直干蓝桉种源的试验研究

通过对直杆蓝桉 6个种源 57个家系对比试验 ,其树高、胸径、成年态叶转化率差异不显著 ;但直干蓝桉树高胸径生长与土壤A层相关密切 ,相关系数达 0 .82 0 9以上 ,与B层、C层相关不密切 ;而成年态叶转化率与A层土壤相关不密切 ,与B层、C层土壤厚度相关密切。综合得出直干蓝桉在土层厚度 10 0cm以上 ,其中A层应在 4 0cm以上 ,树高的生长量达 2m以上、胸径生长量达 2cm以上。     

萧氏松茎象发生与湿地松林地枯落物及土壤物理性质的关系

对萧氏松茎象不同危害程度湿地松林地的枯落物及土壤物理性质比较研究结果表明:枯落物及腐殖质层厚度对萧氏松茎象危害程度的影响最大,其次是枯枝落叶干质量和土壤含水量,枯枝落叶含水率和吸水率影响最小,即枯落物及腐殖质层越厚,枯枝落叶越多,土壤湿度越大的林区,萧氏松茎象发生越重。单因素分析表明:枯落物及腐殖质层厚度、枯枝落叶干质量和土壤质量湿度与有虫株率的相关关系均达到显著水平。萧氏松茎象有虫株率火炬松和马尾松林发生林地明显低于湿地松发生林地。与不发生林地相比,发生林地的土壤更湿润,土壤的保水能力更好,孔隙度更高,石砾含量相对较低。     

直干蓝按种源的试验研究

通过对直杆蓝按６个种源５７个家系对比试验，其树高、胸径、成年态叶转化率差异不显著；但直干蓝按树高胸径生长与土壤Ａ层相关密切，相关系数达到０．８２０９以上，与Ｂ层、Ｃ层相关不密切；而成年态叶转化率与Ａ层土壤相关不密切，与Ｂ层、Ｃ层土壤厚度相关密切。综合得出直干蓝按在土层厚度１００ｃｍ以上，其中Ａ层应在４０ｃｍ以上，树高的生长量达２ｍ以上、胸径生长量达２ｃｍ以上。     

人工植被的土壤水分状况与水分动态研究

该文综合阐述了不同的人工植被在干旱、半干旱、半湿润地区普遍存在着的土壤干化现象。文章着重介绍了不同的植被类型在不同的土壤剖面层次、不同的季节，土壤水分存在不同的动态变化规律，变异系数的大小，直接反映了当地土壤干化的程度和年内水分供需矛盾状况。利用人渗规律，增加水分循环的途径，使土壤干层水分得到补给，是避免人工植被土壤干化的一种有效途径。     

晋西北主要造林树种土壤水分特征研究

土壤水分是影响干旱半干旱地区人工造林的关键因子,为查明人工林土壤水分消耗状况,以晋西北岚县人工柠条和油松为研究对象,草地作为对照,定量分析和评价0~600cm土壤水分垂直剖面变化。结果表明:油松林地的土壤含水量在7.8%~9.7%之间变化,柠条林地土壤含水量的变化范围为7.3%~11.3%;油松和柠条林地存在不同程度的轻度干层和中度干层,含水量小于6%的重度干层不存在;油松林地枯落物的水文效应使其表层土壤含水量变异低于柠条林地。不同土层,不同植被类型土壤水分亏缺程度不同。从土壤水分亏缺的垂直变化来看,表层中层底层。从不同植被类型来看,柠条油松草地。     

固定沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化研究

通过对浑善达克沙地固定沙丘土壤水分的连续观测,研究了沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化规律。结果表明：固定沙丘不同部位生长末期土壤含水量低于生长初期,季节动态变化明显,可分为3个时期,土壤水分积累期（3—5月）、土壤水分消耗期（6～9月）、土壤水分稳定期（10月至翌年3月）;在空间上,各样地土壤含水量均随深度的增加而有所增加,整个土壤剖面自上而下按水分变化规律可划分为3层：表面干沙层、水分活跃层、水分相对稳定层。在不同部位各层的厚度并不相同,固定沙丘不同部位的水分也不相同,总体来说坡脚〉坡腰〉坡顶。     

陕北黄土高原人工刺槐林生长与土壤干化的关系研究

通过对陕北黄土高原南北 6个人工刺槐林样地进行标准地调查 ,结合树干解析与土壤含水量资料 ,分析了人工刺槐林树高、胸径、材积等指标的生长状况与土壤含水量亏缺的关系。结果表明 ,土壤含水量的亏缺程度与刺槐林的生长有明显的一致性。南部的宜君降雨充沛 ,土壤含水量基本没有亏缺 ,没有产生明显的土壤干化现象 ,相应刺槐林的生长状况良好 ,没有产生衰退迹象。随着降雨量的减少 ,从富县开始 ,土壤含水量发生了严重程度不一的亏缺现象。富县样地因水分亏缺而形成的干化层已影响到了人工刺槐林的生长 ,林分已有了衰退的迹象。样地吴旗、安塞、绥德和米脂则土壤含水量亏缺严重 ,形成了明显的土壤干化层 ,并且严重影响到了人工刺槐林的生长和发育 ,导致人工刺槐林成为低效低产林 ,限制了林分的生态防护效益 ,说明这些地区属于不适宜人工刺槐林生长的分布区。     

长宁竹海5种林分类型的水文效应评价

对长宁竹海的苦竹、毛竹、黄竹林,杉木林及白栎林5种林分类型的水文效应进行了研究。结果表明:林分中的草本植物植冠层的水分最大截留量是乔灌层植物的2.4倍。按种类以苔草最高,为6.34 g/g(干生物量);黄竹最小,为1.19 g/g。5种林分林地枯落物的现存量为4.33~14.87 t/hm2,其分解层的蓄水量高于末分解层,枯落物层最大蓄水总量为1.0~3.5 mm,依杉木林>白栎林>毛竹>苦竹>黄竹排序;土壤蓄水量以杉木林最大,白栎林次之,竹林最差;而土壤稳定渗透系数K10以竹林最大,杉木林次之,白栎林最小,表明竹林土壤抗水蚀能力强于杉木林和白栎林。     

渡口地区采用(薄膜)塑料营养袋育松苗的初步经验

地处金沙江干热河谷的渡口地区,海拔1500米以下的大面积荒山,多为花岗岩、片麻岩等结晶岩母质发育的砾质红壤或粗骨质幼年红壤,土层一般瘠薄,保水能力很差,土壤极易干燥,加之该区旱季特长,在旱季土壤干燥层厚度远超过苗木扎根深度。如花岗岩母质发育的砾质土壤(俗名麻布夹),干燥层在旱季深达60厘     

半干旱区柠条生长与土壤水分消耗过程研究

在黄土高原半干旱区采用工程整地与生物措施相结合的方法 ,进行柠条灌木林建设与土壤水分消耗及调控恢复研究。结果表明 :在半干旱区柠条生长前 6年为幼龄期 ,6～ 14年为中龄期 ,14年后进入老龄期。幼龄期 0～ 80 0cm土壤中未形成干层 ,中龄期土壤干层厚度为 2 4 0～ 2 6 0cm ,老龄期干层为 70 0cm。水平阶整地丰水年土壤水分盈余 4 4 82mm ,对照亏缺 5 1 5～ 79 6mm ;平水年亏缺 5 3 91mm ,对照亏缺 10 3 6 4mm ;干旱年亏缺 10 2 87mm ,对照亏缺 15 3 32mm。不同降水年份土壤水分的补偿深度为 80～ 180cm ,对照为 2 1～ 4 5cm。根据柠条主根、侧根和毛根的根量分布比例得出 ,土壤水分要恢复正常 ,丰水年需要 13年 ,平水年需要 16年以上 ,干旱年约需 2 0年以上 ,而对照无论是丰水年、平水年还是干旱年均需 2 0年以上     

黄土高原退耕还林条件下的土壤干化问题*

介绍了土壤干化的概念及其对黄土高原生态环境的严重危害和对退耕还林还草工程的不利影响 ,说明了黄土高原地区土壤干化现象的出现是树 (草 )种选择不当和过分追求经济效益的结果 ,论述了黄土高原的植被建设几十年来没有取得成效的原因在于人类活动的逆向作用 ,包括植被类型选择失当 ,群落生产力过高 ,忽视了生物多样性在植被恢复演替中的重要作用等。这些不合理的措施一方面导致了大面积低效低产林的形成 ,另一方面又恶化了植被赖以生存的水分生态条件 ,加速了土壤干化现象的出现。由于其对植被建设的严重不良影响 ,必然影响到黄土高原生态环境的重建 ,在此意义上 ,解决土壤干化问题是目前退耕还林 (草 )工程面临的最为关键的课题之一。     

Soil desiccation for Loess soils on natural and regrown areas

In the Loess Plateau, soil desiccation has become a serious problem for forest and grass vegetation. Soil desiccation leads to the formation of a dried soil layer (DSL). This paper presents the results of research carried out in the central part of the Loess Plateau. The objective of the research was to produce a statistically supported set of indicators for evaluating soil desiccation of forestlands, to present a heuristic idea for soil desiccation and to supply scientific support for replacing farmland with forest or grass in the Loess Plateau and other regions of China. Here, we suggest that more attention should be paid to soil desiccation and its effects on the ecosystem of the region in the future. The results showed that natural Quercus liaotungensis forestlands (NQF) retained more water content than regrown Robinnia pseudoscacia forestlands (RRF). Significant DSLs were formed in the RRF but not in the NQF. A possible reason for no formation of DSL in NQF could be due to the presence of an arbor–shrub–herb stand structure and large humus and litter accumulation, which increased the natural forest's (NF) adaptability to the environmental conditions. Soil water content in the north-facing slope was significantly larger than in the south-facing slope. DSLs formed in the 0–500 cm layer of the south-facing slope. When slope gradient was greater than 25°, soil water content deceased sharply and showed significant difference compared with 9°, 15° and 20° (P < 0.05). So, we conclude that plant species, aspect and slope angle could be the predicators for the formation of DSLs. The analysis on soil physical properties of 0–60 cm layer indicated that plant species, aspect and slope angle also have significant effects on bulk density, porosity, plant-available capacity, and hydraulic conductivity, especially in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers. In the NQF and RRF with north-facing slope, soil physical properties were improved.     

黄土高原水土流失严重地区植被恢复策略分析

以晋西黄土高原地区为例，对黄土高原水土流失严重地区植被恢复的现状和前景进行了全面而细致的分析，提出土石山次生林区应实行“封山育林为主，辅之以人工措施”植被恢复策略。在土层浅薄、坡度较陡的生态脆弱地段，需要进行长期的植被封育；在土层深厚而且坡度平缓地段，可适当辅之以人工措施，包括人工抚育，以及补植或补造有经济价值的乡土树种等。当前土石山区次生林经营管理中急需解决的问题是提高林分质量，加强管护力度；黄土丘陵区应该实行封山禁牧或轮牧、围栏圈养以及陡坡地退耕等措施，这是植被恢复的前提和基础。同时，对黄土丘陵区恢复和建设森林植被的可能性进行了分析和探讨。最后指出只有转变农村传统的以破坏生态环境为代价的粗放生产经营方式，长期坚持植被封育和保护为主的策略，结合人工营造乡土树种为主的森林群落，晋西黄土高原地区才有可能恢复原来的森林植被景观，真正实现该地区的植被重建和水土流失的根治。     

林地土壤水分模型SWUF在晋西黄土高原的适用性

采用EnviroSMART土壤水分定位监测系统于2008-05-14至2008-10-11及2009-05-05至2009-08-05对晋西黄土区刺槐人工林、油松人工林(水平条整地)、天然次生林0～150cm土层的土壤水分进行实时监测。以这些监测数据为基础,分析SWUF模型参数的敏感性,进行参数率定,验证SWUF模型在晋西黄土高原水土保持林地的适用性。结果表明:SWUF模型中的蒸发参数、产流参数、非饱和水流参数属于高度敏感性参数,使用SWUF时必须对这些参数进行率定;SWUF模型对刺槐人工林20～150cm各土层、油松人工林和次生林0～150cm各土层土壤水分动态模拟效果较好,模拟值与实测值相对误差在20%以内;SWUF适用于模拟油松人工林和天然次生林各土层每日土壤含水量,也能够比较充分地模拟3种林地不同深度土壤层土壤水分的日变化趋势,但在模拟耗水量大的刺槐林表层土壤水分方面还需要改进。     

Effects of different vegetation restoration models on soil microbial biomass in eroded hilly Loess Plateau, China

Vegetation restoration is a key measure to improve the eco-environment in Loess Plateau, China. In order to find the effect of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation restoration models in this region, six trial sites located in Zhifanggou watershed were selected in this study. Results showed that soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties increased apparently. After 30 years of vegetation restoration, soil microbial biomass C, N, P (SMBC, SMBN, SMBP) and microbial respiration, increased by 109.01%–144.22%, 34.17%–117.09%, 31.79%–79.94% and 26.78%–87.59% respectively, as compared with the farmland. However, metabolic quotient declined dramatically by 57.45%–77.49%. Effects of different models of vegetation restoration are different on improving the properties of soil. In general, mixed stands of Pinus tabulaeformis-Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudoacacia-A. fruticosa had the most remarkable effect, followed by R. pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinkii, fallow land and P. tabulaeformis was the lowest. Restoration of mixed forest had greater effective than pure forest in eroded Hilly Loess Plateau. The significant relationships were observed among SMBC, SMBP, microbial respiration, and physical and chemical properties of soil. It was concluded that microbial biomass can be used as indicators of soil quality. __________ Translated from Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(1): 20–27 [译自: 自然资源学报]     

Rapid changes of soil properties following Caragana korshinski plantations in the hilly-gully Loess Plateau

In the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, Caragana korshinski, a leguminous shrub, is the dominant plant species widely used in vegetation rehabilitation programs. We collected soil samples in 8-and 18-year-old C. korshinski plantations to assess the effects of the shrub on the physical and chemical properties of the soil as well as enzyme activities. Soil samples were taken from two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) under the shrub canopy between shrubs. Results showed that shrub rehabilitation and development enhanced accumulation of organic C and total N. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations increased significantly with plantation age and had increased by 15.3–20.5-fold and 11.1–13.6-fold at 0–20 cm depth at the 18-year-old plantation compared with farmland soil. It was found that C. korshinski contributed significant enrichment of C and N contents under their canopies compared with farmland. The content of water stable aggregates in 18-year-old shrub land soil is higher than the 8-year-old shrub land, and the big aggregates (>5 mm) increased for the most part, by 67.4% and 59.0% in different layers, respectively. The contents of aggregates of over 0.25 mm in two shrub land soils in the upper layer (0–20 cm) increased by 4.6% and 14.1% compared with farmland. It indicates that C. korshinski afforestation can increase the content of aggregates. C. korshinski plantation can accelerate the increase of soil urea activity and invertase activity, respectively, especially in the upper layer. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(1): 70–74 [译自: 林业科学, 2006, 42(1): 70–74]     

陇东黄土高原水土流失现状以及防治策略

陇东黄土高原位于甘肃省东部,是中国黄土自然地理最典型的地区,也是我国水土流失最大的水土区,同时也是黄河泥沙的主要输入区之一。从陇东区内水土流失现状入手,针对陇东黄土高原生态环境脆弱、水土流失严重、水资源短缺等实际的特点,概述了水土流失产生的自然和人类活动的主要因素,并对其发展趋势进行了分析,在此基础上提出了水土流失的治理措施和防治对策,对治理黄河流域水土流失、改善生态环境具有一定的理论价值。     

Evolution of soil microbial biomass in restoration process of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in an eroded environment

Vegetation recovery is a key measure to improve ecosystems in the Loess Plateau in China. To understand the evolution of soil microorganisms in forest plantations in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, the soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties of the soil of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations were studied. In this study, eight forest soils of different age classes were used to study the evolution of soil microbial biomass, while a farmland and a native forest community of Platycladus orientalis L. were chosen as controls. By measuring soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, and physical and chemical properties, it can be concluded that soil quality was improved steadily after planting. Soil microbial biomass of C, N and P (SMBC, SMBN and SMBP) increased significantly after 10 to 15 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery. A relatively stable state of soil microbial biomass was maintained in near-mature or mature plantations. There was an increase of soil microbial biomass appearing at the end of the mature stage. After 50 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, compared with those in farmland, the soil microbial biomass of C, N and P increased by 213%, 201% and 83% respectively, but only accounting for 51%, 55% and 61% of the increase in P. orientalis forest. Microbial soil respiration was enhanced in the early stages, and then weakened in the later stage after restoration, which was different from the change of soil organic carbon. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was significantly higher in the soils of the P. orientalis forest than that in farmland at the early restoration stage and then decreased rapidly. After 25 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, qCO₂ in soils of the R. pseudoacacia forest was lower than that in the farmland soil, and reached a minimum after 50 years, which was close to that of the P. orientalis forest. A significant relationship was found among soil microbial biomass, qCO₂ and physical and chemical properties and restoration duration. Therefore, we conclude that it is possible to artificially improve the ecological environment and soil quality in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau; a long time, even more than 100 years, is needed to reach the climax of the present natural forest. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(3): 909–917 [译自: 生态学报]     

Review and proposals on vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, Northwest China

A group of scientists conducted a comprehensive investigation on ecological safety and water and soil erosion in the Northwest Loess Plateau, Northwest China. The data gathered was analyzed in terms of achievement, existing problems, and strategy and measures on vegetation restoration in the area. Since the policies of conversion from cropland to forest (CCF) and forbid grazing and cutting (FGC) were carried out, vegetation quality and coverage rate increased quickly in the Loess Plateau area, strengthening the concept of eco-environment protection. Environment harness measurements were optimized. The multiform investments on eco-environment and urbanization development in China will benefit vegetation restoration. However, there have been some persisting problems, such as the shortage of investment, instability of government policy, expectation of extravagant economic benefit, larger rate of plantation, and scarce technologies supporting vegetation restoration. Many key theories and practice problems require an urgent resolution. In the future, short-, mid-, and long-term goals for vegetation restoration should be clear, achievement should be expanded, and the natural restoration area should be increased. The benefit for the contractor on vegetation restoration should be ensured. Investment on vegetation building research work should be increased. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(1): 102–106 [译自: 林业科学]     

Soil water response to precipitation in different microtopographies on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil water is an important factor restricting afforestation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.The microtopography of the loess slope has changed the distribution pattern of soil water on the slope.To improve water utilization efficiency and optimize afforestation configuration patterns,the relationship between soil water and precipitation at micro-topographic scale must be studied.We used time series analysis to study the temporal variation of soil water and its response to precipitation in four kinds of micro-topographies and undisturbed slope on loess slopes.Micro-topographies significantly influenced soil water distribution and dynamics on the slopes.Soil water stored in the platform,sinkhole,and ephemeral gully influenced subsequent soil water for 4 weeks,whereas soil water stored in the scarp and undisturbed slope could influence soil water for 2 weeks.It took 12 weeks,10 weeks,18 weeks,6 weeks,and 12 weeks for precipitation to reach the deeper soil layer in the platform,sinkhole,scarp,ephemeral gully,and undisturbed slope,respectively.These soil water characteristics in different micro-topographies are vital factors that should be taken into consideration when undertaking afforestation on the Loess Plateau.