高低应答CO_2水稻品种苗期根系对高碳环境的响应

本文利用水培试验和琼脂板培养试验研究了高CO_2条件下产量响应存在显著差异的两个水稻品种:II优084(高响应)和武运粳23(低响应),在幼苗期根系形态对高C的响应差异。水培试验结果表明,在幼苗时期,高应答品种II优084在低氮条件下地上部生物量在高CO_2下增加28.5%,根系干物质量对高CO_2响应显著,增幅为28.5%,而其不定根数目没有显著增加,对干物质量响应贡献较大的为总根长。II优084的总根长在高CO_2下增幅为26.3%,不同根粗的根长均有高响应。低应答品种武运粳23低氮下地上部和根系响应不显著,而在正常氮和高氮下则不同。正常氮条件下,地上部对高CO_2响应不显著,而根系生物量在高CO_2下显著增加76.0%,不定根数目增加25.8%,同时总根长增加45.0%,不同根粗的根长均有高响应,II优084则没有显著响应。在高氮条件下,武运粳23地上部生物量在高CO_2下增加35.5%,根系生物量增加80.3%,不定根数目增加38.5%,根系平均直径增加16.7%,总根长无响应,而II优084生物量在高氮下无显著差异。同时,武运粳23在正常氮和高氮下的根系表面积和体积对高CO_2响应也较II优084显著。琼脂板培养试验的结果与水培结果一致,武运粳23根系形态对高浓度蔗糖的响应普遍高于II优084。试验结果说明品种对高C环境的响应特征不随培养条件的变化而变化。与植株生长后期不同,在幼苗期正常氮条件下低应答品种武运粳23的根系生物量和各形态指标对高C的响应明显高于II优084,说明水稻苗期生长响应参数与后期产量响应参数不一定一致,可能是由于苗期生长高响应的品种在营养生长期旺长,反而不利于后期生殖生长,从而导致后期产量的低响应。     

高低应答CO2水稻品种苗期根系对高C环境的响应

本文利用水培试验和琼脂板培养试验研究了高CO₂条件下产量响应存在显著差异的两个水稻品种：II优084(高响应)和武运粳23(低响应),在幼苗期根系形态对高C的响应差异。水培试验结果表明,在幼苗时期,高应答品种II优084在低氮条件下地上部生物量在高CO₂下增加28.5%,根系干物质量对高CO₂响应显著,增幅为28.5%,而其不定根数目没有显著增加,对干物质量响应贡献较大的为总根长。II优084的总根长在高CO₂下增幅为26.3%,不同根粗的根长均有高响应。低应答品种武运粳23低氮下地上部和根系响应不显著,而在正常氮和高氮下则不同。正常氮条件下,地上部对高CO₂响应不显著,而根系生物量在高CO₂下显著增加76.0%,不定根数目增加25.8%,同时总根长增加45.0%,不同根粗的根长均有高响应,II优084则没有显著响应。在高氮条件下,武运粳23地上部生物量在高CO₂下增加35.5%,根系生物量增加80.3%,不定根数目增加38.5%,根系平均直径增加16.7%,总根长无响应,而II优084生物量在高氮下无显著差异。同时,武运粳23在正常氮和高氮下的根系表面积和体积对高CO₂响应也较II优084显著。琼脂板培养试验的结果与水培结果一致,武运粳23根系形态对高浓度蔗糖的响应普遍高于II优084。试验结果说明品种对高C环境的响应特征不随培养条件的变化而变化。与植株生长后期不同,在幼苗期正常氮条件下低应答品种武运粳23的根系生物量和各形态指标对高C的响应明显高于II优084,说明水稻苗期生长响应参数与后期产量响应参数不一定一致,可能是由于苗期生长高响应的品种在营养生长期旺长,反而不利于后期生殖生长,从而导致后期产量的低响应。     

不同硝响应型水稻品种苗期根系生长对增硝营养的响应

利用控制条件下的水培试验方法,研究了两种铵硝配比(NH4+/NO3-为100/0和75/25)营养条件对4种不同硝响应型水稻品种苗期根系生长的影响。结果表明,在增硝营养(NH4+/NO3-为75/25)条件下,不同水稻品种NO3-的反应差异明显。与全NH4+营养条件相比,增硝营养条件下对NO3-强响应的水稻品种南光的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达50%和79%;同时南光的根系总根长、总不定根长和总侧根长增幅均达到显著水平;不定根数、新根数和侧根数亦显著增加;平均不定根长和平均侧根长差异不显著;对硝弱响应型的水稻品种上海97、辽粳和Elio在增硝营养培养下的根系不定根、新根和侧根的长度和数量差异均不显著。这表明增NO3-营养仅仅促进了对NO3-强响应型水稻南光根系的不定根和侧根的发生,进而促进根系对氮素的吸收,并没有促进不定根和侧根的伸长。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻根系对硝态氮的响应度强弱可能是水稻品种氮素效率差异性的因子之一。     

开放式空气中CO_2浓度增高（FACE）对常规粳稻蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响

为了明确未来大气CO2浓度升高对水稻蛋白质营养品质的影响,2009年利用稻田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE,FreeAirCO2 Enrichment）系统,以武运粳21、扬辐粳8号和武粳15为供试品种,研究大田生长期CO2浓度升高200μmol.mol-1对常规粳稻蛋白质营养品质的影响。结果表明：大气CO2浓度增加使所有供试品种精米蛋白质含量平均下降5.6%,使氨基酸、必需和非必需氨基酸总量平均分别下降7.6%、6.7%和7.9%,均达极显著水平。大气CO2浓度增加使供试品种精米必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量百分比显著增加,使非必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量百分比显著下降,但对精米中必需和非必需氨基酸的相对含量无显著影响。从氨基酸组分看,大气CO2浓度增加使供试品种精米中7种必需氨基酸和8种非必需氨基酸的含量均显著或极显著下降。CO2处理与品种对精米蛋白质含量、氨基酸总量、必需和非必需氨基酸总量以及部分氨基酸组分有一定的互作效应,武运粳21上述参数对高浓度CO2的响应大于扬辐粳8号或武粳15对应参数的响应。以上结果说明本世纪中叶大气中的CO2浓度将使粳稻蛋白质营养品质下降,不同品种下降幅度存在一定差异。     

不同氮效率水稻品种苗期吸氮效率差异及其机理研究

以大田筛选得到的不同生物学特性的12个水稻品种为材料,研究了水培条件下这些品种苗期的吸N效率差异,结果表明大田N效率不同的品种在苗期水培条件下吸N效率也不相同,并且大田相同类型的品种在苗期N效率也不完全相同。供试7个大田高产品种中只有桂单4号、云粳38和黔育421这3个水稻品种在水培环境中同样保持较其它品种生物量大,N响应高的特性;另外3个大田高产品种南光、予粳7号和4007在苗期N效率表现很差;红稻Vmax虽然很大,但是生物量很小,所以综合表现一般。3个低产品种Elio、抚宁小红芒和黄金糯中,Elio在苗期N效率很高,另外2个品种N效率不高。研究发现,生物量(尤其是根系的生物量)和对NH4 的亲和力(1/Km)以及Vmax是水稻苗期吸N效率的主要决定因素。典型的苗期N高效品种有桂单4号、黔育421、Elio和云粳38,这些品种苗期N累积量高,N响应值高,原因在于桂单4号、黔育421和Elio在水平增加后Vmax都成倍增加,尤其Elio的Vmax一直都很高,而云粳38则主要是靠较高的生物量来获得高吸N量。典型的低效品种有南光、4007、武运粳7号和予粳7号,这些品种N累积量小,N响应值小,原因在于其中前3个品种在N水平增加后Vmax都降低,Km大幅度增加,而予粳7号虽然Vmax稍有增加,但亲和力则降低最大而成为所有品种中最低的,所以综合结果仍是低效。     

太湖地区主栽高产水稻品种对土壤和肥料氮的利用特性研究

在太湖地区宜兴市采用~(15)N微区示踪试验,研究了太湖地区推广种植高产水稻武运粳23号(W23)和镇稻11号(Z11)及育种较早相对低产品种武育粳3号(W3)在不同供氮水平下齐穗期前后对土壤氮和肥料氮的吸收累积特性,土壤氮残留及其环境效应。结果表明:W23和Z11在N200(N,200 kg/hm~2)和N270(N,270 kg/hm~2)水平下整个生育期吸收累积3种类型氮量(总氮、土壤氮和肥料氮)均显著高于W3。不同水稻品种齐穗期前吸收累积3种类型氮量无显著差异,W23和Z11齐穗期之后对土壤氮和肥料氮的吸收能力均明显强于W3,特别是肥料氮,分别比W3高89.3%~134%和119%~157%;施氮量增加促进了W23和Z11齐穗期前对土壤氮的吸收,但对不同水稻品种齐穗期后对土壤氮和肥料氮的吸收无明显影响;不同水稻品种在两种供氮条件下的稻田土壤肥料氮残留(15N示踪),全氮、碱解氮、NH4+-N和NO3–-N均无明显差异;在同等施氮条件下,高产品种W23和Z11整个生育期稻田氮向环境的排放量低于W3,是相对环境友好型水稻品种。     

不同生育期类型水稻对稻田土壤基础供氮量的响应

以长江中下游地区5种生育期类型水稻为材料,于大田条件下研究了不施氮肥水平下不同生育类型水稻对土壤氮吸收的差异.以明确不同生育类型水稻对稻田土壤基础供氮能力的响应.结果表明,土壤基础供氮量随着水稻生育期的延长而增加,中熟晚粳分别比早熟中粳、中熟中粳、迟熟中粳和早熟晚粳高28.99%,18.18%,9.27%和6.06%,表明生育期长的晚粳较中粳对土壤氮素的吸收能力强.土壤氮素利用效率和土壤氮素收获指数,在中粳间的变化规律一致,即随生育期的延长呈先增加后降低的趋势;在晚粳间的变化趋势则表现为,随生育期的延长土壤氮素利用效率增加,土壤氮素收获指数类型问的差异较小.相关分析表明,土壤基础供氮量与基础产量呈极显著的正相关关系,与土壤氮素利用效率和土壤氮素收获指数呈显著或极显著负相关关系.说明土壤基础供氮能力的高低决定着基础产量水平,同时制约着土壤氮素利用效率和氮素收获指数的大小.     

不同氮效率水稻品种增硝营养下根系生长的响应特征

试验采用两室分根盒和溶液培养方法,研究了在增硝营养下不同氮效率水稻品种根系生长的响应特征。结果表明,在本试验条件下,与全铵培养下的根系相比,氮高效水稻品种南光在铵硝混合培养下的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达33%和41%;同时其根系表面积、根系体积和侧根数增幅均达到显著水平,但根系长度却无明显增加。氮低效水稻品种Elio在铵硝混合培养下的根系生长差异均不显著。这表明氮高效水稻品种南光的根系生长对增硝营养的响应度强,进而促进了根系对氮素的吸收利用。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻对增硝营养的强响应度可能是水稻氮素高效吸收利用的生理机制之一。     

不同氮形态对两种基因型水稻根系形态及氮吸收效率的影响

为了探索不同铵硝配比对水稻根系形态和地上部N累积量的影响及其与根系吸N量的关系,以苗期N高效品种桂单4号和N低效品种南光为材料,设置1.0mmol/L NO3--N、0.5mmol/L NH4NO3、1.0mmol/L NH4 -N 3个N处理开展了研究.结果表明:含有NO3--N的处理总根长、总根数和总根表面积均明显高于NH4 -N的处理,且桂单4号和南光两种基因型水稻之间存在差异.两品种均在0.5 mmol/L NH4NO3处理中根系吸N量最高,其次是1.0 mmol/L NH4 -N处理,1.0 mmol/L NO3--N的处理根系吸N量最少.     

不同基因型水稻氮利用效率的差异及评价

随着人们对农田氮肥过量施用导致肥料利用率下降和环境污染等问题认识的逐渐加深,不同基因型水稻氮营养效率的研究得到了普遍重视。采用177个粳稻基因型在两个施氮水平下进行田间筛选试验来评价水稻的产量、吸氮量和氮素生理利用效率的变异情况。结果表明,随着供氮水平的增加,水稻的产量和吸氮量随之增加,氮生理利用效率却随之降低;在相同的供氮水平下,不同水稻基因型之间的产量、吸氮量和氮生理利用效率存在显著差异。根据水稻在两个供氮水平下的产量水平把水稻分为四个类型:双高效型、低氮高效型、双低效型和高氮高效型。氮高效基因型可描述为在不同供氮水平下都有较高的产量,同时意味着氮高效品种能吸收大量的氮或有较高的氮生理利用效率。水稻成熟时较低的秸秆氮浓度可表明水稻具有较高的氮生理利用效率。     

两个氮素利用率不同的水稻品种根系形态及生理特性的差异

The variation in nitrogen (N) uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low (1 mmol N L^-1) and high (5 mmol N L^-1) N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-61% greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.     

籼、粳超级稻氮素吸收利用与转运差异研究

【目的】目前我国选育和认定的超级稻品种很多,但如何发挥其高产潜力至关重要。氮素是影响水稻生长发育、 产量和品质形成的最活跃因素之一,因此,深入分析籼、 粳超级稻氮素吸收、 利用与转运特征及其与产量形成的关系,从氮素营养层面上阐明超级粳稻高产形成机理,以期为超级稻品种的合理利用以及增产潜力的挖掘提供参考。【方法】2011~2012年在江苏苏中地区,以主体且具有代表性的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料,对稻-麦两熟制条件下籼、 粳超级稻主要生育期植株含氮率和氮素积累量、 氮素阶段吸收速率和阶段吸收量、 氮素利用效率,以及抽穗至成熟期叶、 茎、 鞘氮素转运量、 表观转运率和转运贡献率等进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】1）粳稻平均实收产量、 氮素吸收总量和百公斤籽粒吸氮量分别达10.89 t/hm2、 224.50 kg/hm2和2.79 kg,分别较籼稻高13.21%、 32.74%和17.45%,差异极显著。2）移栽有效分蘖临界叶龄期、 拔节抽穗期和抽穗成熟期, 粳稻氮素积累量显著或极显著高于籼稻,而有效分蘖临界叶龄期拔节期粳稻极显著低于籼稻。氮素阶段吸收速率表现的趋势与氮素阶段吸收量一致。3）抽穗期和成熟期粳稻植株各器官以及整个生育期整株的含氮率均显著或极显著高于籼稻。4）粳稻氮素吸收利用率和农学利用率略高于籼稻,但氮素生理利用率、 籽粒生产效率、 干物质生产效率和氮肥偏生产力,除氮素生理利用率外,均显著或极显著低于籼稻。5）成熟期,粳稻叶、 茎、 鞘含氮量所占比例均极显著地高于籼稻,但穗中含氮量所占比例极显著低于籼稻,因此,籼稻氮素收获指数极显著高于粳稻。6）抽穗成熟期,粳稻叶、 茎、 鞘氮素转运量、 表观转运率和转运贡献率均小于籼稻,除鞘的氮素转运贡献率外其他指标均达显著或极显著水平。7）籼稻籽粒氮主要依靠抽穗前源器官中贮积的氮素的输出与转运,粳稻主要依靠生育中后期(拔节成熟期)氮素的高速吸收。【结论】在稳定生育前期(移栽拔节期)氮素吸收的基础上,大幅提高生育中期和后期(拔节成熟期)氮素吸收速率和氮素积累量,是稳定形成较高的氮素吸收总量及粳稻高产形成的关键。     

水稻根系形态与氮素吸收累积的相关性分析

【目的】氮肥过量施用,不仅造成氮肥大量流失,还增加了农业生产成本,对生态环境带来了巨大的威胁。水稻根系形态作为影响养分吸收和利用的主要因素之一,明确其与氮素吸收累积的相关性是提高氮素利用效率、降低环境污染的有效途径。【方法】利用营养液培养方法,研究了 55 个水稻品种在 NH₄+-N 和 NO₃–-N 供应条件下苗期植株生物量、氮含量和氮素累积量及其与根系形态指标的相关性。【结果】在 NH₄+-N 培养下,水稻营养指标与根系形态指标的相关性高于其在 NO₃–-N 培养下的相关性。在相同供氮水平下,供应 NH₄+-N 的水稻苗期平均生物量为 55.77 mg/plant,比供应 NO₃–-N 的量高 4.94 mg/plant;水稻苗期平均氮含量为 4.22%,比供应 NO₃–-N 的高 0.72%;水稻苗期平均氮累积量为 1.91 mg/plant,比供应 NO₃–-N 的苗期平均氮累积量高 0.67 mg/plant。在 NH₄+-N 和 NO₃–-N 两种氮素形态培养条件下,水稻根系形态指标品种间根尖数变异系数最大,平均根系直径变异系数最小。总根体积、总根面积、总根长、分枝数四个形态指标与植株生物量、植株氮含量、植株氮累积量相关性最为显著,且相关系数 (r) 呈总根体积 > 总根面积 > 总根长 > 分枝数的规律。在 NH₄+-N 培养下的水稻营养指标与根系形态指标的相关性要高于其在 NO₃–-N 培养下的相关性。【结论】水稻苗期总根体积、总根面积、总根长、分枝数可作为水稻氮高效评价的重要指标。     

不同基因型机插稻植株氮素积累运转特性

【目的】明确机械化育插秧条件下不同基因型水稻氮素吸收利用的特点,分析提高其氮素吸收利用的途径。【方法】以3个中籼中熟杂交稻、3个中籼迟熟杂交稻、4个粳稻共计10个品种为材料,采用随机区组大田试验设计,测定不同生育时期各器官干物重和氮素含量、产量等,研究了不同基因型机插稻植株氮素积累、分配和运转特性的差异及其原因。【结果】1)育插秧机械化条件下水稻植株氮素积累符合Logistic曲线增长规律。2)整个生育期机插稻植株含氮量呈下降趋势,粳稻植株的含氮量在生长中期(拔节期—抽穗期)高于杂交籼稻,而后逐渐降低,到成熟期极显著低于杂交籼稻,中籼中熟杂交稻因降低缓慢到成熟期植株含氮量最高。3)粳稻植株的终极氮素积累量最低,中籼中熟杂交稻和中籼迟熟杂交稻终极氮素积累量平均比粳稻高23.0%和33.1%。4)中籼中熟杂交稻抽穗期—成熟期氮素积累量最大,在氮素积累上具有后发优势,且穗部分配率、叶片与茎鞘氮素表观转运率、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮素转运效率均较高,说明育插秧机械化条件下,中籼中熟杂交稻品种的氮素在转运和利用上具有高效性。其中,F优498的终极氮素积累量高,且具有前期积累快,后期运转分配合理等优势。5)中籼迟熟杂交稻氮素积累出现最大增长速率较晚,平稳持续增长时间较长,终极积累量最大,但氮素积累对产量的贡献没有优势。6)粳稻中杂交粳稻69优8号相比其他粳稻品种,氮素积累量大且产量高,也具有氮素转运和利用的高效性。【结论】机插稻植株氮素积累转运特性受不同基因型的显著影响。本研究采用植株含氮量、终极氮素积累量、百千克籽粒吸氮量等反映机插稻氮素吸收转运特性的指标进行比较发现,在育插秧机械化条件下,中籼中熟杂交稻相比中籼迟熟杂交稻和粳稻氮素具有积累转运和利用高效性,其中F优498在氮素积累、分配并促进产量形成方面具有遗传上的优势。中籼迟熟杂交稻虽具有氮素积累量潜力,但氮素积累对水稻产量的贡献相对较低。机插粳稻氮素积累较低,但相比其他粳稻品种机插杂交粳稻69优8号具有氮素积累量大且产量高的潜力,较适合机插。     

Root‐growth characteristics contributing to genotypic variation in nitrogen efficiency of oilseed rape

A 3‐year field experiment was carried out to determine the significance of root‐growth characteristics contributing to N‐uptake efficiency of two oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars differing in N efficiency. Two N treatments were applied, and the core and minirhizotron techniques were used to study root‐length density and number of living roots, respectively. Fertilizer‐N supply increased shoot dry matter, grain yield, total N uptake, and total soil N_min contents particularly in the top soil. Although significant differences occurred in all parameters between years, the interactions between years and cultivars were mostly not significant. Compared to cv. Capitol, the N‐efficient cv. Apex was characterized by a higher grain yield at N0 and a higher N uptake during reproductive growth. This genotype also had a higher root‐length density and more living fine roots particularly in the topsoil layer. Root growth of this genotype was especially high from beginning of shooting to beginning of flowering, while shoot growth and N uptake during vegetative growth were comparatively low. Our results suggest that N‐efficient cultivars can be characterized by a high investment in root growth during the vegetative stage with a comparatively slow shoot growth and N‐uptake rate until beginning of flowering, which, however, continues during reproductive growth. High root production only during reproductive growth seems to be less effective to achieve high N efficiency, because this may lead to a shortage of assimilates for seed filling. High root‐length density at vegetative stages may thus be advantageous for N uptake and reproductive growth and could be a useful morphological character for the selection and breeding of N‐efficient cultivars.     

Genotypic Difference in Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation by Rice Seedlings Grown in Hydroponics

Genotypic differences in arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) uptake and their translocation within rice seedlings grown in solution culture were investigated. Arsenic uptake and its translocation differed significantly between eight cultivars. The largest shoot and root As concentrations were found in cultivar ‘TN1’ and ‘ZYQ8’, while cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the lowest As concentration. Arsenic concentration in shoot or root of ‘JX-17’ was about 50% of that in cultivar ‘ZYQ8’. Specific Arsenic uptake (SAU) was found significantly different between rice cultivars, which was about 2-fold higher of ‘ZYQ8’ than that of ‘JX-17’. The Cd accumulation also differed significantly between cultivars. Rice cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the highest ability in Cd uptake, but the lowest ability in Cd translocation from root to shoot. The transfer factor (TF) of Cd had an important effect on Cd accumulation by rice seedlings. Arsenic can competitively inhibit P uptake by rice seedlings, P concentrations in shoots, or roots treated with As were significantly lower than those without As addition. However, the concentrations of P and As were positively correlated within these genotypes. The Cd immobilization by cell wall was an important mechanism for Cd detoxification. The cell wall bound 21–44% of total Cd in shoots and 25–59% of total Cd in roots of these tested genotypes. The genotypic differences in As and Cd uptake and translocation within rice seedlings provide the possibility of selecting and breeding genotypes and /or cultivars with reduced levels of As and Cd in rice grains.     

Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

增硝营养对水稻不同生育时期生长及氮素吸收同化的影响

The effect of nitrate （NO3^-） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth as well as N absorption and assimilation during different growth stages was examined using three typical rice cultivars. Dry weight, yield, N uptake, nitrate reductase activity （NRA） in leaves, and glutamine synthetase activity （GSA） in roots and leaves during their entire growth periods, as well as the kinetic parameters of ammonium （NH4^＋） uptake at the seedling stage, were measured with solution culture experiments. Results indicated that addition of NH4^＋-N and NO3^-N at a ratio of 75：25 （NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment） when compared with that of NH4^＋-N alone （NH4^＋ treatment） increased the dry weight of ‘Nanguang＇ cultivar by 30% and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivar by 31%, and also increased their grain yield by 21% and 17%, respectively. For the four growth stages, the total N accumulation in plants increased by an average of 36% for ‘Nanguang＇ and 31% for ‘Yunjing 38＇, whereas the increasing effect of NO3^- in the ‘4007＇ cultivar was only found at the seedling stage, in the NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment compared to the NH4^＋ treatment, NRA in the leaves increased by 2.09 folds, and GSA increased by 92% in the roots and 52% in the leaves of the three cultivars. NO3^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate （Vmax） in the ‘Nanguang＇ and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivars, reflecting that the NO3^- itself, not the increasing N concentration, increased the uptake rate of NH4^＋ by rice. There was no effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant （Kin） of the three cultivars. Thus, some replacement of NH4^＋ with NO3^-could greatly improve the growth of rice plants, mainly on account of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ promoted by NO3^-, and future studies should focus on the molecular mechanism of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ by NO3^-.     

Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Rice Under Cadmium Contamination:Influence of Rice Cultivar Versus Soil Type

There is a need for rice cultivars with high yields and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), but with low cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Cd-contaminated paddy soils. To determine the relative effects of rice genotype, soil type, and Cd addition on rice grain yield and NUE, a pot experiment consisting of nine rice cultivars was conducted in two types of paddy soils, red soil (RS) and yellow soil (YS), without or with Cd spiked at 0.6 mg kg^-1. The N supply was from both soil organic N pools and N fertilizers; thus, NUE was defined as the grain yield per unit of total crop-available N in the soil. Cd addition decreased grain yield and NUE in most rice cultivars, which was mainly related to reduced N uptake efficiency (NpUE, defined as the percentage of N taken up by the crop per unit of soil available N). However, Cd addition enhanced N assimilation efficiency (NtUE, defined as the grain yield per unit of N taken up by the crop) by 21.9% on average in all rice cultivars. The NpUE was mainly affected by soil type, whereas NtUE was affected by rice cultivar. Hybrid cultivars had higher NUEs than the japonica and indica cultivars because of their greater biomass and higher tolerance to Cd contamination. Reduction of NUE after Cd addition was stronger in RS than in YS, which was related to the lower absorption capacity for Cd in RS. Canonical correspondence analysis-based variation partitioning showed that cultivar type had the largest effect (34.4%) on NUE, followed by Cd addition (15.2%) and soil type (10.0%).     

川东北麦秆还田对水稻氮素吸收转运的影响

为合理利用秸秆,于2014和2015年两个水稻生长季,在大田条件下,以当地平均施肥量为标准,设置不同量的化肥配施秸秆处理,研究秸秆还田下水稻氮素吸收转运特征。结果表明:较纯化肥处理,秸秆替代一部分氮肥处理对水稻产量、地上部氮素积累量、氮素收获指数及氮肥生产效率无显著影响(P0.05);在不同程度上降低氮素在穗部的分配比例、营养器官吸收氮素向穗部转运量、转运率、转运氮对籽粒氮素贡献率;在不同程度上提高成熟期营养器官氮素积累量,显著提升抽穗后氮素吸收量及其对籽粒氮素贡献率(P0.05)。综合氮素吸收转运及利用效率,川东北稻麦轮作区水稻季在化肥减施30%基础上,麦秆还田量以6 000 kg/hm~2为宜。