催情促孕散对乏情期绵羊子宫和输卵管肌电活动的影响

近年来 ,人们对子宫、输卵管的生殖生理、内分泌、药理及临床进行了大量的研究[1] ;对离体和在体子宫、输卵管平滑肌的自发运动 [2 ] ,以及雌二醇和催产素对绵羊子宫肌电活动的影响 [3]、绵羊剖腹产后子宫的肌电活动 [4]也有报道。但中草药对在体子宫、输卵管平滑肌肌电活动的研究报道很少 [5～ 6]。奶牛不孕症是乳牛常见的疾病 ,乳业中不孕牛约占成年母牛的 15 %以上 ,在我国高达 2 5 %以上 [7]。有些学者对其病因作了不少调查 ,一般认为在我国家畜卵巢静止和持久黄体性不孕更为多见[8～ 9] 。我们研制开发的催情促孕散中草药添加剂 ,在临…     

“促生长散”对绵羊胃肠肌电活动的影响

本文采用浆膜表面埋植双极引导电极，我有同时记录法，测定了“促生长散”对绵羊皱胃、小肠、大肠肌电的影响。结果表明“促生长散”能够显著提高小肠肌电话支的峰电峰值９Ｐ〈０。０１）、峰电频率（Ｐ〉０．０１）和电话时程（Ｐ〈０．０１）；查明显延长皱胃肌电的电时程（Ｐ〈０．０１）；能使盲肠肌电活动的峰电峰值明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）；峰电频率和电活动时程明显减弱（Ｐ〈０．０１）；并能使结肠的电时程明显延长（Ｐ〉     

氯前列烯醇对乏情期绵羊子宫肌电活动的影响

采用浆膜表面埋植双极引导电极多道同时记录法 ,测定苯甲酸雌二醇 (E2 )诱导乏情期绵羊子宫体、子宫角肌电活动及氯前列烯醇(PGF2α)对它的影响。结果表明 :子宫肌电图 (EMG)呈节律性静、动复合波丛 ,平均峰电峰值子宫体为 (14 7 58± 33 54) μV ,子宫角为 (138 36± 40 93) μV ;峰电频率子宫体为 (1 7 0 0± 1 2 5)cpm ,子宫角为 (34 44± 3 1 8)cpm。在E2 对子宫EMG抑制 /兴奋双向作用的抑制阶段内PGF2α可以显著增加子宫体肌电活动的峰电频率 (2 7 93± 5 35)cpm ,(54 94± 7 88)cpm ,t =8 0 2 ,p <0 0 1 ) ,子宫体肌电活动比率增加了 2 10 68%(7 68,1 6 56) ;极显著地增加子宫角肌电活动的峰电频率 (35 62± 5 48)cpm ,(73 70± 2 7 74)cpm ,t=4 0 5 ,(p<0 0 1 ) ,子宫角肌电活动比率增加了 2 2 3 73%(1 4 92 ,33 38)。E2 与PGF2α在临床上配合使用能够显著地增加子宫的兴奋性     

鸡消化道电活动规律的研究

本工作研究了鸡肌胃以上消化道（包括肌胃）的电活动规律。结果表明：肌胃、腺胃禁食时有自发性肌电发放，而不由食道、嗉囊所引发。食道、嗉囊肌电发放与摄食、饮水、排空有关。肌、腺胃在肌电发放时序关系上肌胃人无于腺胃（与解剖构造顺序不同）。由此认为：肌、腺胃肌电自发放由肌胃引发，起着启动的主导作用。肌、腺胃肌电峰电簇频率量呈１：１的关系。摄食、饮水时两者肌电活动增强，停食后活动减弱，这是综合调节机制的结果。     

口服中药促孕散对产后奶牛子宫复旧的影响

为了研究中药促孕散对奶牛产后子宫复旧的影响,试验采用中药促孕散对卵巢、子宫和恶露排放情况进行检查并统计发情率和受胎率。结果表明:处理组0~30 d、0~45 d的发情率分别是75%、90%,60 d内的受胎率为65%;恶露排尽的平均时间为12.4 d,比对照组提前6.6 d;子宫颈、子宫孕角及卵巢活动的时间与对照组相比均极显著提前(P0.01)。说明促孕散能够加快子宫复旧过程以及奶牛生殖系统的恢复作用。     

中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)对人工发情家兔子宫平滑肌电活动的影响

在急性实验条件下,以爆发波(BW)的频率、波宽、峰电位数、峰电位频率、幅值及单波的幅值、频率为指标,观察电刺激PAG外侧区或背侧区及外侧区注射雌激素对人工发情家兔子宫平滑肌电活动的影响。结果:1.刺激PAG外侧区后,子宫颈、体、角BW频率和峰电位频率增加非常显著,岭电位数增加显著;子宫颈、体BW波宽,颈、角的幅值增加显著。2.电刺激PAG背侧区后,子宫平滑肌电活动无明显变化。3.向PAG外侧区注入雌激素后,子宫颈、休、角平滑肌BW频率和峰电位频率减少非常显著。以上结果表明:PAG外侧区参与子宫活动的调节,将侧区对此无作用。雌激素在PAG外侧区对发情家兔子宫平滑肌电活动有负反馈调节作用。     

电刺激发情期大鼠蓝斑核对子宫平滑肌电活动的影响

在急性实验条件下,以爆发波(BW)的频率、波宽、峰电位频率为指标,观察了电刺激蓝斑核对发情期大鼠子宫平滑肌电活动的影响.结果:电刺激蓝斑核后,子宫角平滑肌BW频率增加极显著,波宽及峰电位频率虽有增加,但无显著差异;子宫颈平滑肌BW频率无显著增加,波宽却显著缩短,峰电位频率有所减少,未见明显差异.结果表明,蓝斑核对发情期大鼠子宫平滑肌电活动具有调节作用.     

电刺激发情期大鼠的蓝斑对子宫平滑肌电活动的影响

在急性实验条件下，以爆发（ＢＷ）的频率、波宽、峰电位频率为指标，观察了电刺激蓝斑核对发情期大鼠子宫平滑肌电活动的影响，结果：电刺激蓝斑核后，子宫角平滑肌ＢＷ频率增加极显著，波宽及峰电位频率虽有增加，但无显著差异；子宫颈平滑肌ＢＷ频率无显著增加，波宽却显著缩短，峰一频率有所减少，未见明显差异。结果表明，蓝斑核对发情期大鼠子宫平滑活动具有调节作用。     

不同机制介导怀牛膝兴奋未孕大鼠子宫平滑肌的峰电活动

在50只Wistar雌性未孕大鼠子宫角浆膜面上沿子宫纵轴埋植1对Ag-AgCl双极电有，腹腔注射阿托品或异搏定或消炎痛后，观察注射怀牛膝0.6mL夺未孕大鼠子宫平滑肌峰电活动的影响，探讨其兴奋的途径。结果表明，阿托品阻断胆碱能M受体后，腹腔注射怀牛膝水煎剂，子宫平滑肌峰电活动表现出明显的兴奋效应，搏定阻断L型Ca^2 通道（L－VDCC）后，腹腔注射怀牛膝水煎剂，暴发波的最大振幅等4项指标均无明显变化（P＞0．05），而单波的正波最大振幅和峰面积则有明显增加（P＜0．05），单波的负波最大振幅则无显著变化（P＞0．05）；腹腔注射前列腺素合成酶抑制剂消炎痛后，注射怀牛膝水煎剂，暴发波的最大振幅等4项指标变化不明显（P＞0．05），单波的正波最大振幅等3项指标均有明显升高（P＜0．05）。结果提示，怀牛膝对未孕大鼠子宫平滑肌峰电活动的兴奋作用是通过胆碱能M受体以外的其他途径实现的，部分可能与子宫平滑肌细胞膜上的异搏定敏感的L型Ca^2 通道有关，部分可能与刺激前列腺素合成与释放有关。     

“壮阳促孕散”对小鼠雌激素样作用观察

采用常规药理实验方法,探讨中药壮阳促孕散对雌性幼小鼠子宫增重及血清雌二醇含量的影响。结果表明,壮阳促孕散能使幼年小鼠子宫显著增重,血清雌二醇含量明显增高,从而证明中药壮阳促孕散具有雌激素样作用     

Absorption of proinflammatory cytokines from inflamed porcine uterus into the uterine venous blood--preliminary data

The aim of the present study was to estimate the absorption of 125I-labeled proinflammatory cytokines--interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from inflamed porcine uterus into the uterine venous blood. Moreover, in order to test the hypothesis that the above cytokines penetrate directly into ovaries and oviduct via local destination transfer in the area of the ovarian vascular pedicle and bypassing the systemic circulation, the concentration of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in ovarian and oviductal tissues was also studied. These cytokine concentrations were also estimated in the ovarian venous blood. IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha from both control and inflamed uteri were absorbed into the uterine venous blood, but it was higher (P < 0.05-0.001) from the pathologically changed uteri. The uterine tissues, particularly the endometrium, of both control and inflamed uteri retained all studied cytokines, but to a higher degree (P < 0.001) in the inflamed uteri. Injections of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha into the control and inflammatory changed uteri produced the presence of these proteins in the ovary and oviduct. However, the concentrations of IL-1beta and IL-6 in the ovarian and oviductal tissues was low after injections of control and inflamed uteri with these cytokines. In turn, administration of TNF-alpha into the inflammatory changed uteri lead to an enhancement in the concentration of this cytokine in the ovarian parenchyma (P < 0.05) and oviduct (P < 0.001). All studied cytokines were found in the ovarian venous blood after their injection into both control and inflamed uteri, which indicated its local destination transfer to the ovary. However, the concentration of cytokines increased (P <0.05-0.001) in the gilts with pathologically changed uteri as compared to controls. The study showed that both control and inflamed porcine uteri absorbed IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha into the uterine venous blood, but the values of absorbed cytokines from inflamed uteri were higher. Moreover, the quantity and the manner of the studied cytokineS absorption into the uterine venous blood differed.     

The impacts of uterine environment and fetal genotype on conceptus size and placental vascularity during late gestation in pigs.

Meishan and Yorkshire gilts were bred exclusively to Yorkshire and Meishan boars, respectively, resulting in similar Meishan x Yorkshire fetuses gestating in the uteri of both maternal breeds. Gilts of both breeds were slaughtered on d 90 and 110 of gestation, and the weight and volume of each uterine horn was determined. Fetal weights and crown-rump lengths were recorded. A section of the chorioallantoic-endometrial attachment site was collected for each conceptus and evaluated for placental and endometrial vascular density. An intact placenta was recovered for each conceptus and weighed, and its surface area was determined. Fetal weight and crown-rump length increased (P < .001) markedly between d 90 and 110 of gestation in Meishan and in Yorkshire uteri, but they were markedly less (P < .001) in Meishan than in Yorkshire uteri. Placental weight and placental surface area were reduced by 40% in Meishan, compared with Yorkshire, uteri; however, placental size did not increase between d 90 and 110 in either uterine type. Placental vascular density and associated endometrial vascular density were similar (P > .20) for conceptuses in Meishan and Yorkshire uteri on d 90 and 110 of gestation. Additionally, even though the ratio of fetal weight: placental weight (placental efficiency) increased between d 90 and 110, placental efficiency was similar for conceptuses in Meishan and Yorkshire uteri. In a previous study using straightbred Meishan or Yorkshire conceptuses gestated in either a Meishan or Yorkshire uterus, we found Meishan conceptuses had a markedly greater placental efficiency than did Yorkshire conceptuses, regardless of the type of uterus in which they were gestated. These data indicate that uterine type determines conceptus size and conceptus genotype controls placental efficiency.     

The effect of divergent selection for uterine capacity on fetal and placental development at term in rabbits: maternal and embryonic genetic effects

The aim of this work was to study the effects of the genotype of the dam, the embryo, or their interactions on prenatal growth by performing double-reciprocal embryo transfers between two lines of rabbits divergently selected for uterine capacity. Females from high (n = 53) and low (n = 48) lines were slaughtered at 72 h of gestation, and recovered embryos were transferred to the oviducts of recipient does from the high (n = 23) and low (n = 19) lines. Each recipient doe received eight embryos from the high line into one oviduct and eight embryos from the low line into the other. Recipient does were slaughtered on d 28 of gestation. The percentages of live fetuses at 28 d of gestation were 89.2 and 74% for high and low recipient lines, respectively. Length and weight of the empty uterine horn and weight of the full uterine horn were not affected by either the recipient or by donor line. Fetal weight was affected by the recipient line but not by the donor line. Fetuses gestated in high recipient does were 7% heavier (P < 0.10) than those in the low recipient does. There was a donor and a donor x recipient interaction effect on fetal placental weight. Fetal placental weight was heavier (7%, P < 0.01) for embryos from the low line. Embryos from the high line gestated in low-line uteri showed a lower fetal placenta weight than did low-line embryos gestated in high-line uteri and low-line uteri (P < 0.05). Linear regression coefficients of fetal weight at term on fetal placental weights differed (P < 0.05) for the high and low donors (4.33 +/- 0.28 and 3.41 +/- 0.29 respectively). A significant effect of the donor genotype on individual placental length was observed (P < 0.05), which might have resulted from a smaller individual placental length of low-line embryos gestated high-line uteri (P < 0.10). Neither donor nor recipient lines affected maternal placental weight or available space for fetuses. Fetuses and their fetal placentae were heavier when receiving more than four blood vessels than when receiving less than three blood vessels (13 and 17% respectively, P < 0.05). Neither recipient nor donor genotype affected the number of blood vessels arriving at each live fetus. Thus, fetal weight depends on the maternal genotype, whereas fetal placental weight depends on the embryo genotype in these two lines of rabbits divergently selected for uterine capacity.     

Distribution and Heterogeneity of Mast Cells in Female Reproductive Tract and Ovary on Different Days of the Oestrus Cycle in Angora Goats

The physiological distribution of mast cells (MCs) in the reproductive tract and ovary of 12 Angora goats was determined using light microscopic histochemical techniques. Uterus (corpus uteri and cornu uteri), uterine cervix, uterine tubes (isthmus and ampulla) and ovary samples were obtained by laparatomy from groups of animals during metoestrus, dioestrus and proestrus (days 5, 10 and 16 of the oestrous cycle). Tissues were fixed in Mota's fixative (basic lead acetate) for 48 h and embedded in paraffin. Six-micrometre-thick sections were stained with toluidine blue in 1% aqueous solution at pH 1.0 for 5 min and alcian blue-Safranin at pH 1.0 for 30 min. MCs were generally associated with blood vessels in all reproductive organs. In the uterus, they were concentrated mainly in the close of the uterine gland and deep stroma in the endometrium. Higher MC numbers were observed by toluidine blue staining in the uterus, uterine cervix and uterine tubes on days 10 (corpus uterine: 4.7 ± 3.8 and cornu uterine: 4.9 ± 3.5) and 16 (corpus uterine: 5.9 ± 4.5 and cornu uterine: 5.4 ± 2.4) of the oestrous cycle compared with day 5 (p < 0.05). Mast cells were not observed in the follicles, the corpus luteum and the underside of the surface epithelium of the ovarian cortex, but were observed in the interstitial cortical stroma and the ovarian medulla. In the ovary, MC numbers were significantly higher on day 16 of the oestrous cycle (cortex: 3.4 ± 2.4 and medulla: 5.7 ± 4.5, p < 0.05). Safranin-positive connective tissue MCs were not observed in the uterine tube on any occasion. These results indicate oestrous cycle-related changes in the number and location of MCs in goat reproductive organs.     

Sperm migration in pigs after deep intrauterine and intraperitoneal insemination

Deep intrauterine insemination in pigs allows sperm deposition only into one uterine horn, but bilateral fertilization of oocytes occurs. How the sperm reach the contralateral oviduct remains disputable. The aim of this experiment was to study possible transperitoneal and/or transuterine sperm migration ways. Follicle growth and ovulation were induced in 24 peripubertal gilts with eCG and hCG 72 h after eCG. Endoscopic intrauterine insemination (IUI) was performed 32 h after hCG with 20 ml of extended semen (60 × 10(6) spermatozoa) as follows: Group CONTROL (n=8) received IUI into the right horn, and the left horn served as non-treated control; Group LIGATURE (n=8) received IUI into the right horn, and the left horn was closed by endoscopic double ligature close to the bifurcation; Group INTRAPERITONEAL (IPI; n=8) received IUI into the right uterine horn, the left horn was closed by double ligature and semen was deposited intraperitoneally at the surface of the left ovary. Genital tracts were removed 65-66 h after hCG, the oviducts were flushed and ova (n=299) were analyzed for fertilization and cleavage. Furthermore, the accessory spermatozoa count/oocyte was graded as 0, without spermatozoa, 1, <5 spermatozoa, 2, 5-50 spermatozoa, 3, 50-100 spermatozoa and 4, >100 spermatozoa. The results indicate that low dose IUI into one horn provides a lower grade of accessory spermatozoa in the contra-lateral side (1.6 vs. 2.8). No spermatozoa were found in ova flushed from oviducts of the ligated uterine horn, even after intraperitoneal insemination (P<0.05), and no fertilization occurred, respectively. Our results clearly indicate that after low dose IUI into one uterine horn, spermatozoa reach the contralateral oviduct via transuterine migration.     

Effects of palm oil on lipid peroxidation,reduced glutathione,glutathione peroxidase,and vitamin A levels in the corpus uteri,cornu uteri and corpus luteum of young and adult female sheep

The aim of the current study was to determine whether a rumen protected palm oil based diet affect malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced glutathione (rGSH) and vitamin A levels in the tissues of cornu uteri, corpus uteri and corpus luteum over the barley based isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diet, and whether the response is different between ewes and ewe-lambs. During the breeding season, half of Morkaraman ewes (2-4-year-old, n = 10) and ewe-lambs (7-8-months-old, n = 10) was offered a barley based diet and the other half was offered a protected palm oil based diet for 42 +/- 0.7 days. At the end of the experiment all animals were slaughtered and measurements carried out in the tissues collected. In all animals tested, cornu uteri had the highest MDA levels followed by corpus uteri and corpus luteum (P < 0.01) but no differences were between the tissues observed in GSH-Px and rGSH levels (P > 0.05). Vitamin A levels were, however, higher in corpus luteum than in cornu uteri and corpus uteri (P < 0.05). Corpus uteri MDA levels were not different (P > 0.05) but rGSH levels were higher for the palm oil fed groups (P < 0.05). GSH-Px and rGSH levels were higher for ewe-lambs than ewes (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it appears that MDA, rGSH, GSH-Px, and vitamin A work in a different fashion for corpus uteri, cornu uteri and corpus luteum, and for ewes and ewe-lambs. Dietary palm oil did not significantly affect the parameters studied except higher rGSH levels in corpus uteri. Levels of antioxidatively active substances, such as rGSH and GSH-Px were lower in ewes compared with those in ewe-lambs.     

The connections of lymphatic vessels draining female reproductive organs with lymphnodes in the pig

The connections of lymphatic vessels leaving the reproductive organs (ovary, oviduct, uterine horn, corpus and cervix, and vagina) with lymphnodes (normal and hemal) located in the uterine broad ligament and paraaortal regions were examined in the cyclic and immature pigs. To visualize the lymph pathways, the lymphatic lumen was filling with varicoloured microfil and/or ink-gelatin mass introduced all the way down to appearance in several nodes. This study revealed that lymphatics emanating from the uterine horn, corpus and the anterior part of the cervix demarcated large a lymphatic area in the porcine broad ligament. From the caudal portion of the cervix and vagina 2-3 lymphatics were found to emerge running near walls of these organs and connecting with large complex nodes, and 2-3 lymphatics reaching the plica urogenitalis. Generally, the lymphatic vessels leaving the porcine reproductive organs were connected by collector lymphangions with 3-5 normal-, 0-3 hemal- and one large composed nodes all found between the distal vascular subovarian plexus and the uterine artery as well as with 9-27 normal and 3-9 hemal nodes in the paraaortal region.     

Effect of unilateral cornual insemination upon fertilization rate in superovulating and single-ovulating cattle

In Exp. 1, 21 first-service cattle and seven repeat-breeder cattle, averaging 4.7 infertile services, were brought into estrus and superovulated by treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone and prostaglandin F2 alpha. At insemination, semen was deposited in the greater curvature of one uterine horn, about midway between the utero-cervical junction and the utero-tubal junction. Cattle were necropsied 2 to 7 d after estrus and ova were recovered and examined. The fertilization rate for first-service cows was 74% of 362 intact ova and for repeat-breeders, 43% of 128 intact ova (P less than .001). Fertilization rate in first-service cows was 81% on the side of semen deposition and 68% on the opposite side (P less than .01); the rates in repeat-breeders were 54% and 32% (P less than .025). Differences between sides were due mostly to four cows that averaged 93% fertilization on the side of semen deposition and 19% on the opposite side. The proportion of fertilized ova with accessory sperm (17%) did not differ between sides of the reproductive tract. In Exp. 2, 60 first-service and 32 repeat-breeder cows in natural estrus had semen deposited in the uterine body or in the greater curvature of one uterine horn, either on the side of impending ovulation or on the opposite side. At necropsy, 55 ova were recovered from first-service cows, of which 42 (76%) were intact and 13 (24%) were ruptured or fragmented. Of the 42 intact ova, 41 (98%) were cleaved. From the 32 repeat-breeders, 30 ova were recovered, of which 26 (87%) were intact and 4 (13%) were ruptured; 23 of the 26 intact ova (88%) were cleaved. Site of semen deposition had no significant effect on either fertilization rate or number of accessory sperm in either type of cow. First-service cows averaged more accessory sperm (40) than did repeat-breeders (19, P less than .01). Overall results indicated that sperm deposited deep in one uterine horn fertilized ova nearly as frequently in the opposite oviduct as in the adjacent oviduct except in 14% of superovulating cattle.     

Pre‐ and Post‐Partum Mild Underfeeding Influences Gene Expression in the Reproductive Tract of Cyclic Dairy Cows

Undernutrition before and after calving has a detrimental effect on the fertility of dairy cows. The effect of nutritional stress was previously reported to influence gene expression in key tissues for metabolic health and reproduction such as the liver and the genital tract early after calving, but not at breeding, that is, between 70 and 90 days post‐partum. This study investigated the effects of pre‐ and post‐partum mild underfeeding on global gene expression in the oviduct, endometrium and corpus luteum of eight multiparous Holstein cows during the early and middle phases of an induced cycle 80 days post‐partum. Four control cows received 100% of energy and protein requirements during the dry period and after calving, while four underfed received 80% of control diet. Oestrous synchronization treatment was used to induce ovulation on D80 post‐partum. Oviducts, ovaries and the anterior part of each uterine horn were recovered surgically 4, 8, 12 and 15 days after ovulation. Corpora lutea were dissected from the ovaries, and the endometrium was separated from the stroma and myometrium in each uterine horn. The oviduct segments were comprised of ampulla and isthmus. RNAs from ipsi‐ and contralateral samples were pooled on an equal weight basis. In each tissue, gene expression was assessed on a custom bovine 10K array. No differentially expressed gene (DEG) in the corpus luteum was identified between underfed and control, conversely to 293 DEGs in the oviduct vs 1 in the endometrium under a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.10 and 1370 DEGs vs 3, respectively, under FDR < 0.15. Additionally, we used dedicated statistics (regularized canonical correlation analysis) to correlate the post‐partum patterns of six plasma metabolites and hormones related to energy metabolism measured weekly between calving and D80 with gene expression. High correlations were observed between post‐partum patterns of IGF‐1, insulin, β‐hydroxybutyrate and the expression in the oviduct of genes related to reproductive system disease, connective tissue disorders and metabolic disease. Moreover, we found special interest in the literature to retinoic acid‐related genes (e.g. FABP5/CRABP2) that might indicate abnormalities in post‐partum tissue repair mechanisms. In conclusion, this experiment highlights relationships between underfeeding and gene expression in the oviduct and endometrium after ovulation in cyclic Holstein cows. This might help to explain the effect of mild undernutrition on fertilization failure and early embryonic mortality in post‐partum dairy cows.