不同土层土壤酶活性对重金属汞和镉胁迫的响应

通过室内模拟重金属污染土壤,研究了不同浓度Hg、Cd单一胁迫及Hg＋Cd复合胁迫对不同土层（0-20cm和20-40cm）土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同土壤酶对Hg和Cd胁迫的响应并不一致,Hg对土壤脲酶和转化酶的影响较大,Cd对过氧化氢酶的作用更显著。转化酶对Hg、Cd胁迫的响应因处理浓度不同而表现为抑制或激活作用。相关分析显示,脲酶活性可作为土壤Hg及Hg＋Cd污染程度的生化监测指标;而过氧化氢酶活性可以作为Cd污染的指标。同一重金属浓度胁迫下,0—20cm土层的土壤酶活性明显高于20～40cm土层的土壤酶活性。Hg、Cd胁迫对0～20cm土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的抑制作用小于20～40cm相应土壤酶活性,高浓度Hg和低浓度Cd对0—20cm土壤转化酶表现为抑制作用,而对20-40cm土壤转化酶却表现为激活作用。     

汞镉对游离和固定化脲酶活性的影响

通过对脲酶与汞镉间关系的研究 ,结果表明 :不同状态 (溶液态、粘粒态和土壤态 )脲酶对汞、镉的反应表现出类似的规律性变化 ,即汞、镉抑制脲酶活性 ,其中汞镉复合污染的影响幅度最大 ,汞的生态毒性最强 ;相关分析显示脲酶活性均可表征样品汞、汞镉污染的程度 ;在汞、镉共存条件下 ,脲酶活性不仅受到汞、镉单因素 ,而且受到它们间交互作用的影响 ,但仍以单独抑制为主 ;由于不同状态脲酶载体的差别 ,导致受影响幅度有较大差异 ,其主要取决于载体对脲酶保护作用和重金属缓冲作用的大小 ,溶液态脲酶无载体 ,而粘粒态和土壤态则相反 ,故溶液态脲酶更易受到重金属的破坏 ,酶的反应也较敏感。温度和尿素浓度均增强了汞镉的抑制作用     

Cd、Pb单一及复合污染下土壤酶生态抑制效应及生态修复基准研究

由于土壤酶活性可有效地反映土壤重金属的污染程度,因此,本文通过研究Cd、Pb单一及复合污染对土壤酶（脱氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶和蔗糖酶）活性的影响,以期选取合适的土壤酶指标作为Cd、Pb污染的生物标记物,为建立Cd、Pb污染生态修复的基准提供科学依据。研究结果表明,不同的土壤酶活性对Cd、Pb的敏感性各不相同,并且酶活性随土壤重金属浓度增加表现为叠加效应或拮抗效应。Cd、Pb单一及复合污染对脲酶活性抑制作用显著,Cd、Pb复合污染对脲酶活性表现为叠加效应,因此,脲酶可作为土壤Cd、Pb污染的生物标记物。通过半数生态剂量模型研究发现：Cd、Pb污染下,50%脲酶活性受抑制的毒性阈值分别为2273和2703;Cd污染土壤的生态修复基准值为1.33mg·kg-1,Pb污染土壤的生态修复基准值为106mg·kg-1。     

土霉素及镉污染对土壤呼吸及酶活性的影响

随着饲料工业以及畜禽养殖业的规模化发展,抗生素和重金属在土壤环境中同时存在的几率不断增大。为了分析抗生素和重金属对土壤微生物生态系统的影响,以土霉素(OTC)与镉(Cd)为污染物,采用室内培养法,研究了土霉素(OTC)与镉(Cd)单一处理及复合污染对土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响。结果表明,10mg/kg重金属镉单独污染对土壤微生物呼吸表现为先抑制后激活作用,且显著抑制了土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性,对3种酶活性平均抑制率从大到小依次为:蔗糖酶磷酸酶脲酶;1mg/kg土霉素显著激活土壤微生物呼吸,50和200mg/kg土霉素对土壤微生物呼吸的影响呈现出先抑制后激活的规律。各处理浓度下的土霉素对蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均主要表现为抑制作用,对磷酸酶活性的影响呈现出一定的波动性;当土霉素的浓度为1和200mg/kg时,其与10mg/kg镉的复合污染对土壤微生物呼吸及3种酶活性的影响主要为拮抗作用,但当土霉素的浓度为50mg/kg时,与10mg/kg镉的复合污染对土壤微生物呼吸及3种酶活性的影响则主要为协同作用。微生物呼吸对土霉素与镉胁迫更为敏感,最高抑制率和激活率分别可达98.98%和300.82%,土壤酶活性受土霉素和镉污染的影响要弱于它们对土壤微生物呼吸的影响。     

福建沿海农田土壤重金属污染与潜在生态风险研究

分析了取自福建沿海农田185件表层土壤样品的重金属含量与分布特征,采用连续提出的方法研究重金属元素的赋存状态。结果表明福建沿海稻田土壤中的Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均含量分别为0.41mgkg-1、0.20mgkg-1、6.62mgkg-1、35.65mgkg-1、12.7mgkg-1、128.39mgkg-1、109.65mgkg-1和63.56mgkg-1。相对于区域土壤背景值与国家土壤环境质量标准,污染较突出的元素是Hg和Cd。有46%样品中的Hg含量高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值,有13%的样品的Cd高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值。Hg高含量的样品主要分布福州、漳州等城镇等附近,同时它在土壤中主要以有机结合态的形式存在,土壤中Hg含量的升高可能主要来自于后期污染的叠加。Cd高含量的样品的分布则较分散,并不都集中在工业活动区,同时它在土壤中是以残渣态和铁锰氧化物态的形式存在,说明其高含量可能更多是受到成土母质的地球化学背景影响。农田土壤中的Hg和Cd具有较高的生态风险。该区主要是栽种水稻,而水稻对Cd具有强吸收的特性,土壤酸化还会促进Cd的吸收。本区土壤呈酸性,所以Cd污染可能导致大米的食品安全应引起足够重视。     

Hg的土壤酶效应初步研究

采用土壤酶对汞生态毒性进行研究,在理论和实践上具有重要意义。通过室内模拟试验,针对我国几种主要类型土壤（黄褐土、风沙土、塿土和红壤）中影响土壤碳、氮、磷物质循环和微生物活性的土壤转化酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶与Hg的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,Hg抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶、转化酶活性,但规律性不明显;土壤脲酶低浓度时激活,高浓度抑制;土壤脱氢酶和总体酶活性受到抑制。Hg浓度与脲酶、脱氢酶、总体酶活性间达显著或极显著负相关关系,揭示出其在一定程度上可表征土壤Hg污染的程度,其中尤以总体酶活性结果最优;计算Hg轻微污染时的ED10值0.0005～0.59mg·kg-1。土壤有机质和pH对二者关系具有重要影响。     

镉胁迫对洞庭湖湿地土壤微生物数量与活性的影响

为探讨Cd污染胁迫与洞庭湖湿地土壤微生物学特性之间的内在关系,通过野外土样采集和室内模拟胁迫相结合的方法,研究Cd污染胁迫对洞庭湖湿地土壤微生物数量和微生物活性的影响。结果表明,当Cd胁迫浓度为3 mg kg~(-1)时对洞庭湖湿地土壤细菌、微生物总数及土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)刺激作用显著,当Cd胁迫浓度为6 mg kg~(-1)时对真菌有显著的刺激作用,而对细菌、放线菌、微生物总数及微生物生物量氮(SMBN)均表现出抑制作用,且随Cd胁迫浓度的进一步增加对细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物总数及SMBC、SMBN的抑制作用增强;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性随Cd胁迫浓度的增加而降低;土壤基础呼吸(SBR)与代谢墒(qCO_2)随Cd胁迫浓度的增加呈上升趋势。放线菌、SMBC、SMBN、土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、磷酸酶活性、脱氢酶活性、SBR及qCO_2与Cd胁迫浓度相关显著或极显著;Cd胁迫条件下脱氢酶活性的变异系数最大为50.0%,表明脱氢酶活性的变化对Cd胁迫反映最为敏感,可作为洞庭湖湿地Cd污染土壤质量评价的灵敏指标。     

稻壳和稻壳生物炭对镉污染土壤肥力及镉有效性的影响

在镉(Cd)污染土壤中添加等碳量的稻壳及稻壳生物炭,研究不同材料对Cd污染土壤理化性质、肥力、酶活性及重金属Cd有效态含量的影响。共设置4个处理组,未被Cd污染土壤(CK)、Cd污染土壤(CD)、添加2%生物炭的Cd污染土壤(BO)、添加等碳量的稻壳Cd污染土壤(DK)。试验结果表明,BO和DK组的土壤总有机碳含量较CD组分别提高10.05%和5.02%,DK组的可溶性有机碳含量在第60 d,比CD组高出43.90%,BO组培养第90 d时,比CD组高13.00%;BO组的碱解氮含量对比CD显著降低,DK组的碱解氮含量对比CD组显著升高。不同处理组对酶活性有不同影响,第45 d时,BO和DK组的脲酶活性较CD组显著提高,分别提高10.14%和8.61%;施加稻壳和稻壳生物炭均能显著提高土壤中的蔗糖酶活性,但BO组显著低于DK组。不同处理对土壤理化性质有不同的影响,DK和BO组均显著提升土壤的孔隙度、初始孔隙比和土壤中砂粒、黏粒的比例;土壤重金属有效态试验结果表明,DK组中Cd污染土壤中的酸可提取态Cd的含量显著降低。对比施入稻壳生物炭,施加稻壳能够短期提升土壤肥力;生物炭和稻壳均能提升土壤的孔隙度和比重,使土壤中的黏粒占比上升;稻壳生物炭及稻壳均能缓解Cd对酶活性的抑制作用;相比生物炭而言,稻壳更能显著降低土壤中酸提取态的Cd含量。     

基于稻米摄入风险的稻田土壤镉临界值研究:个案研究

研究了浙江富阳某乡土壤Cd的污染,以及水稻对土壤Cd的吸收,并应用基于稻米摄入风险的方法推导了土壤Cd的临界值。结果表明,研究区土壤与稻米Cd污染严重。结合土壤总Cd和土壤pH应用多元回归分析建立了稻米Cd含量的预测模型。应用预测模型计算表明,pH分别为5、6、7、8时土壤Cd的临界值分别为0.42mgkg-1、0.79mgkg-1、1.49mgkg-1和2.81mgkg-1。土壤性质差异使得Cd的临界值具有较大的空间变异。在研究区,有73%地区总Cd含量超过了所对应的临界值,因此需要实施合理的风险管理措施。土壤Cd的临界值推导过程中不确定性来源主要为风险评估模型以及水稻Cd的预测模型,土壤pH是最敏感的参数。     

湖南湘潭市土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对湘潭市土壤、不同土地利用类型及不同土壤类型土壤重金属Cu,Pb,zn,Cd,Cr,Hg,As污染现状进行了调查和分析.结果表明,湘潭市54个样本中镉、汞2种重金属属于重污染;铜、锌属于中污染;铬属于轻度污染;铅、砷属于尚清洁区.不同土地利用类型土壤中镉、汞污染严重,介于重污染与中污染之间,铅属清洁区或尚清洁区,其余介于轻度污染与尚清洁区之间.不同类型土壤中镉、汞污染严重,属重污染,锌属中污染,铅属清洁区或尚清洁区,其余介于轻度污染与尚清洁区之间.总之,湘潭市镉、汞污染严重,污染可能由工业三废、汽车尾气、化肥和污水灌溉造成的.     

Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial diversity and activity as shown by the sensitivity-resistance index,an ecologically relevant parameter

A sensitivity-resistance index was developed, and proved to be a very sensitive biomonitor of soil pollution with heavy metals. The index was developed by a step-by-step approach. Ultimately, the bacterial soil microflora was divided into three groups, senstivive, tolerant, and resistant microflora. Zn and Cd sensitivity was defined as no growth occurring in the presence of 5 and 0.5 mg l^-1 of these metals, respectively, while resistance was defined as distinct growth in the presence of 50 and 16 mg l^-1, respectively. The sensitivity: resistance ratio of a referent clay soil (0.57 mg Cd kg^-1 and 140 mg Zn kg^-1) was 0.53, but for polluted (6 mg Cd kg^-1 + 670 mg Zn kg^-1) clay soil, the ratio was 0.24. For a referent (0.06 mg Cd kg^-1 + 12 mg Zn kg^-1) sandy soil the sensitivity: resistance ratio was 1.50 whereas polluted (2.3 mg Cd kg^-1 + 252 mg Zn kg^-1) sandy soil had a ratio 0.19. The ecological value of the sensitivity-resistance lies in its capacity to reflect potential deradation of aromatic compounds. It has been shown repeatedly that sensitive bacteria grow significantly better on a range of selected aromatic compounds. It has been speculated that resistance fo heavy metals may reduce the bioremediation capacity of soil towards chlorinated aromatics and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.     

Effects of a cadmium-contaminated sewage sludge compost on dynamics of organic matter and microbial activity in an arid soil

 An incubation experiment lasting 120 days was carried out to ascertain the effect on the soil microbial activity and organic matter mineralization of adding a sewage sludge compost contaminated with two different levels of Cd to an arid soil. Two composts, with a low (2 mg kg^–1) and high (815 mg kg^–1) Cd content, respectively, were used in this experiment. Both composts increased the total organic C, humic substance and water-soluble C contents, the beneficial effects still being noticeable after 120 days of incubation. The most labile C fraction (water-soluble C) was the most sensitive to the high Cd content. The high Cd concentration decreased soil microbial biomass C and stimulated the metabolic activity of the microbial biomass, the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) revealing itself to be a very sensitive index of the stress that the incorporation of a Cd-contaminated sewage sludge compost causes in a soil. The effect of Cd contamination on enzyme activities (urease, protease that hydrolyse N-α-benzoil-l-arginamide, phosphatase, and β-glucosidase) depended on the enzyme studied. Received: 10 September 1997     

土壤锗污染对土壤酶活性的生态毒理效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验,研究了土壤添加锗(Ge)对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶的生态毒理效应。结果表明,在土壤Ge含量2~200 mg kg-1范围,土壤Ge对脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶活性抑制作用不明显。土壤Ge对土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性有明显抑制作用,脲酶受Ge的抑制作用最强。土壤Ge含量与脲酶活性之间具有显著负相关,脲酶抑制率可作为Ge生态风险评价的一项生物指示物。     

湿地土壤质量退化的模糊综合评价

Due to frequent soil Cd contamination and wide use of butachlor in China,there is a need to assess their combined toxicity to soil microorganisms.The combined effects of cadmium (Cd,10 mg kg^-1 soil) and herbicide butachlor (10,50,and 100 mg kg^-1 soil) on enzyme activities and microbial community structure in a paddy soil were assessed using the traditional enzyme assays and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.The results showed that urease and phosphatase activities were significantly reduced by high butachlor concentration (100 mg kg^-1 soil).When the concentrations of Cd and butachlor added were at a ratio of 1:10,urease and phosphatase activities were significantly decreased whereas enzyme activities were greatly improved at the ratio of 1:5,which indicated that the combined effects of Cd and butachlor on soil urease and phosphatase activities depended largely on their addition concentration ratios.Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed loss of original bands and appearance of new bands when compared with the control soil.Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints suggested substantial differences between the control and treated soil samples,with apparent changes in the number and size of amplified DNA fragments.The addition of high concentration butachlor and the combined impacts of Cd and butachlor significantly affected the diversity of the microbial community.RAPD analysis in conjunction with other biomarkers such as soil enzyme parameters would prove a powerful ecotoxicological tool.Further investigations should be carried out to understand the clear link between RAPD patterns and enzyme activity.     

Functional and Structural Changes associated with Cadmium in Mustard Plant: Effect of Applied Sulphur

Abstract

The effect of cadmium (Cd) and sulphur (S) on dry weight, biochemical parameters and anatomical features of mustard (Brassica campestris L. cv. Pusa Bold) plant was investigated in a pot culture experiment using Cd (25, 50, and 100 mg kg^?1 of soil), S (40 mg kg^?1 of soil), and the combination of Cd+S (25+40 mg kg^?1 of soil, 50+40 mg kg^?1 of soil, and 100+40 mg kg^?1 of soil). Sulphur treatment was given at sowing and Cd treatment was given when seedlings were fully established. Observations were recorded at the flowering stage. A significant and antagonistic interaction of Cd and S was observed. Compared to the control, leaf dry weight, total chlorophyll content, sugar content, nitrate reductase activity, and protein content decreased significantly with each Cd treatment, whereas the reverse was observed with S treatment. Combined treatments of Cd+S also reduced these parameters, but this reduction was less than the one observed with Cd treatments alone. However, nitrate accumulation in the leaves was 2.35 times higher with treatment of 100 mg Cd+40 mg S kg^?1 of soil than in the controls, whereas it was 3.5 times higher with Cd (100 mg kg^?1 of soil) alone. The relative proportion of vasculature in the stem, stoma length and width, and stomata length and width were inhibited with Cd treatments, whereas the combined treatments mitigated the adverse effect caused by Cd. Thus, S could alleviate the Cd induced impairment of biochemical and anatomical features of the plant and the enhancement of nitrate accumulation in the leaves.     

镉-乙草胺胁迫对蚯蚓-土壤-玉米系统的影响

重金属与农药复合型污染成为重要的环境问题之一,然而当前关于两者共同作用对蚯蚓-土壤-植物系统的影响研究还很少。为了探讨镉-乙草胺复合污染对蚯蚓-土壤-玉米农田系统的生态毒理效应和生态过程的影响,本研究通过室内模拟试验,从镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下蚯蚓生理响应、土壤理化性质及玉米形态特征等变化,探讨两者复合污染对玉米生长的影响机制。结果表明:1)随着处理时间的延长,镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下蚯蚓体内SOD活性呈先降低再升高的趋势,而MDA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;复合胁迫处理第2d和50d时, 20～30 cm土层的蚯蚓数量占所有土层蚯蚓总量百分比比对照分别增加1.34倍和1.14倍,蚯蚓对镉-乙草胺复合污染作出规避效应而向深层土壤迁移。2)镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下土壤有机质和速效磷含量与处理时间、处理方式、污染物无关,随着处理时间的延长,土壤碱解氮含量呈先显著降低后升高的趋势。3)处理第50d,30 mg·kg~(-1)镉、200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺及30 mg·kg~(-1)镉+200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理组玉米根数均显著低于对照,抑制率分别为23.21%、42.86%和50.00%,玉米生物量与株高呈相同趋势,即30mg·kg~(-1)镉处理200mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理30 mg·kg~(-1)镉+200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理。相关分析表明,两种污染物除对蚯蚓SOD活性产生拮抗效应外,对蚯蚓MDA、土壤养分与玉米生长指标均不存在交互作用。本研究得出镉-乙草胺复合污染促进蚯蚓向下迁移影响其垂直分布,并且可以通过改变土壤营养元素含量最终抑制玉米的生长。     

河北板蓝根产地土壤-植物中镉铅汞砷含量特征及其污染评价

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤-植物中Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量特征及其在菘蓝中的累积特性,并对板蓝根产地土壤和草药中Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染状况进行了评价,为该地区安全、合理地发展中草药生产提供数据支撑和科学依据。结果表明,安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量差异不大,土壤重金属含量的变异系数在11.70%~97.65%。以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)一级标准值进行评价,综合污染指数评价结果显示45%板蓝根种植区土壤Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染等级为警戒限,其他处于清洁水平;而以《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准值进行评价,种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均0.7,土壤环境清洁。此外,菘蓝地上部(大青叶)Cd、Pb、Hg、As平均含量分别为0.22 mg·kg~(-1)、0.89 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.25 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgPbAs;菘蓝地下部(板蓝根)Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量均值分别为0.14 mg·kg~(-1)、0.57 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.26 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgAsPb。所有菘蓝样品中Pb、Hg、As含量均未超出《药用植物及制剂进口绿色行业标准》(WM2—2001),大青叶9.09%样品中Cd超标,且Cd平均污染指数0.7,属警戒限污染等级。因此,在中药材GAP(良好的农业规范)产地环境质量评价时,除板蓝根产地土壤完全符合土壤环境质量二级标准外,也不应忽视板蓝根和大青叶吸收和累积重金属的自身特性。     

Influence of cadmium,copper, and pentachlorophenol on growth and sexual development of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta; Annelida)

Summary In the existing guidelines for earthworm toxicity testing, mortality is the only test criterion. Mortality is, however, not a very sensitive parameter, and from an ecological point of view growth and reproduction are more important for a proper risk assessment of chemicals in soil. In this study the growth and sexual development of juvenile earthworms were considered as test criteria in a standardized earthworm toxicity test. The effect of Cd, Cu, and pentachlorophenol on the growth and sexual development of juveniles of the species Eisenia andrei was studied in an artificial soil substrate. Two tests with Cd were carried out to study the effects of the mode of application of the food source (cow dung). EC₅₀ (50% effective concentration) values for the effect of Cd, Cu and pentachlorophenol on the growth of E. andrei were 33–96, >100, and >32 mg kg^-1 dry soil, respectively, and there was no observed effect at 18–32, 56, and 32 mg kg^-1 dry soil, respectively. Sexual development of the earthworms was inhibited at 10 mg Cd kg^-1 and 100 mg Cu kg^-1 dry soil, but was not affected at the highest pentachlorophenol concentration tested (32 mg kg^-1 dry soil). The results were the same whether the food was applied in a hole in the middle of the soil or mixed homogeneously through the soil.