草莓生物技术育种研究进展

应用生物技术是草莓品种改良和种质创新的重要手段。本文综述了近几十年来国内外生物技术在草莓育种研究中的应用主要进展,内容包括草莓的遗传转化、草莓的细胞悬浮培养、草莓的原生质体培养、草莓的花药培养、草莓的离体胚培养、草莓突变体的筛选等方面的研究。最后根据草莓生物技术育种存在的问题探讨了今后草莓育种工作的发展方向。     

对棉花新品种系统选育的思考

通过分析新疆和其他省区系统选育而成的棉花品种（系），阐明系统选育的优、缺点。指出要想提高新品种的质量，就必须在选育方法上求新求变，进行种质资源的创新，提高品种的科技含量，延长品种的生命力，以更好的服务于生产。     

Studies on genetic divergence in potato

Summary Sixty-seven potato varieties/hybrids were grouped in 15 clusters on the basis of D² values. The clustering pattern was not influenced by the geographic diversity of the varieties. However, a segregation between varieties of the Tuberosum and Andigena type varieties was observed. The exotic potato varieties and also the Indian varieties bred from Tuberosums showed a poor divergence. In contrast, the divergence in the varieties developed from Tuberosum-Andigena crosses was much greater. The inter-cluster distance of such varieties, with respect to Tuberosum and Andigena clusters, appeared to be influenced by the cytoplasm they carried. The varieties with Tuberosum cytoplasm were closer to clusters having Tuberosum varieties and those with Andigena cytoplasm were closer to clusters having Andigena type varieties. The characters least influenced by the selection during the course of evolution of the present day varieties were found to be mainly responsible for adding divergence to the population. A breeding plan involving varieties from different clusters has been outlined.     

大麦品种资源筛选与TrxS基因的转化利用

对68份大麦种质材料在河南郑州生态条件下进行农艺性状和生态适应性鉴定,从中筛选出适合河南省生态条件的综合农艺性状好的材料31份;利用国家小麦工程技术研究中心获得的转基因大麦新品系,通过有性杂交及回交的方法,将TrxS基因导入41份材料中,经PCR和RT-PCR检测,证明TrxS基因已初步整合进20份材料中,且在部分材料中能够正常表达。本研究获得的材料将为大麦品质育种提供新的种质资源,为分子标记辅助育种提供科学依据。     

A classification of the NORIN 10 and Tom Thumb dwarfing genes in British,Mexican, Indian and other hexaploid bread wheat varieties

Summary The two semi-dwarfing genes Rht1 and Rht2 from Norin 10 have now been incorporated in successful varieties in use in most major wheat growing areas. The more potent dwarfing gene, Rht3, from Tom Thumb has been used in a limited way.These genes may be identified and classified by assessing the associated character of GA-insensitivity in the progeny from test crosses.This paper describes these classifications in the CIMMYT, Mexican, PBI, Cambridge and Indian breeding programmes and for a number of other international varieties.     

Characterisation of European oat germ plasm: allelic variation at complex avenin loci detected by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

European oat germ plasm involving 252 varieties, landraces, and breeding lines has been characterised by allelic constitution at three independent complex avenin loci. A total of 26 avenin alleles (blocks), including 7 at the Ave1 (Avn A), 10 at the Ave2 (Avn B), and 9 at the Ave3 (Avn C) loci were revealed. The avenin block variants were shown to be coded by gene clusters of 2–5 single expressed genes. A catalogue of the identified avenin blocks as well as a list of the avenin phenotypes is presented. It has been discovered that about 8% of the oat varieties were heterogeneous comprising two or three different avenin profiles. The varieties assayed have been classified into 79 avenin phenotypes made up by the different alleles. Forty-six of these phenotypes were distinguished uniquely, while the other 33 were shared by groups possessing from 2 to 41 genotypes each. Members within these groups had certain ancestors in common. Non-random patterns of both the avenin allele and phenotype distributions have been found. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

草地早熟禾不同品种苗期耐盐性鉴定

为了发掘和利用具有优良耐盐性状的草地早熟禾种质资源，对其14个品种种质资源苗期耐盐性进行初步研究。通过测定不同浓度NaCl胁迫下各品种的耐盐系数，利用主成份分析和隶属函数对草地早熟禾的耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明：在 0、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和 1.2% NaCl胁迫下，筛出适宜草地早熟禾苗期耐盐性鉴定的NaCl浓度为0.6%；相对发芽率、相对活力指数、相对根系平均直径等8个指标与早熟禾耐盐性密切相关。经主成分分析得出，前3个主成分累积贡献率达84.263%，综合指标的权重依次为：0.616、0.216和0.168，根据综合评价Ｄ值，对草地早熟禾不同品种的耐盐性进行排名，得出：耐盐性较好的品种有‘蓝天鹅’、‘优异白’、‘蓝狐’、‘肯塔基’和‘优美’，有望成为滨海地区的优势种。     

Effects of farmers' seed management on performance and adaptation of pearl millet in Rajasthan, India

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.]R.Br.) is the staple food and fodder crop of farmers in the semi-arid areas of north-west India. The majority of farmer sin western Rajasthan depend on their own seed production and employ different seed production strategies that involve different levels of modern-variety introgression into landraces as well as different selection methods. This study quantifies the effects of three seed management strategies on environmental adaptation and trait performance. Forty-eight entries representing farmers’ grain stocks — pure landraces or landraces with introgressed germ plasm from modern varieties — as well as 33 modern varieties, multiplied by breeders or farmers, were evaluated in field trials at three different locations over two years under varying drought-stress conditions. Results indicate that the plant characteristics employed by farmers in describing adaptive value and productivity is an effective approach in discriminating the type of millet adapted to stress and non-stress conditions. It was also found that introgression of modern varieties(MVs) leads to populations with a broader adaptation ability in comparison to pure landraces or MVs alone – but only if MV introgression is practised regularly and is combined with mass panicle selection. Under high-rainfall conditions, farmer grain stocks with MV introgression show similar productivity levels as modern varieties. Under lessening rainfall, pure landraces show, in tendency, higher grain yields. In conclusion, farmers’ seed management could form an integral part of participatory breeding programs. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic relationships of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) using RAPD markers

RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis was carried out on 16 accessions representing the three ecological races of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), and one accession of P. schiedeana Nees. Twenty two preselected primers produced 133 polymorphic DNA fragments in the RAPD assay of the avocado accessions. One primer was identified which could differentiate each of the avocado accessions. Potentially race-specific markers for each of the Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indian races, have been detected. A Jaccard's similarity coefficient matrix was generated and a dendrogram constructed using UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages) cluster analysis. Percentage similarity between avocado accessions ranged from 46% to 85%. The lowest similarity (between 22% and 29%) was revealed between P. schiedeana and any P. americana accession. Average similarity within races of avocado was 75% for the Mexican race, 71% for the West Indian race and 73% for the Guatemalan race. Average similarity between races ranged from 53% to 58%. The dendrogram identified three groups, representing the races of avocado. These results are in concordance with the present classification of avocado into three subspecies (varieties) of P. americana, namely drymifolia, americana, and guatemalensis, corresponding to the Mexican, West Indian and Guatemalan races, respectively, and confirm the separate species status of P. schiedeana. We conclude that RAPD markers may be useful for the classification of avocado and for the assessment of genetic diversity of avocado germplasm. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Geographic distribution of Vrn-genes in landraces and improved varieties of spring bread wheat

Summary A study of the global Vrn-genes distribution supports the hypothesis that these loci have different breeding values. Evident zonal differences were discovered in percentage of dominant Vrn-genes and genotypes between the sets of varieties from various locations. For the same zone analogous differences were not so manifested between the sets of local and improved varieties. It showed the similar environmental fitness of those sets as a result of natural or artificial selection. Obvious changes in distribution of Vrn-genes were discovered in the history of breeding. Within this century the dominant Vrn3 was introgressed into many modern varieties of countries close to the equator. The main direction of such introgression ran from the Japanese landrace Akakomugi to Italian varieties. Later it came from Italy through Mentana to Mexican semidwarf varieties, and the last ones (especially Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64) promoted wide distribution of that gene all over the world.     

Molecular diversity in Indian sugarcane cultivars as revealed by randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms

Genetic diversity in 28 prominent Indian sugarcane varieties cultivated under a wide range of agroclimatic conditions, was studied using 25 RAPD markers. The mean genetic distance among the 28 varieties was only 29.31%, implying that a large part of the genome is similar among the varieties. This probably arises from the lack of parental diversity, with few clones which are themselves related, contributing to the parentage of these varieties. The parentage of the varieties did not contribute significantly to the clustering pattern. Varieties belonging to the same parentage were grouped under different clusters while varieties from different parentages were grouped under the same cluster. The tropical and subtropical identities of the varieties also did not contribute to the clustering pattern as individual clusters included varieties from both tropics and subtropics. This shows that genetically similar varieties are present in both the regions. Among the varieties, Co 7717 was found to be totally distinct and divergent from rest of the varieties. The study reveals the limited genetic base of the current Indian commercial varieties and the need to diversify the genetic base by using new sources from the germplasm. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition of Soviet wheat varieties

Summary One hundred and twenty-eight wheat varieties bred in the Soviet Union were screened for the composition of high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin. In general, variability was low compared to that seen in varieties from other countries. However, varieties from different regions showed distinctive patterns, in some cases clearly due to the use of particular parents in certain breeding programmes, but in others possibly due to the adaptive value of particular alleles to the environmental conditions under which the varieties were bred. For example, among spring varieties, the Glu-D1 allele encoding subunits 2+12 was more common in varieties from areas with limited rainfall than was the allele encoding subunits 5+10.The pattern of HMW glutenin subunits amongst varieties with superior bread-making quality showed few differences from that amongst bread-making varieties of lower quality.Abbreviations BMQ bread-making quality - HMW high-molecular-weight - LMW low-molecular-weight - SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis     

我国辣椒抗病育种研究新进展

概述了我国辣椒抗病种质资源、抗病毒病、抗真菌病、抗细菌病、抗根结线虫病的研究进展，并对今后的辣椒抗病育种工作提出了建议。     

高产中早熟玉米杂交种选育探讨

通过对玉米高产构成因素分析,结合育种实践,着重探讨了高产、高配合力中早熟玉米自交系选育问题,明确指出：（1）玉米种质基础的拓宽是玉米选系材料创新的基础;（2）籽粒排列紧密程度是选育高配合力自交系的关键;（3）组配组合时,结合杂优模式,不为杂种优势模式所束缚,广配组合,进行杂交种产量比较观察,多点鉴定,慎重“破格升级”,缩短育种年限。     

Puroindoline allelic diversity in Indian wheat germplasm and identification of new allelic variants

Grain hardness is an important quality trait that influences product development in wheat. This trait is governed by variation in puroindoline proteins (PINA and PINB). Our study evaluated 551 Indian wheat germplasm lines for diversity in Pina and Pinb genes. Eighty-two lines were shortlisted for full length sequencing and grain hardness studies. Sequencing studies identified six unknown alleles: two for the Pina gene and four for the Pinb gene. Five of them were novel with non-synonymous changes in the corresponding amino acid sequences. Identified mutations in the deduced mature proteins and their pre- and pro-peptides influenced the hardness characteristics of the grain. We classified these 82 varieties into different hardness categories with reference to international and Indian systems of classification. The majority of Indian wheat varieties were categorized as hard. This study revealed that unexplored Indian wheat germplasm can be a good source of genetic variability for both Pina and Pinb genes, helping in marker-assisted breeding and in obtaining wheat with different textural properties.     

中国大麦育种主要矮源的遗传等位测验

矮和半矮秆杂交育成品种的系谱分析业已表明,尽八大麦、萧山立夏黄和沧州裸大麦是我国大麦育种的３个主要矮源。本研究根据普通遗传学原理,设计采用类似回交的测验方法,对它们遗传等位观测。结果表明,这３个大麦主要中矮源所携带的矮秆基因完全等位,与已知矮秆基因ｕｚ同属１个基因位点,位于大麦的第三染色体的短臂之上。与其它已知矮秆基因ｅｒｔ、ｂｒ和ｓｄｗ之间不等位,但存在积加效应。了我国大麦育种矮源单一化的问题。     

芹菜AFLP遗传多样性分析

为了了解分析中国芹菜(Apium gra-veolens L.)栽培品种的亲缘关系,笔者利用AFLP技术对24份芹菜种质资源的遗传多样性进行了分析,从81个引物中筛选出8个AFLP选择性扩增引物,共扩增出395个位点,其中多态性位点245个(59.88%)材料间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.385~0.987,在遗传相似系数为0.6水平上,聚类分析结果可将供试材料分为3类,中国目前栽培的多数芹菜品种的亲缘关系较近,聚类结果与地域来源和形态特征有一定对应关系     

食用甘薯品种选育及系谱分析

为了探索食用甘薯品种的选育方法,加快优良食用甘薯品种的选育进程。本研究对2001—2020年育成的22个食用型甘薯品种主要性状和亲本系谱进行了分析。结果表明：22个食用甘薯品种的平均鲜薯产量32689.0 kg/hm²,平均干物率28.1%。其中12个苏薯系列红心食用甘薯品种的平均胡萝卜素含量4.77 mg/100g鲜薯,10个宁紫薯系列紫心食用甘薯品种的平均花青素含量24.49 mg/100g鲜薯。系谱分析表明：苏薯系列红心食用甘薯品种基因源主要来自于美国品种,其中大多数品种都具有‘南瑞苕’血统,宁紫薯系列紫心甘薯品种基因源主要来自于日本品种,同时种质创新和桥梁亲本的应用也对紫心甘薯品种选育起到重要作用。外引资源和创新种质都是食用甘薯育种不可或缺的亲本来源,定向配组杂交是选育优良食用甘薯品种的主要方法。     

2002—2021年内蒙古自治区大豆主要性状变化分析及综合评价

综合分析内蒙古自治区大豆品种农艺性状与品质性状，旨在为内蒙古自治区品种选育中亲本选择及筛选优良品种提供理论参考。运用相关性分析、主成分分析、TOPSIS分析和聚类分析等方法对内蒙古自治区109份大豆品种6个性状指标进行综合分析。结果表明，6个性状的遗传多样性指数为2.5964~2.8692，变异系数为6.79%~20.1%，其中蛋白质含量变异系数最低，遗传最为稳定。通过主成分分析选出3个主成分，累计遗传贡献率为79.98%，并构建优良品种评价方程S=0.48S₁+0.31S₂+0.21S₃。运用主成分分析和TOPSIS分析选出7个综合排名靠前的品种，可在新品种选育中作为优良亲本使用。通过聚类分析将109份大豆品种分为5类，其中第Ⅰ类综合性状最好，可作为内蒙古自治区的优良大豆品种，第Ⅴ类仅有‘登科2号’具有极短的生育期，可在无霜期短的地区进行推广或者参与极早熟品种的选育。内蒙古自治区大豆品种类型繁杂多样，大豆育种水平也在逐年提高，但是高品质大豆品种匮乏，还需着重关注大豆高油、高蛋白育种，并且选育亲本大多来源于黑龙江省和吉林省，而本地品种并没有得到有效开发和利用，这也是限制内蒙古自治区大豆育种进一步提高的关键因素。     

Soluble sugars and carboxylic acids in ripe apricot fruit as parameters for distinguishing different cultivars

Major sugar and carboxylic acid components in apricot flesh fruits were detected and quantified. Fifty-one genotypes including clones growing in France, Spain, Italy, Greece and USA, belonging to the INRA germ plasm collection has been evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) has been performed to study correlation among fruit quality measurements and to interpret relationships between genotypes as a tool for germ plasm characterization. A marked variation in malic and citric acid content has been observed and PCA revealed clusters of apricot genotypes for the malic/citric ratio content. A good correlation between sugar component and refractometer index (r = 0.83) has been detected. The wide range of diversity in malic and citric acid content in apricot germ plasm makes it possible to breed and select genotypes with improved flavour on the basis of superior phenotypes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.