培苗根茎的主要变化是维管束组织的形成和健全,叶的变化是向着光合能力的提高和防止水分过度散失的方向发展。     

砾石覆盖层截留降雨的模拟实验研究

砾石覆盖技术可减少土壤水分蒸发,在世界的一些干旱半干旱地区得到了不同程度的应用。但在降雨时,雨水通过覆盖层进入土壤的过程中,覆盖层也会截留一定的降雨量。此文通过模拟降雨实验,表明：在降雨强度、降雨历时和铺设方式等相同的条件下,烘干砾石的吸水量随着降雨历时的延长而增大,并逐渐达到饱和吸水量;烘干砾石达到吸水饱和所需的降雨历时随着砾石平均等效粒径的减小而缩短;随着砾石平均等效粒径的增加,覆盖层砾石颗粒间的滞留水量逐渐减少;饱和砾石覆盖层的截留水量也逐渐减小,用指数衰减拟合模型进行拟合,具有高度的显著性。     

直接接触式换热器传热性能优化

建立了以容积换热系数为目标函数,工质流率U₀、喷头喷孔直径d_i、导热油液位高度Z为决策变量的直接接触式换热器性能优化模型,同时进一步将液滴群行为与传热协同关系作为约束条件引入优化模型中,重点分析该约束条件对优化过程及结果的影响。运用遗传算法对原模型和补充模型进行了优化分析,结果表明：原模型优化后的容积换热系数达到了初始值的6.7倍;而补充模型最优值的迭代次数比原模型减小了约55%,同时最优值比原模型提高了0.3%。所以该约束条件不仅提高了迭代速率,还提高了寻求全局最优值的概率,使得最优解更逼近全局最优值。     

类芦根系对不同强度干旱胁迫的形态学响应

为了探讨类芦根系对干旱胁迫逆境的响应规律,为其在水土流失区推广和应用提供科学理论依据,以水土保持先锋植物类芦为研究对象,通过4个不同干旱强度胁迫的盆栽试验,测定不同干旱处理对类芦根系生物量和根系形态指标。结果表明：不同干旱强度胁迫处理,类芦根系总长度、表面积、平均直径、根系生物量的差异明显,而根体积差异较小。在不同程度干旱胁迫下,根体积、根平均直径随着干旱胁迫程度增加逐渐减小,且均比充足供水的小;而类芦根系总长度、根表面积、根系生物量、根冠比均比充足供水的大,中度干旱胁迫条件下（田间持水量40%±5%）,类芦的根系长度、根表面积、根系生物量、地上部生物量、根冠比均为最大。类芦具有庞大的根系,抗旱和耐旱能力强;类芦根系增强延伸能力、扩大与土壤接触面积是对干旱逆境的形态学响应机制之一。     

Experimental Investigation on Fluidized Drying of Zymotic Orange Peels

A fluidized drying method was used to research the drying characteristic of zymotic orange peels, and a experimental equipment of fluidized drying bed was built, the influence to the drying characteristic of drying parameters such as air temperature,air velocity, particle diameters, the height of bed layer and the initial moisture content etc, are analyzed. The results indicate that the fluidized drying method is suited to the sample with high moisture content after preprocess, and among the drying parameters, the initial moisture content, air temperature and particle diameter influenced the drying characteristic remarkably. Based on the experiential data, an experiential mathematical model is buildt up, which can provide the direction for real production in the fluidized bed.     

An Equivalent Shear Displacement Method of Single Capped Pile in Layered Soil

Based on the interaction of single pile, cap and soil, the load transfer matrixes of single pile and soil were proposed to establish an equivalent shear displacement method of single capped pile in layered soil. With the compatibility of displacement at the interface between the pile and the soil, equilibrium equations of pile and soil could be derived. With the increase of the total load on the pile cap, the lateral friction at the interface of the pile and the soil becomes so large that the occurrence of the sliding takes place. While there is little sliding at the interface between the soil under cap and the soil outside of the cap because of the less lateral friction, which gives rives to less settlement of the soil outside of the cap. Eventually, the results of the finite element method, existing theoretical method and the model tests were compared with those from the analytical method and were found to be in good agreement. The increase of the ratio of length to diameter does not infinitely enlarge the overall stiffness of the single capped pile, because the pile cap would afford part of the loading all the time.     

弧形筛对水体中固体颗粒物的去除效果研究

以弧形筛为研究对象,分析不同筛缝规格、安装角度以及水处理量条件下对固体颗粒物的去除效果,以获得最优化的结构设计参数。将固体颗粒物去除率作为试验指标,设计了0.10~0.25 mm的筛缝间隙、10~20 m3/h 的进水流量及53°和37°的筛网安装角度的多因素试验。结果显示,随着筛缝间隙的增大,固体颗粒物去除率呈逐渐下降趋势,但筛缝间隙与颗粒物粒径具有明显的“匹配性”特征,筛缝间隙应以等于或略小于水体中平均固体颗粒物粒径为宜;进水流量与固体颗粒物去除率呈反相关关系,单位面积筛面的水处理负荷宜控制在50 m3/(m2?h)左右;在合理的筛网安装角度范围内,适当增大安装倾角有利于提高固体颗粒物去除率。总之,将弧形筛装置应用在水产养殖系统中,是一种行之有效的方法。     

Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Variable Curvature Friction Pendulum Isolation Bearing

The basic structure of Variable Curvature Friction Pendulum Isolation Bearing (VCFP) is introduced. Based on the principle of mechanical equilibrium, theoretical analysis on two types of VCFP which are Variable Frequency Pendulum Isolation Bearing (VFPI) and Conical Friction Pendulum Bearing (CFPI) are conducted. The stiffness of each VCFP is derived, and the recovery characteristics were discussed and the computing formula of maximum residual displacement was deduced as well. Moreover, with the use of ABAQUS software, the models with solid element of each VCFP are built, and the hysteresis property under low cyclic loading and recovery characteristic are simulated. The comparative analysis of VCFP and Friction Pendulum Bearing (FPB) are also conducted. The results show that: 1) the numerical simulation results are identical to the theoretical analysis; 2) according to its plump hysteresis loops, the hysteresis property of VCFP is favorable, further more, its effective viscous damping ratio and coefficient of energy dissipation are higher than FPB, which indicates its greater ability in energy dissipation; 3) the stiffness of the VCFP is determined by curvature radius, that is, sliding surface function. And its stiffness decreases with the increase of bearing displacement through rational design. And then its isolation period increases as the displacement increases and the low frequency resonance problem of isolated structures can be well solved; 4) compared with FPB, the softening mechanism of stiffness can make the shear force transferred to superstructure decrease; 5) the maximum stress of bearing appears when the bearing reaches its designed displacement, and in general it may situate in the edge of ball joint surface of slider or bearing plate 6) the maximum residual displacement of VCFP depends on both friction coefficient and the parameters of sliding surface function, therefore, parametric design based on analysis or simulation is necessary so as to control the maximum value in an acceptable range in engineering.     

弹性波作用下渗流多孔介质微粒运移分析

弹性波作用下渗流多孔介质微粒运移分析是对目前静态流体或稳态多相渗流中微粒运移/捕集的补充,通过分析弹性波对微粒剥离运移捕集过程的影响,建立弹性波作用下微粒运移模型,得到对微粒运移效果和储层物性变化的影响规律。由推导得到的弹性波作用下微粒剥离临界速度可知,当微粒与孔喉半径的比值越小时弹性波导致的振荡附加力影响越大,临界速度与流体粘度、微粒/孔喉半径比成负相关,与基质胶结程度、结构力、微粒半径、微粒密度成正相关。弹性波作用下微粒运移模型需同时考虑多孔介质渗流速度的变化,此时微粒剥离释放速率增加,但随着波衰减和时间延长而降低,微粒在孔隙表面沉积滞留速率先上升后下降,喉道堵塞的速率有所上升,说明弹性波作用下微粒的剥离和悬浮能力增加,但亦增加了微粒在微细孔喉"架桥"堵塞的可能性。研究结论对岩石物理学和工业化波动处理涉及的储层物性研究具有一定指导意义。     

The Study on the Contact Temperature Fields of Sliding Friction Pairs with Debris Containing

Contact temperature is one important working proprieties of friction pairs,there are no study on the contact temperature fields of rough surface contact at present.The methods of calculating the contact temperature fields are presented.On the basis of taking rough surface and debris effects into account,the temperature fields of sliding friction pairs are calculated.And the effect of temperature on the sliding friction pairs scuffing proprieties is discussed.The result shows that there are obvious enbance of the contact temperature comparing the smooth surface contact to the rough surface contact.If the coefficient of rough influence equal 0.1 and 0.5,the contact temperature will enhance by 14% and 103%.The contact temperature will enhance once again if the debris embed in the surface.If the material of the friction pairs is 45 # steel,Supposing the surface film has been destroyed,the temperature of debris embed point will come to the material welding temperature.     

Investigations of the particle motion characteristics in the gas solid two phase wake of leeward side circular cylinder

This paper investigates the characteristics of the particle motion in circular cylinder wake flow of leeward side by simulating the micro particle flow around circular cylinder using Euler two fluid model combined with Reynolds stress model. It compares the particle velocity and concentration of different particle size in the leeward area. The results show that the vortex is formed after the gas flowed passing the cylinder, and the concentration and velocity of particles are affected by the turbulent intensity in the leeward side. Gas entrainment vortex and particles own inertia decide the flow form of fine particle around the cylinder. Both effects impact the particle concentration distribution of different size particles in the leeward area. With the increase of particle size, the particle concentration increases at the beginning and then decreases in the leeward area.     

Numerical simulation of gas solid characteristics in double inlet square cyclone separator

This paper uses RSM turbulence model to conduct the numerical simulation on the gas flow field in double inlet square separator and calculate the velocity field and pressure distribution in the seperator. At the same time, it simulates the solid particle trajectories in the separators using Lagrangian model. The results show that the velocity field and pressure distribution in double inlet square separator have good symmetry, but the flow swirl intensity is insufficient and easy to decay; different sizes and different injection locations bring significant differences for the particle trajectories; injecting small particles can be easy to form flow short-circuit phenomenon inside the separator, injecting particles near the top of separator can be easy to form top ash ring phenomenon inside the separator; these phenomena have adverse factors to the separation efficiency. When the separation cylinder corners of square separator are changed into cutting-shaped chamfers, the flow field in the separator can be improved, and the separation efficiency of separator can be effectively improved.     

Mechanical Response Characteristics of the Earth Pressure Cell in Sand

Sand is a typical particle structure. The effective stress and corresponding deformation are both determined by the particle characteristics of the medium skeleton, and the changeable condition of the particles will further affect the mechanical response of the earth pressure cell in the test process. To correctly measure the earth pressure value, micromechanical method was applied to analyse the force chain formed by the particles contact under loading unloading condition, and the transferring process, the force strain curve and relationship between the cell mechanical response and the ideal response curve were analyzed in detail, which verified the above mechanical response model based on Particle Flow Code (PFC) method. According to the structural characteristics of the sand and above numerical model, the loading condition, porosity, friction coefficient between the particles and stiffness of the earth pressure cell affecting mechanical response of the earth pressure cell were deeply investigated, the numerical results indicated that there were obvious hysteresis and strain irreversibility for the response curve, and the measured value was sensitive to the above factors. Therefore, research on the force chain structure and corresponding evolution law brings forward a scientific base and new research means for understanding its micromechanical characteristics, and different factors influencing the earth pressure cell are also important for cell calibration and practical monitoring to get more correct earth pressure value.