森林景观计量评价与福建森林景观的开发应用研究综述

归纳总结出对现实森林景观进行计量化评价的实用方法，该方法由森林景观的三个评价内容加权求和而成，即森林景观美景度（SB）、视觉吸收力（VAC）和风景敏感水平（SL）三部分。以福州国家森林公园为研究实例，运用该方法对公园的各种森林景观类型（专类园）进行计量评价，评价结果与实际情况相一致。在此方法基础上，探讨了森林景观资产评估方法，阐述了福建省森林景观的地理概述和不同森林景观类型的分布格局，进行福建省森林旅游区划和游览路线的组织和开发，为福建省森林生态旅游的深化发展提供理论和科学依据。     

福建省森林风景资源类型的时空分布及其景观多样化变化分析

森林风景资源是森林旅游开发的物质基础,其空间分布的离散度调查是森林旅游开发建设的前提条件。通过对福建省森林风景资源调查,把福建省的森林风景类型划分为10大类43亚类,并进一步分析全省的主要森林景观类型的时空分布、景观多样化变化,为福建省森林旅游发展规划以及森林旅游景区开发建设提供参考依据。     

基于3S技术的森林城市景观结构分析

以福建省永安市为研究对象,基于3S技术手段,运用景观分析软件Fragstats4.1,计算不同水平上不同景观要素的特征值,对永安市现有城市景观和城市森林景观在类型水平和景观水平上的景观格局进行研究。结果表明:研究区各景观类型分布较为均匀,不存在明显的优势主体;城市森林整体分布不够均衡,研究区还未形成生态功能较为完善的城市森林结构。研究结果可为地区森林城市建设的可持续发展提供决策支持。     

福建省森林旅游资源调查与评价技术研究

福建省地跨中亚热带和南亚热带,是我国南方物种最丰富的省份之一,生物多样性明显,自然生态环境优美,绿色植物种类繁多,森林景观资源类型丰富,分布广泛。通过对福建省森林旅游区调查、规划、设计和工作经验的总结,结合制订《福建省森林旅游资源调查与评价技术规程》,开展福建省森林旅游资源调查和评价技术研究,为全省范围内各类型森林旅游区(点)的森林旅游资源普查、规划设计调查、森林旅游资源管理调查和开发利用调查做一些必要的技术探索。     

福建省森林景观质量评价与经营研究Ⅱ.夏季和秋季景观

采用美景度评判法对福建省夏季和秋季森林景观进行评判，得分值采用标准化公式进行处理。在此基础上，运用数理化理论-Ⅰ，建立了福建省夏季和秋季森林景观质量评价的数量化模型，并根据各因子的不同类目对美景度的影响，提出福建省夏季和秋季森林景观经营对策，为福建省各地风景林景观的经营提供理论指导。     

北京密云水库集水区森林景观生态分类研究

以遥感影像和地形图件为基础,结合二类调查资料和GPS实地布点,借助于ARC View和Fragstats软件,从不同尺度将集水区森林景观进行了分类归并,包括2个森林景观类、3个森林景观系、6个森林景观组、5个森林景观型和9个森林景观亚型。其中,生态型森林景观系是研究区域内的森林景观主体,森林景观多为幼龄林和疏林,针阔混交林的比重相对较低。各种森林景观类型景观斑块面积较破碎、形状较规则,受人类活动干扰普遍较为严重,宜以培育水源涵养与水土保持功能为主要目标,加强森林抚育,发展多种模式的混交造林。     

福建省森林景观质量评价与经营研究Ⅰ.春季景观

采用美景度评判法对福建省春季森林景观进行评判，得分值以标准化公式进行处理，在此基础上，运用数理化理念—Ⅰ，建立了福建省观花类和非观花类春季森林景观质量评价的数量化模型。并根据各因子的不同类目对美景度的影响，提出福建省观花类和非观花类春季森林景观经营对策，为福建省各地风景林景观的经营提供理论指导。     

湖南省林科院试验林场森林植被景观格局及破碎化分析

用1∶5500森林类型图为信息源,以ViewGIS软件为手段,对湖南省林科院试验林场森林植被景观类型斑块的大小、形状、空间特征以及破碎化程度进行了分析.结果表明：林场的森林景观分为15种森林类型,总面积约为3529841.093m2,共有斑块数90个,森林斑块平均面积较小,且以马尾松人工林、樟树人工林、次生常绿阔叶林等为优势类型;各森林景观类型的形状指数较小,说明各森林景观类型的形状偏向于圆形或正方形,其斑块的边界率都较低;不同森林景观类型分维数变化较小,整个林场森林景观斑块数破碎化指数为0.0322,其中樟树人工林、次生常绿阔叶林、马尾松人工林、油茶林的破碎化指数较大.     

森林景观类型划分技术探讨

森林景观是开展森林旅游的物质基础。合理地划分森林景观类型，对开展森林景观调查、统计、评价、开发利用、保护和管理工作以及森林公园规划设计都有一定的现实意义。森林景观类型划分应遵循异同性、直观性、确定性原则，并以森林景观明显特征的直观因子作为划分的依据。森林景观类型可以按景观尺度、景观基质、景观结构、景观功能等四个方面加以划分，以适用于不同的经营利用目的和要求。     

森林景观分类系统初探

根据景观类型学的基本原理，建立森林景观分类系统。森林景观分类系统由４个层次构成，按照各层次的类型划分依据，提出了相应的森林景观类型及确定类型的具体标准和要求。     

福建省森林资源基础地理数据改造及其关键技术研究

以福建省森林资源基础地理数据为研究对象,论述了数据改造的过程及其关键技术。通过解析福建省森林资源基础地理数据的现状,分析了数据误差来源,探讨数据标准化、数据整改、误差处理、矢量精度修正、格式统一及转换等过程的关键技术。研究表明,改造后的福建省森林资源基础地理数据的质量得到了提高,满足了全省森林资源管理的需要。     

Characterizing and Comparing Landscape Diversity Using GIS and a Contagion Index

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern and changes in forest cover types over the last two decades on three landscape level physiographic provinces of the state of Alabama, USA: (i) The Great Appalachian Valley Province, (ii) The Blue Ridge Talladega Mountain Province, and (iii) The Piedmont Province. Studies of spatial patterns of landscapes are useful to quantify human impact, predict wildlife effects or describe various landscape features. A robust landscape index should quantify two distinct components of landscape diversity: composition and configuration. Composition refers to both the total number of “patch” types (i.e., forest cover types) and their relative proportions in the landscape, whereas configuration refers to the spatial pattern of patches in the landscape. The U.S. Forest Service conducts periodic surveys of forest resources nationwide from plots distributed on a 3 mile by 3 mile (4.8 km by 4.8 km) grid randomly established within each county using forest inventory and analysis survey data stratified by physiographic province, a relative contagion (RC) diversity value and its variance were calculated for each province for the survey years 1972, 1982, and 1990. One-way analysis of variance was used for hypothesis testing of RC values across time and between provinces. A view of each landscape at each point in time was generated with GIS software using Thiessen or proximal polygons of the forest cover types identified at each survey point on the landscape.     

南宁青秀山风景区景观建构适宜性分析

南宁青秀山森林公园,拥有适宜的气候条件、独特的生态系统、珍稀的野生动物、完好的原始森林群落、奇特的西南地理人文景观、广西少数民族的文化和淳朴的民俗风情,旅游资源得天独厚.同时青秀山森林公园以各种名山和原始森林为主,水域风光次之,人文景观为辅,山水交相辉映,既有稳定的、客观实在的旅游吸引物,又有抽象的、耐人寻味的旅游吸引...     

安源国家森林公园风景资源调查与评价

利用国内森林公园风景资源质量等级评定方法,对江西省安源国家森林公园开展森林风景资源调查研究,结果表明,安源国家森林公园生物景观丰富多彩、地文景观特色突出、水文景观姿态各异。安源国家森林公园的风景资源定量评价总分合计为44.025分(满分为50分),符合国家一级森林公园风景资源标准,其资源价值和旅游价值较高。     

人为干扰对秦岭火地塘林区景观格局的影响

以秦岭火地塘林区1958年、1988年和2004年森林资源二类调查资料为主要数据源,利用景观结构分析软件,分析比较该林区3个时期景观格局变化情况,探讨人为干扰对林区景观格局的影响。研究结果表明:火地塘林区高强度的外界干扰,增加了该地区的景观多样性和丰富度;干扰形成的次生森林景观比原生森林景观类型数增多,同时引起部分景观类型的消长变化;森林采伐后林区景观分维数降低,斑块形状变得规则,但随着植被的恢复,各景观类型的斑块形状逐渐复杂,景观的异质性增加。火地塘林区景观格局的变化充分反映了外界干扰对森林景观格局的影响,以及森林自主恢复的动态过程。     

Effects of habitat type, vegetation structure, and proximity to forests on bird species richness in a forest–agricultural landscape of West Java, Indonesia

To halt biodiversity loss in the humid tropics of developing countries, it is crucial to understand the roles and effects of human-modified landscapes with fragmented forest remnants in maintaining biodiversity while fulfilling the demands of local communities and reducing poverty. To implement appropriate landscape planning for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, appropriate information is required about parameters of habitat suitability among various anthropogenic habitats with a range of distances to forests and vegetation characteristics, but such information is limited. We examined differences in avian communities between a remnant forest and four types of man-made forest (two mature plantations and two agroforests) in a forest–agricultural landscape of West Java, and we analyzed the effects of both local and landscape factors on various types of species richness in this landscape. The results from non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed avifauna in the two types of agroforest was clustered separately from that in the remnant forest, mainly because drastic declines in the abundance of forest specialists (including IUCN red-listed species) and their replacement with open-habitat generalists. The mixed-tree agroforests were colonized by 30 % of forest specialists and forest-edge species found in the remnant forest, and maintained the highest richness of species endemic to Indonesia among man-made forests, implying that some forest specialists and endemics might have adapted to ancient landscape heterogeneity. High proportion of insectivorous birds was found in the remnant forest (more than 50 %) and drastically decline in man-made forests, although the species richness of insectivores did not decline significantly in broad-leaved plantations. We concluded that protection of remnant forests should be prioritized to conserve forest bird diversity. However, as different environmental factors affected the richness values of different ecological groups, appropriate landscape design and habitat management could improve functional diversity in forest–agricultural landscapes in the tropics.     

Analysis of forest landscape dynamics based on Forest Landscape Restoration: a case study of Yong’an city,Fujian province,China

Forest landscape restoration (FLR) is a process that aims to regain ecological integrity and enhance human well-being in deforested or degraded forest landscapes. To ensure that restoration efforts are successful, the first step is to understand the dynamics of the forest landscape and the dominant forces responsible for its change. Taking Yong’an city, Fujian province in China as a case for study, this paper constructed a Markov model to predict the dynamics of the forest landscape based on sample-plot data of Continuous Forest Inventory at a county level. The study area was divided into eight landscape element types based on FLR, including approximated primary forest, secondary broad-leaved forest, secondary forest of Pinus massoniana, natural bamboo forest, planted forest, non-timber product forest, degraded forest land and non-forestry land. The analysis showed the following: (1) the extent of reforestation of planted forest, non-timber product forest and secondary forest of Pinus massoniana would be greater than that of deforestation of approximated primary forest, broad-leaved secondary forest and natural bamboo forest. Therefore, the total area covered by forest would increase steadily. (2) Conversely, conversion among different landscape element types would occur frequently and have high transition proportions. (3) Remarkable decrease of the extent of approximated primary forest, together with the conversion from degraded forest land to secondary forest, would probably result in the decline of forest volume. (4) Forest productivity in the meantime will not be maintained or enhanced because of the conversion from secondary forest to planted forest. These results suggest that the direct and underlying driving force of landscape dynamics should be understood and addressed in the upcoming studies for remnant approximated primary forest protection, secondary forest management and degraded forest land rehabilitation. The conclusion is that the Markov model can be used to analyze the forest landscape dynamics for FLR based on sample-plot survey data of Continuous Forest Inventory at a county level.     

云南德宏州竹林资源及珍稀濒危竹种保护建议

德宏州地处云南省西部，优越的地理位置和自然条件，使得德宏州竹类植物资源丰富、区系成分复杂、类群结构多样、竹林类型齐全，成为云南乃至中国竹类植物地理分布中颇具特色的一个地区。文章分析了德宏州的竹林类型和珍稀濒危竹类植物资源状况。结果表明，德宏州竹林类型多样，主要包括热性竹林、暖性竹林和温凉性竹林，根据利用类型可分为大型材用林、优质笋用林和多用途散生林3种；德宏州有7个属、19个竹种属于珍稀濒危竹种。文章还对德宏州的珍稀濒危竹种保护提出了建议。