The influence of rolled erosion control systems on soil temperature and surface albedo: Part I. A greenhouse experiment

A greenhouse study examined the influences of various surface covers (a bare control soil and seven rolled erosion control systems—RECS) on surface radiative properties, and soil temperature. In our companion paper we examine relationships with soil moisture, biomass production, and nutrient assimilation. Randomization and replication were key components to our study of microclimate under tropical radiation conditions. The bare Oxisol control soil exhibited the most extreme microclimatic conditions with the lowest albedo (not significantly different from that of P300^© North American Green, a dark green polypropylene system), and the highest mean and maximum hourly temperatures recorded at depths of 5 and 8 cm. This hostile climatic environment was not conducive to biomass production or moisture storage and it is likely that the observed soil surface crusts impeded plant emergence. Rolled erosion control systems, on the other hand, generally moderated soil temperatures by reflecting more shortwave radiation, implying less heat energy at the surface for conduction to the soil. The result was that RECS exhibited lower mean soil temperatures, higher minimum temperatures and lower maximum soil temperatures. An aspen excelsior system (Curlex I^© Excelsior) had the highest albedo and the soil beneath this system exhibited the greatest temperature modulation. Open-weave systems composed of jute (Geojute^© Price & Pictures) and coconut fibers (BioD-Mat 70^© RoLanka) were the RECS most similar in temperature response to the bare control soil. Other systems examined were intermediate in their temperature response and surface albedo (i.e., SC150BN^© North American Green, C125^© North American Green and Futerra^© Conwed Fibers). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Morphological Similarity of Channels: From Linear Erosional Features (Rill,Gully) to Alpine Rivers

The geometric characteristics of incised features such as channels, rills, ephemeral gully, gully, represent the erosional transport regime and the fluvial dynamic equilibrium, and thus it is critical for the understanding of the long‐term evolution of natural, agricultural, and anthropogenic landscapes. This paper examines the morphological similarity of channelized erosion in two different environments such as Alpine landscapes and cultivated hillslopes. The first dataset comprises six rivers in the Italian Alps, three in the Carnia region and three in the Dolomites, where erosion is mainly the effect of discharges with high sediment loads or landslides and debris flows. The agricultural areas dataset includes rills, ephemeral gullies, and gullies surveyed in literature. This research highlights that the eroded volume in Alpine rivers is in line with that of agricultural landscapes or badlands around the world. Dolomites rivers of colluvial origin, flowing on soils that are not particularly deep and subject to natural disaggregation, tend to behave similarly to ephemeral gullies. Contrarily, channels that exhibit evident alluvial morphologies and coarse grain sizes are more similar to gully erosion. At different spatial scales, the results demonstrated that length–volume equations calibrated on rills, ephemeral gullies, gullies and badlands, might be feasible also for Alpine channels. The research areas present soils and bedrock lithology that differs from those in literature, thus suggesting that the morphology of linear erosion is independent of the intrinsic soil characteristics. Differences emerged between Dolomites and Carnia rivers: this highlights the importance of taking into account in future analyses other forcing factors (e.g. climate) on land degradation processes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hierarchical view of the interactions of runoff and infiltration with vegetation and microtopography in semiarid shrublands

Measurements of runoff and infiltration were made at five spatial scales, terracette (<1 m), hummock (10–20 m²), part-slope (1000–2000 m²), slope (1 ha) and catchment (50 ha), on a shrubland and an open forest site. The study was aimed at understanding the relationships between runoff production, vegetation patterns and microtopography at different spatial scales within a sparsely vegetated, semiarid area. The results of runoff monitoring and rainfall simulation experiments showed that runoff did not occur at the slope scale. It was buffered at the terracette level by nonuniform infiltration at the rims of terracettes and at the hummock scale by rapid infiltration under oak shrubs and trees. Slope and catchment runoff were not connected to runoff at these fine scales. The field evidence is discussed within the context of hierarchy theory, and the implications for management of these shrublands are related to maintaining both the vegetation mosaic and runoff on these slopes.     

Rolled erosion control systems for hillslope surface protection: a critical review,synthesis and analysis of available data. I. Background and formative years

Landscapes disturbed by human activities commonly have erosion rates accelerated by several orders of magnitude over pre-disturbance conditions. New approaches to effectively decrease soil erosion rates from disturbed lands are urgently required to decrease non-point source pollution. One such best management practice (BMP) combines the application of rolled erosion control systems (RECSs), composed of either natural or synthetic fibers, with seeding of hillslopes to enhance biomass production. This synergistic approach is thought to be one of the most appropriate for mitigating excessive soil erosion on disturbed non-agricultural hillslopes. Over the past decade an active erosion control industry (ECI) has developed, and a variety of different RECSs have been brought to market. However, limited scientific data are available to the land manager, specifier, or design engineer to assess the relative effectiveness of these products in reducing sediment yield and in enhancing the development of vegetation. Few studies exist that have rigorously compared RECSs using a well-developed experimental design. Most studies lack sufficient replication and/or randomization. Additionally, in many studies there is a failure to control variables between cycles, runs, or events, including antecedent moisture content and sediment availability. The result is a mass of information that can be potentially misused to justify the selection of a given product that may be less effective than a competing product. The objectives of this two-part paper are: (i) to synthesize all available erosion-related literature dealing with RECSs applied to hillslopes during two periods: up to 1990 and post-1990; (ii) to highlight important scientific contributions to the literature on RECSs; (iii) to assess the scientific rigor of various studies, and re-analyze and re-interpret data when available; and (iv) to make constructive suggestions to improve future studies to develop a quantitative linkage between the physical characteristics of RECSs, soil erosion processes, and vegetation cover. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicting runoff from semi-arid hillslopes as source areas for water harvesting in the Sierra de Gador, southeast Spain

The effectiveness of water harvesting systems collecting surface runoff form rangeland hillslopes in semi-arid regions is difficult to predict, since the hydrological response at the outlet depends on the heterogeneity of hydrological processes. The lack of continuous runoff pathways, due to the irregular spatial patterns of soil properties and the variety of antecedent soil moisture conditions directly influence runoff generation and control discharge into the water harvesting cisterns. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of semi-arid hillslopes in generating runoff for water harvesting systems. Runoff was estimated by the STREAM expert-based model which was applied to three semi-arid hillslopes (0.4 to 6 ha). On the one hand the STREAM model rules were adapted to the regional conditions i.e. an antecedent precipitation index was adjusted to local soil moisture conditions and the rainfall duration was defined as the total rainfall event quantity and the effective rainfall duration (P_tot/t_eff). On the other hand, the distribution of rock outcrop and vegetation cover along the slopes was used to define homogeneous hydrological units. Final infiltration capacities were attributed to these hydrological units based on values found in the literature. The prediction performances are acceptable for the three water harvesting systems with an RMSE of 13.9 m³. It was shown that the rainfall/runoff model was more sensitive to the duration of the storm than to the antecedent soil moisture conditions. The use of a unique set of hydrological parameters for the three water harvesting systems on representative hillslopes allows the runoff prediction from any rangeland hillslope within the same region. Furthermore, the spatial patterns of soil surface characteristics are crucial for collecting runoff at the outlet of the system. Model runs demonstrated that degradation of vegetation and sealing of very small areas within flow paths can lead to an increase of annual runoff by as much as a factor two.     

Impact of small mammal disturbances on sediment yield from grassland and shrubland ecosystems in the Chihuahuan Desert

This study examines water and sediment movement on Summerford bajada in the Jornada Basin, N.M. Forty-five rainfall simulation experiments were conducted on 1- and 2-m² runoff plots in grassland, degraded grassland, and shrubland communities. Within the shrubland community separate experiments were conducted in shrub and intershrub environments. Regression analyses indicate that for a 30-min rainfall at approximately 130 mm h⁻¹, water yields on these environments are negatively related to the percentage of ground covered by vegetation and/or litter. In the degraded grassland and intershrub environments, sediment concentration is positively correlated with the average diameter of small mammal disturbances, suggesting that animal digging is an important factor controlling rates of erosion in these environments. Sediment concentration is not correlated with any surface property in the grassland or shrub environments. An analysis of water yields and sediment concentrations at 5-min intervals during the 30-min simulated rainfall experiments reveals that the influence of the above-mentioned factors on runoff and erosion is established during events as short as 10–15 min.     

佳芦河流域1988—2013年土壤侵蚀时空变化特征

为了研究陕北风沙区近26年来的土壤侵蚀变化特征,利用中国坡面水蚀预报模型结合GIS和RS技术,定量估算了1988-1996,1997-2004,2005-2013年3个时段陕北佳芦河流域土壤平均侵蚀量,分析了不同植被覆盖条件下和不同土地利用类型下的土壤侵蚀时空变化特征.结果表明:(1)中国坡面水蚀预报模型适用于该地区;(2)土壤侵蚀等级和降雨侵蚀力,地貌和土地利用类型关系密切;(3)将26年划分为3个时段,第1时段1988-1996年、第2时段1997-2004年和第3时段2005-2013年.多年平均降雨侵蚀力分别为923.09,1 010.75,1 551.40 MJ·mm/(hm2·h),对应土壤侵蚀模数分别为4 513,5 855,3 556t/(km2·a).第1时段和第3时段总侵蚀量分别为5.10×106,4.02×106 t,相比减少了21.18％.还林还草工程后,流域内土地利用发生较大变化,耕地所占比重由53.38％减少到25.87％,草地所占比重由38.64％增加到69.64％,不同土地利用类型的水土保持效益从大到小分别是未利用土地,草地,林地和耕地.说明当还林还草工程后,佳芦河流域土壤侵蚀呈现总量减少,强度降低的趋势,表明还林还草工程取得了明显的水土保持效益.     

不同降雨强度下地面坡度对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨条件下地面坡度对红壤坡面产流过程和侵蚀过程的影响,结果表明,红壤坡面起始产流时间随坡度的增加有所提前,但不明显,坡面起始产流时间的早晚主要受降雨强度控制;坡面径流量随雨强的增大而增大,随坡度的变化比较复杂,在雨强为50mm/h时,径流量随坡度的增加而减小,在雨强为75mm/h时,径流量随坡度的增加先增大后减小;不同降雨强度下各坡度的侵蚀产沙率都是在降雨初期急剧上升,随后以指数下降,形成一个向左倾斜的曲线。坡度对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响随雨强的增大而增强;红壤坡面土壤侵蚀量随雨强的增大明显增大,随坡度的增加,在50mm/h小雨强时呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,在坡度20°附近存在临界坡度;在75mm/h雨强下,侵蚀量随坡度增大而增大。     

用137Cs法研究黄土区耕垦历史不同的坡面土壤侵蚀强度分异

以核素示踪技术为研究手段,以空间序列代替时间序列和以线控面为基本研究方法,在提出坡面平均坡度和坡面核素平均面积浓度计算方法的基础上,研究了黄土丘陵区典型小流域———延安燕沟流域不同开垦历史的农耕地坡面土壤侵蚀强度分异。通过不同开垦历史的坡面侵蚀模数与开垦时间、坡度、坡长的偏相关分析,结果表明,侵蚀模数与开垦时间的相关程度最大,其次是坡度,与坡长的相关性不明显。坡面土壤侵蚀强度随开垦年限的增长呈增加趋势,说明人为破坏植被、不合理开垦导致的人为加速侵蚀是近代黄土高原水土流失的主要原因。     

基于仿真及物理模型试验构建圆形断面管道非满流流速函数

明渠断面流速分布是精确测量明渠断面流量的基础,也是明渠水流运动规律研究的基本问题。为探究圆形断面管道非满流的断面流速分布特性,采用经实测资料验证的三维紊流数学模型及数值求解方法,对不同底坡和充满度组合情况下的圆管非满流进行了数值模拟。结果表明:圆管非满流的断面流速分布对充满度非常敏感,充满度越大,垂线流速的非单调性越明显,当充满度低于0.5时,未出现最大流速点下潜(dip)现象;当充满度超过0.5时,dip现象越发明显,这是因为当充满度超过0.5后,内凹型侧壁对水面的约束作用增强,断面二次流更加明显。圆管非满流断面上各垂线的流速分布曲线具有很好的相似性,均接近于抛物线曲线特征,二次函数中的待定系数主要受垂线横向位置和充满度的影响。通过回归分析建立了圆管无压均匀流中沿垂线流速的抛物线分布公式,同时给出了各系数的确定方法,按上述流速分布律计算的流速值与实测值吻合良好,曲线拟合的决定系数均在0.92以上,表明给出的抛物型垂线流速分布规律是合理可靠的。     

降雨强度和单宽流量与地表粗糙度交互作用下坡面流阻力特征

为探明降雨和地表颗粒共同影响下的坡面流阻力变化特征及形成机理,在15?定床条件下,分别研究了4个粗糙度(0.009,0.18,0.25,0.425 mm)和4个降雨强度(0,60,90,120 mm/h)在9个单宽流量(0.397~2.049L/(m·s))冲刷下的坡面流流速、流态指数、阻力系数、雷诺数等水动力学参数间的关系及变化特征。结果表明:1)坡面流流速与粗糙度呈反比,与降雨强度呈正比。流态指数m的计算结果显示(m0.5),坡面水流能量主要转化为动能形式;2)试验条件下,雷诺数变化范围为300~2 300,达西阻力系数变化范围为0~3.0,颗粒阻力和降雨阻力皆随着雷诺数的增加而减少,随着水深的增加,降雨对坡面流施加的影响逐渐减小。坡面总阻力系数与粗糙度成正比,与雷诺数和雨强成反比,降雨具有"减阻"效果;3)计算降雨阻力与颗粒阻力线性叠加值与坡面流总阻力的差异,结果表明坡面流总阻力大于线性叠加的结果,t检验结果显示差异显著(sig.0.0030.05),表明将坡面流阻力分量线性叠加计算坡面流总阻力的方法具有一定局限性;进一步构建降雨及地表颗粒影响下的坡面流阻力通式,具有良好的模拟效果。研究成果为深入探明坡面流阻力形成机理和构建坡面侵蚀模型提供科学依据。     

Effects of Vegetation Stems on Hydraulics of Overland Flow Under Varying Water Discharges

Vegetation plays an important role in soil erosion control, but few studies have been performed to quantify the effects of vegetation stems on hydraulics of overland flow. Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to investigate the potential effects of vegetation stems on Reynolds number, Froude number, flow velocity and hydraulic resistance of silt‐laden overland flow. Cylinders with diameter D of 2·0, 3·2 and 4·0 × 10⁻² m were glued onto the flume bed to simulate the vegetation stems, and a bare slope was used as control. The flow discharge varied from 0·5 to 1·5 × 10⁻³ m³ s⁻¹ and slope gradient was 9°. Results showed that Reynolds number on vegetated slope was significantly higher than that on bare slope because of the effect of vegetation stems on effective flow width. All the flows were supercritical flow, but Froude number decreased as D increased, implying a decrease in runoff ability to carry sediment. The mean flow velocity also decreased with D, while the velocity profile became steeper, and no significant differences were found in surface flow velocities among longitudinal sections on all slopes. Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient increased with D, implying that the energy consumption of overland flow on hydraulic resistance increased. Reynolds number was not a unique predictor of hydraulic roughness on vegetated slopes. The total resistance on vegetated slopes was partitioned into grain resistance and vegetation resistance, and vegetation resistance accounted for almost 80% of the total resistance and was the dominant roughness element. Further studies are needed to extend and apply the insights obtained under controlled conditions to actual overland flow conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

牟托沟流域高含沙水流与泥石流相互演化特征及其机理

震后环境下单沟高含沙水流与泥石流相互演化规律是泥石流工程防治的关键问题.以茂县牟托沟泥石流为例,探讨了牟托沟泥石流物源补给和微地貌在高含沙水流与泥石流相互演化过程中的重要性.首先分析了牟托沟地形地貌特点;其次利用容重分析了牟托沟高含沙水流与泥石流相互演化特征;最后采用一次泥石流固体物质总量的形态调查法和阶梯-深潭微地貌效应分析方法分析了高含沙水流与泥石流相互演化机理.研究表明:(1)牟托沟泥石流起动模式为冲蚀→冲沟→堵塞→溃决→泥石流的模式;(2)在弃渣和崩坡积物的影响下牟托沟易形成阶梯一深潭微地貌;(3)高含沙水流与泥石流的相互演化和一次泥石流固体物质总量关系密切.     

坡面流流速计算的研究

有降雨影响下的坡面流,多为三维非均匀沿程变量水流,其流速的计算是一个比较复杂的问题,也是研究土壤侵蚀力学机理的关键。本文根据室内人工降雨水槽模拟实验对影响坡面流速诸因子的研究结果,首先从理论上将流速表示为含有达西—维斯巴赫(Darcy—Weisbach)阻力系数f的函数,再根据实验资料建立起不同流态的计算式,进而可计算坡面任一处不同流态的径流速度。     

用于梯形渠道的仿翼形便携式量水槽水力性能

机翼形量水设施水力条件优、量水精度高,但翼形曲线的复杂性制约其推广,为此,该研究基于结构简单的仿翼形便携式量水槽,探究其在末级梯形渠道的适用性。模型试验设计5组收缩比、7组流量进行水力性能试验,在此基础上,基于FLOW-3D软件对比分析仿翼形与机翼形量水槽水力性能的差异,深入研究不同收缩比对仿翼形量水槽水力性能的影响。研究结果表明：数值模拟与试验结果的水深数据吻合,误差小于4.91%,数值模拟的方法准确可靠;简化后未改变机翼形过流顺畅、雍水高度小等特点;所有工况上游佛汝德数均小于0.5,雍水高度小于7.6 cm,满足测流精度和渠道安全的要求,收缩比在0.60～0.64范围时,量水槽水力性能最优;基于能量方程及临界流原理建立的流量公式精度较高,平均测流误差为2.75%。该研究表明仿翼形保持了原机翼形良好的水力性能,测流精度高且曲线形式简单,便于推广,对于促进灌区末级梯形渠道便携式量水槽的推广具有实用价值。     

人工加糙床面薄层滚波流水力学特性试验

为了探求坡面薄层水流水力特性,从流体力学与泥沙运动学观点出发,研究均匀粗糙尺度床面（人工加糙粒径为0.380 mm）,5种不同坡度和17种单宽流量下坡面薄层水流水力学参数变化规律。结果表明：坡面薄层水流流态指数在0.33~0.43之间变化,水力关系可用流态指数综合反映;滚波流速随着流量增加逐渐增加,坡度对其影响较小;波长随着流量呈单驼峰形式变化,即先随流量的增加而增加,达到峰值后又减小,峰值对应的单宽流量为0.278 L/(s·m);滚波频率随流程的增加逐渐衰减,同时随着单宽流量的增加,平均衰减系数增大;试验条件下层流失稳产生的临界弗劳德数在0.64左右,紊流失稳临界弗劳德数在2.13左右。     

浙江省泥石流类型及分布特征研究

2005—2008年浙江省对全省48个山区县市的泥石流进行了全面调查及评价,查明有42个山区县市共发育过486处泥石流,其中沟谷泥石流347条,坡面泥石流139处。并对泥石流的类型及分布特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,浙江泥石流主要有沟谷型泥石流(灾害规模小,危害程度大),滑坡、崩塌转化型泥石流,暴雨型泥石流等类型特征。在分布上主要受地形地貌、岩性构造及降水的控制,主要分布在火山岩区域,泥石流地质灾害发育的构造规律有沿深大断裂发育区域呈带状分布特点。在降水上受梅雨及台风交替控制,分布具有明显的"双峰"现象。     

考虑三偏差因素的滴灌系统流量总偏差率

中国微灌行业规范规定滴灌系统设计中的流量偏差率，只考虑水力偏差一个因素，导致设计偏离实际。随着生产发展与技术进步，为提高设计精度，有必要研究考虑再计入滴头制造偏差及滴头高程偏差的影响。鉴于已有文献［4］在推导过程中有诸多问题，结论不可信，再次研究了考虑三偏差因素的流量总偏差率。该文在已有高差流量偏差率的基础上，定义了滴头的制造流量偏差率、导出了3个流量偏差率最不利组合——流量总偏差率计算式，并提出了流量总偏差率允许值的建议。     

文献风险与可靠度观念于山坡地防灾之应用

 山坡地防灾工程的规划设计,常需考虑地文与水文参数,而这些参数常具有高度之不确定性。参数的不确定性导致灾害的评估结果潜藏风险,也造成防灾工程规划设计之可靠性不足;因此,首先介绍风险与可靠度分析的基本概念,然后说明如何利用此概念来进行土石流发生条件之风险概率分析,以及如何结合可靠性概率来评估高含砂水流之设计流量。     

喇嘛溪沟泥石流运动特征及其对工程影响分析

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