哺乳动物雌性生殖系统β-防御素的研究进展

β-防御素(beta-defensian,BD)在哺乳动物雌性生殖系统中广泛表达,在免疫、预防生殖道感染及胎儿正常发育等方面起到重要作用。主要对哺乳动物β-防御素在哺乳动物雌性生殖系统组织中的分布、作用及其调控进行了综述,并对其应用前景进行了展望,以期更好地揭示β-防御素在雌性生殖系统中的影响,从而为β-防御素的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

乳制品中A1 β-酪蛋白、A2 β-酪蛋白检测方法研究进展

随着消费者对A2 β-酪蛋白的关注度提升,A2 β-酪蛋白相关产品不断更新换代。A2 β-酪蛋白常用检测方法有反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）、液相色谱–高分辨串联质谱法、毛细管区带电泳法、试剂盒检测法等。本文对β-酪蛋白遗传变体A1 β-酪蛋白和原始形态A2 β-酪蛋白的功能特点、检测方法、定量分析进行综述,说明检测方法的原理和试剂药品的作用机理,加强对A1 β-酪蛋白、A2 β-酪蛋白检测方法的改进与优化,为A2 β-酪蛋白应用于功能性食品、婴幼儿配方食品提供理论依据。     

蒙古族传统奶酪中8种脂溶性维生素和β-胡萝卜素高效液相色谱检测方法的建立

[目的] 建立同时测定蒙古族传统奶酪中VA、VD₂、VD₃、α-生育酚、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚、δ-生育酚、VK₁共8种脂溶性维生素及天然色素β-胡萝卜素含量的高效液相色谱方法（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）。[方法] 选取蒙古族传统奶酪为试样,经无水乙醇提取,酶解后用正己烷萃取,旋蒸浓缩,复溶过滤膜。经Agilent poroshell 120 EC-C18（150 mm×4.6 mm,4 μm）色谱柱分离,以甲醇和水（体积比为95∶5）为流动相,采用FLD和VWD检测器检测,外标法定量。[结果] VA、α-生育酚、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚、δ-生育酚、VK₁、β-胡萝卜素在0.1~1.0 μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,VD₂、VD₃在0.05~1.00 μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R²均大于0.998。[结论] 建立的HPLC方法具有简便、快捷、灵敏度高、回收率高、分析时间短等优点,可为蒙古族传统乳制品中多种脂溶性维生素及天然色素的快速检测提供技术支撑。     

乳酸菌发酵驼乳工艺优化及抑制α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的研究

[目的]以实验室前期从驼乳中分离得到的乳明串珠菌、副干酪乳杆菌为对象,并通过体外实验对发酵驼乳抑制α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性以及抗氧化能力进行测定。[方法]以α-淀粉酶抑制率和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验优化发酵驼乳的参数条件。测定在不同储藏时间下试验组乳明串珠菌、副干酪乳杆菌发酵驼乳、对照组乳明串珠菌、副干酪乳杆菌发酵牛乳和嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌发酵驼乳pH值、酸度、活菌数、α-淀粉酶抑制率、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率的变化。[结果]驼乳发酵的最佳工艺条件为乳明串珠菌∶副干酪乳杆菌比例2∶3、接种量2%、发酵温度39 ℃,发酵时间24 h,此条件下测得对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率分别达到87.20%和20.85%,与未优化前相比,α-淀粉酶的抑制率提高14.10%,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率提高4.4%。在4 ℃储藏期间发酵驼乳α-淀粉酶抑制率在第6d时最高为90.39%,对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率最高为36.32%,抑制率显著高于对照组。各组对羟自由基的清除率达到70%以上,最高为94.91%,超氧阴离子自由基清除率最高达到78.10%,整个测定过程中试验组的抗氧化活性均显著高于对照组。[结论]经乳酸菌发酵驼乳抑制α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性提高,在储藏期间抗氧化活性显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。     

A2 β-酪蛋白消化特性与人体健康

β-酪蛋白是牛乳酪蛋白的重要组成成分,具有遗传多态性,特别是A1和A2型与人体健康密切相关。本文综述了A2型β-酪蛋白结构和功能的特性关系、消化特性的人群差异性及不同种类乳β-酪蛋白的消化特性,从消化特性的角度论述了影响人体健康的因素,旨在为不同人群开发具有良好消化特性的乳制品提供参考。     

防御素在雌性哺乳动物生殖系统中的分布和功能研究进展

防御素(defensin)作为抗菌肽的主要家族,在哺乳动物体内广泛分布,主要表达于中性粒细胞和上皮细胞,具有广谱的抗菌活性和多方面免疫调节功能.近年来,发现防御素广泛在哺乳动物雌性生殖系统中表达,发挥抑菌抗炎的作用,预防微生物对子宫或生殖道等的感染,从而维持雌性生殖系统的环境稳定,同时参与动物生殖.论文结合已有的研究成...     

哺乳动物防御素生物学作用的研究进展

哺乳动物防御素是一类阳离子型多肽，根据结构差异分为α-防御素、β-防御素、θ-防御素。哺乳动物防御素具有广谱抗菌、抗肿瘤和免疫调节的作用，还参与炎症反应和修复损伤组织的作用。防御素主要通过改变细菌膜的通透性发挥抗菌作用，可以抵抗外来致病微生物的侵袭。此外，防御素还参与调控动物肠道微生态的平衡，在肠道屏障功能、肠黏膜免疫反应以及微生物菌群平衡等方面发挥积极作用。防御素在动物生产中具有促进卵母细胞和胚胎发育、成熟的作用。文章旨在综述哺乳动物防御素的研究进展，以期为哺乳动物防御素后续在饲料添加剂、疾病防治等领域中的应用提供参考。     

九龙藏黄牛和九龙牦牛β-酪蛋白基因型分析

为比较九龙藏黄牛和九龙牦牛β-酪蛋白（β-CN）的遗传变异体,试验采用酸性尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了九龙藏黄牛（n=42）和九龙牦牛（n=17）β-CN的基因型。结果表明,在九龙藏黄牛、九龙牦牛的β-CN中共检测到4 种等位基因,包括A1、A2、B、C,其中在九龙藏黄牛中有7 种基因型：A1A1、A1A2、BB、A1B、A2B、A1C、BC,优势等位基因为A1（频率0.702 4）,优势基因型为A1A1（频率0.547 6）;在九龙牦牛样本中有2 种基因型：A1A2、A2A2,优势等位基因为A2（频率0.764 7 ）。试验表明,九龙藏黄牛与九龙牦牛β-CN均表现出多态性,但优势等位基因明显不同。     

酸奶营养品质提升的加工工艺研究

牛奶中含有丰富的活性营养物质,包括乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白、乳过氧化物酶、α-乳白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白等。传统工艺生产的酸奶经过高温杀菌,活性营养物质几乎完全损失。为了避免这一情况,本文推出一种新的酸奶生产工艺,生产出的酸奶可保留大部分活性营养物质。首先将牛奶的乳脂进行分离,乳脂部分进行125 ℃、5 s杀菌,脱脂牛奶部分进行75 ℃、15 s杀菌,将两部分料液混合后加入菌种发酵至酸度75~85°T,破乳后冷却后熟8 h以上。经测定,新工艺酸奶中α-乳白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白、乳过氧化物酶含量分别为966 mg/L、1 963 mg/L、23.4 mg/L、102 mg/L、1 025 U/L,远高于传统工艺酸奶的68 mg/L、200 mg/L、0.7 mg/L、14 mg/L、0 U/L。通过对比新工艺与传统工艺酸奶保质期内的活菌数、黏度、酸度和口感,并无显著差异。     

茉莉酸甲酯对匍枝筋骨草细胞生长和β-蜕皮甾酮积累的影响

匍枝筋骨草悬浮细胞中含有较高β-蜕皮甾酮,为了进一步提高其β-蜕皮甾酮含量,通过添加茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)进行一系列试验研究。以4~10代筋骨草悬浮细胞为试验材料,测定不同处理浓度和处理时间的MeJA对细胞生长、β-蜕皮甾酮积累的影响,细胞生长量采用称量计数,β-蜕皮甾酮含量则使用高效液相进行检测。结果表明:匍枝筋骨草悬浮细胞生长曲线及β-蜕皮甾酮积累曲线符合Logistics模型。在细胞快速生长的初始期(第4天)或中期(第7天)添加不同浓度的MeJA,对细胞生长影响相对较小,生长曲线均有小高峰,分别出现在处理后第5天和第3天,干物质积累量分别达到0.60和0.62 g。而在细胞快速生长的高峰期添加MeJA,细胞生长曲线呈下降趋势,细胞鲜重和干重显著低于CK(P<0.05)。在细胞快速生长的初始期或中期添加MeJA后细胞鲜重与β-蜕皮甾酮积累量呈显著相关。在细胞快速生长的初始期或中期添加10~50 μmol·L^-1 MeJA后,细胞鲜重与CK对比表现为显著增加,其中添加50 μmol·L^-1 MeJA后细胞鲜重最佳,最高可达到35.90 g,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。而同样条件下β-蜕皮甾酮表现为积累量小幅增加,最高量为0.5095 mg·g^-1。添加100~200 μmol·L^-1 MeJA均会抑制细胞的生长,其中添加200 μmol·L^-1 MeJA细胞鲜重与CK相比显著下降,抑制率最高可达到38.88%。而添加100~200 μmol·L^-1 MeJA后β-蜕皮甾酮积累量表现为大幅提升,最高可达3.5315 mg·g^-1,为同期CK的14.44倍(P<0.01)。在细胞快速生长的高峰期添加10~200 μmol·L^-1 MeJA后,细胞鲜重与CK相比都表现为下降,说明在此时添加这些浓度MeJA可抑制细胞的生长,最高抑制率可达31.01%。而在细胞快速生长的高峰期添加10~50 μmol·L^-1 MeJA后,β-蜕皮甾酮积累量可在短时间内大量激增,β-蜕皮甾酮积累量最高达到1.4136 mg·g^-1,是CK的5.06倍(P<0.01)。添加100~200 μmol·L^-1 MeJA则积累量较少。在细胞快速生长的中期添加100 μmol·L^-1 MeJA条件下对细胞的刺激较小,β-蜕皮甾酮积累量最高,达到3.5315 mg·g^-1。     

Species Comparison of the Role of p38 MAP Kinase in the Female Reproductive System

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are members of discrete signal transduction pathways that have significant regulatory roles in a variety of biological processes, depending on the cell, tissue and organ type. p38 MAPKs are involved in inflammation, cell growth and differentiation and cell cycle. In the female reproductive system, p38 MAPKs are known to regulate various aspects of the reproductive process such as mammalian estrous and menstrual cycles as well as early pregnancy and parturition. p38 MAPKs have also been implicated in alterations and pathologies observed in the female reproductive system. Therefore, pharmacologic modulation of p38 MAPKs, and inter-connected signaling pathways (e.g., estrogen receptor signaling, c-fos, c-jun), may influence reproductive physiology and function. This article provides a critical, comparative review of available data on the roles of p38 MAPKs in the mammalian female reproductive system and in reproductive pathophysiology in humans and preclinical species. We first introduce fundamental differences and similarities of the mammalian female reproductive system that should be considered by toxicologists and toxicologic pathologists when assessing the effects of new pharmacologic agents on the female reproductive system. We then explore in detail the known roles for p38 MAPKs and related molecules in female reproduction. This foundation is then extended to pathological conditions in which p38 MAPKs are thought to play an integral role.     

雌激素受体α,β在雌性山羊肠系膜后神经节的表达

为探究雌激素是否通过交感神经调节雌性生殖系统的生理状态,试验选取雌山羊肠系膜后神经节,采用免疫组织化学SP法,检测雌激素受体α,β在肠系膜后神经节中的表达及分布。结果显示,雌激素受体α,β阳性产物在雌性山羊肠系膜后神经节广泛存在,强阳性产物存在于神经元胞膜和核中,阳性产物存在于整个神经元胞体以及核仁中。在神经节其他组成结构中也出现了阳性产物。表明在雌山羊肠系膜后神经元中存在雌激素受体,说明神经元对雌激素具有反应性;在神经节其他组成结构中出现阳性产物,说明雌激素可以经交感神经通路影响雌性生殖系统的生理机能,为研究雌性生殖系统的免疫神经调节提供了形态学证据。     

红脉穗螟雌成虫生殖系统形态特征与卵巢发育分级研究

红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena Walker是槟榔树的重要害虫,本文对红脉穗螟雌成虫生殖系统的结构及卵巢发育分级进行了研究,为红脉穗螟的生物学研究和田间预测预报奠定理论基础。结果表明：红脉穗螟雌成虫生殖系统的基本结构与其他鳞翅目昆虫相似,外生殖器主要由产卵器、导精管、交配囊及其附属结构组成,内生殖器包含1对卵巢、2根侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、受精囊、附腺和生殖腔。红脉穗螟卵巢发育可分为乳白透明期（I级）、卵黄沉积期（II级）、成熟待产期（III级）、产卵盛期（IV级）和产卵末期（V级）5个级别;红脉穗螟3日龄雌成虫卵巢普遍发育为IV级,进入产卵盛期,4日龄时日平均产卵量达到最高。本研究明确了红脉穗螟雌性生殖系统结构,建立了红脉穗螟卵巢发育分级标准。     

Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproduction in Japanese quail

Many environmental contaminants can interact with the endocrine system, thereby potentially disrupting the reproductive fitness of individuals. In avian species, the egg-yolk is a major route for excretion of lipophilic compounds by the adult female bird and embryos are exposed to contaminants that have been deposited in the eggs. The reproductive and neuroendocrine system of Japanese quail undergoes sexual differentiation during embryo development. The phenotypic sex, including sex-specific adult behavior, is hormonally imprinted already before hatching. The sexual differentiation of the brain in quail is sensitive to estrogens and the presence of estrogen results in a female phenotype. The relatively low concentration of estrogens in male embryos, on the other hand, results in a male behavioral phenotype. The behavior of male quail can be demasculinized by estrogen exposure during the period of sexual differentiation, and estrogen-exposed males are not able to display a male-typical behavior as adults. Also, differentiation of the reproductive organs is sensitive to hormones during embryogenesis, and an excess of estrogens can for instance induce persistent morphological changes in the reproductive organs of females. Our research has focused on effects in adult birds after embryonic estrogen exposure. We have studied sexual behavior and other reproductive variables in adult quail after in ovo injection of known and suspected estrogenic compounds. Synthetic estrogens and insecticides, such as o,p'-DDT altered the development of the neural system and resulted in demasculinization of male quail. In females, o,p'-DDT caused morphological changes of the oviduct and egg laying was reduced. Our studies suggest that the neural system and the female reproductive system of avian embryos are very sensitive to the effects of chemicals with estrogenic activity.     

Ancillary tests for assessment of the reproductive system.

Ancillary tests applied to the male reproductive system include semen evaluation, ultrasonography, and testicular biopsy. Venereal disease testing and karyotyping are conducted on both male and female animals. The ancillary tests conducted on the female ruminant include culture, biopsy, cytology, and lavage; oviduct patency; and progesterone analysis. The application and interpretation of these tests as adjuncts to the physical examination of the reproductive system are discussed.     

Teasing apart socially‐induced infertility in non‐reproductive female Damaraland mole‐rats,Fukomys damarensis (Rodentia: Bathyergidae)

The Damaraland mole‐rat is a subterranean mammal exhibiting extreme reproductive skew with a single reproductive female in each colony responsible for procreation. Non‐reproductive female colony members are physiologically suppressed while in the colony, exhibiting reduced concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and a decreased response of the pituitary, as measured by the release of bioactive LH, to an exogenous dose of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Removal of the reproductive female from the colony results in an elevation of LH and an enhanced response of the pituitary to a GnRH challenge in non‐reproductive females comparable to reproductive females, implying control of reproduction in these individuals by the reproductive female. The Damaraland mole‐rat is an ideal model for investigating the physiological and behavioral mechanisms that regulate the hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis. In contrast, we know less about the control of reproduction at the level of the hypothalamus. The immunohistochemistry of the GnRH system of both reproductive and non‐reproductive female Damaraland mole‐rats has revealed no significant differences with respect to morphology, distribution or numbers of immunoreactive GnRH perikarya. We examined whether the endogenous opioid peptide beta‐endorphin was responsible for the inhibition of the release of the GnRH from the neurons indirectly by measuring LH concentrations in these non‐reproductive females following single, hourly and 8 hourly injections of the opioid antagonist naloxone. The results imply that the endogenous opioid peptide, beta‐endorphin, is not responsible for the inhibition of GnRH release from the perikarya in non‐reproductive females. Preliminary data examining the circulating levels of cortisol also do not support a role for circulating glucocorticoids. The possible role of kisspeptin is discussed.     

An epidemiologic study of canine multiple primary neoplasma involving the female and male reproductive systems

The significance of canine multiple primary neoplasms involving the reproductive system and one or more additional anatomic sites was evaluated using data from the Alameda and Contra Costa County Animal Tumor Registry. Among the registry's data base of 35 015 histologically confirmed tumors, both sequential and simultaneous occurrences of histologically distinct benign and malignant tumors were identified. Retrospective analysis demostrated that there was a decreasing risk gradient for multiple tumors of the reproductive systems. The intact female had the highest risk followed in order by the spayed female and all male dogs. The incidence-based analyses also indicated a strong predilection for development of multiple tumors within both the female and the male reproductive systems. A four- to five-fold increase in observed numbers of mammary tumors and other histologically distinct reproductive tumors was found. Benign and malignant mammary tumors were strongly associated in their occurrence, and dogs with benign mammary neoplasms had a three-fold increased risk for subsequent development of histologically different malignant mammary tumors. These quantitative results were consistent with observations in man for malignancies and provide additional evidence that multiple primary malignant and benign neoplasms of the female and male reproductive systems are biologically associated.     

马属动物卵巢发育研究进展

随着国内经济发展,马、驴产业经济价值越来越高,产业需求量也日益增长,但马属动物是繁殖周期较长的季节性单胎动物,其独特的繁殖生理结构特性成为马属动物繁殖效益和相关繁殖技术开发应用的主要因素之一.卵巢作为雌性动物生殖系统中的核心器官,在神经系统和内分泌系统的作用和调节下,具有周期性产生卵子和分泌生殖激素的功能.然而由于排卵...     

饲喂蜂王浆对果蝇繁殖力影响的研究

在果蝇羽化至性成熟期间补饲不同剂量的蜂王浆,研究了蜂王浆对果蝇繁殖力的影响。结果表明,补饲蜂王浆可极显著提高雌果蝇的繁殖力,其F1代成蛹数最高可比对照组高158%;而王浆对雄果蝇的繁殖力影响不明显。试验还发现,王浆对果蝇繁殖力的影响主要发生在雌性果蝇的性发育阶段。