甲霜灵替代农药筛选研究

恩施州大面积应用２５％甲霜灵ＷＰ防治马铃薯晚疫病已有四、五年历史,因病菌产生抗药性,防效日降。经３年研究,防病增产作用与甲霜灵相当的是５８％甲霜灵锰锌ＷＰ、７０％乙磷铝锰锌ＷＰ、８０％大生Ｍ－４５ＷＰ、７２％克露Ｍ－８ＷＰ和６４％杀毒矾Ｍ－８ＷＰ５种,防效达８４．２９％～９７．８１％;其中药剂成本低于甲霜灵又不易产生抗药性的只有甲霜灵锰锌、乙磷铝锰锌和大生３种。建议在甲霜灵已减效或失效的病区,大力推广甲霜灵锰锌和乙磷铝锰锌,交替或搭配应用大生、克露等其它新农药。     

甲霜灵替代农药筛选研究

恩施州大面积应用２５％甲霜灵ＷＰ防治马铃薯晚疫病已有四,五年历史,因病菌产生抗药生,防铲日降。经３年研究,防病增产作用与甲霜灵相当的是５８％甲霜灵锰锌ＷＰ,７０％乙磷铝锰锌ＷＰ,８０％大生Ｍ－４５ＷＰ,７２％克露Ｍ－ＩＷＰ和６４％杀毒矾Ｍ－８ＷＰ５种,防效达８４．２９％－９７．８１％;其中药剂成本低于甲霜灵又不易产生抗药性的只有甲霜灵锰锌,乙磷铝锰锌和大生３种。     

人参疫病防治研究

搭防雨棚、参床覆盖,避免淋雨、漏雨、潲雨、降低湿度,改善田间生态条件等农业措施,可以有效地防止人参地上部疫病流行。通过人工接种、进行药剂筛选,试验表明:瑞毒霉、甲霜灵锰锌、乙磷铝对人参疫病有治疗和保护作用,代森锰锌只有保护作用。土壤和参苗药剂处理是防治人参疾病烂根的有效方法。可供土壤消毒有效药剂:瑞毒霉、甲霜灵锰港、TPN、乙磷铝、代森锰锌;可供参苗消毒有效药剂为:瑞毒霉、甲霜灵锰锌、Sando铜粉、乙磷铝、TPN、参苗消毒的防效高简易行、节省药剂,用生物制剂11371、多氧霉素防治人参疫病无效。     

不同杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病防治效果研究

用 9种不同杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病田间药效试验结果表明 ,5 8%甲霜灵锰锌 ,72 %杜邦克露 ,72 %霜霉疫净三种杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防效均在 70 %以上 ,以 5 8%甲霜灵锰锌防治效果最为理想 ,防治效果在 80 %以上 ,上述三种药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病后 ,挽回产量损失效果十分明显 ,均在 2 0 %以上 ,其中 5 8%甲霜灵锰锌挽回产量损失达 32 2 7%。     

“云麻1号”黑斑病的药效试验

本文采用四种杀菌剂对大麻黑斑病进行田间防效试验.试验结果表明:四种药剂的病情指数均比对照显著降低,防治效果依次为百菌清>锰锌.乙铝>甲霜灵-锰锌>退菌特.     

防治马铃薯晚疫病的药剂筛选

应用目前市场上供应的7种农药,分别在寻甸和禄劝两个试验点进行马铃薯晚疫病防治试验。结果表明:甲霜灵锰锌对防治马铃薯晚疫病效果最好,在两个试验点的产量均为第一,分别比对照增产55.3%和20.4%,方差分析达到极显著水平;安克和克露对晚疫病的防治也有一定效果。试验还对药剂的喷施时间进行了讨论。     

石斛疫病农药防治田间药效试验

田间试验表明,参试农药68.75%银法利SC800倍液、1000倍液、1500倍液和甲霜灵·锰锌800倍液对石斛疫病均有防效,其中银法利800倍液在病害初期3次施药后防效最高,可达85.32%,与同药剂1000倍液处理呈显著差异,但两者都极显著优于银法利1500倍液和甲霜灵·锰锌处理。     

甘肃省陇南市马铃薯晚疫病发生规律与防治技术

晚疫病是陇南市马铃薯主要病害。为了有效控制晚疫病流行,确保陇南市马铃薯产业安全,通过连续8年观测,建立了以7月份平均气温、7月份降水量、6月上旬至8月中旬降水日数为自变量的回归预测模式。筛选出最佳防治农药氟菌·霜霉威以及常用农药甲霜灵锰锌的最佳防治时期和防治次数。即:采用氟菌·霜霉威于7月上旬喷药防治1次即可;或用甲霜灵锰锌于发病初期开始,每7~10 d喷药1次,7月底停止防治。     

汉中地区籼稻锌、铁、锰营养基因型差异及叶面喷锌对籽粒锌含量的影响

分析了参加汉中地区水稻新品种展示的45个籼稻糙米、精米中锌、铁、锰含量的基因型差异。同时进行田间喷施试验,设置喷蒸馏水(CK)、喷Zn、喷Zn+井酮三环唑3个处理,探讨了锌肥与井酮三环唑配施对水稻锌营养品质的影响。结果表明,45个水稻品种糙米中锌、铁、锰的平均含量分别为17.44mg/kg、10.99mg/kg和25.09mg/kg,精米中锌、铁、锰的平均含量分别为11.39mg/kg、4.14mg/kg和7.38mg/kg;糙米中锌、铁、锰含量分别是精米中的1.53倍、2.56倍和3.40倍,即在去糙过程中锌、铁、锰的损失率分别为34.69%、62.33%和70.59%;喷施锌肥有利于水稻产量的提高,同时增加籽粒锌含量。喷Zn、喷Zn+井酮三环唑处理使糙米Zn含量由CK的17.63mg/kg分别提高到22.14mg/kg和21.50mg/kg,增幅分别为25.6%和22.0%,精米Zn含量由CK的10.57mg/kg分别提高到14.08mg/kg和14.79mg/kg,增幅分别为33.2%和40.0%。水稻喷施叶面锌肥与农药后不仅能显著增加稻米锌含量,而且有效预防病虫害。因此,喷施锌肥与喷施农药有机结合有望成为缺锌土壤同时满足籽粒富锌和病虫害防治需求的高效农艺措施。     

马铃薯贮藏期块茎干腐病药剂防治试验

6种药剂对马铃薯贮藏期病害块茎干腐病防治试验结果表明:58%的甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂400倍液处理薯块对马铃薯块茎干腐病防效最好,防治效果为58.89%,可有效缓解马铃薯块茎干腐病的扩展蔓延。     

Fungicidal control ofPhytophthora erythroseptica: The cause of pink rot on potato

Two shade house and six field experiments were undertaken to evaluate fungicides and timing of application for the control of pink rot of potatoes caused byPhytophthora erythroseptica. Pink rot developed in up to 60% of tubers grown in artificially inoculated soil and 21% of the tubers in naturally infected soil. Ridomil (metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold (mefenoxan) granules applied to the soil at planting completely or nearly completely controlled pink rot throughout the season in both pot and field experiments. Foliar applications of Ridomil Gold MZ (mefenoxan plus mancozeb) applied when tubers were around 20 mm diameter and another one or two sprays 12 to 28 days later also provided more than 80% control of pink rot in most experiments. Foliar applications of Shirlan (fluazanim) or Acrobat MZ (dimethomorph plus mancozeb) showed some activity against pink rot, but were significantly less effective than Ridomil Gold MZ. Foli-R-Fos 200 (phosphonic acid) or Dithane M45 (mancozeb) applied to the canopy showed little activity against pink rot in most experiments. Yield increases of between 6 and 17 tons ha^?1 resulted from the application of either Ridomil granules at planting or two to three Ridomil Gold MZ foliar sprays around “tuber set.”     

Using chemical and biological treatments to reduce the potential of potato leak caused byPythium aphanidermatum in Tunisia

Summary The effect of fungicides and the antagonistic fungusTrichoderma harzianum (Th) on the potato leak pathogenPythium aphanidermatum (Pa) was investigated in vitro. Rot was reduced by 73% to 89% when tubers inoculated withPa were treated by immersion in solutions (0.5% w/v) of the fungicides Ridomil MZ58. Dithane M45. Manebe 80 and Tachigaren 360. Complete protection was achieved by dusting inoculated tubers with Ridomil MZ58 diluted in kaolin at a final concentration of 0.1% (w/w). The biological treatments of dipping inoculated tubers in a conidial water suspension ofTh at 10⁸ conidia/ml or of dusting with a mixture of a barley culture ofTh and kaolin to a final concentration of 2×10⁹ conidia/g were as effective as the chemical treatments. Control was still effective when inoculated tubers were treated with Ridomil MZ58. Tachigaren 360 or the conidial suspension ofTh after 24h incubation at 25°C.     

脱毒小薯原原种粒级、密度、品种熟性对一级原种繁殖的影响

采用马铃薯脱毒小薯不同粒级、不同密度、不同品种熟性三因子三水平正交试验，研究了原原种对一级原种的产量、单株平均结薯数及＜２５ｇ小薯所占比率的影响。结果表明：当早熟、结薯少、薯块均匀的品种原原种播种密度在１．２万株／亩以上，晚熟和中晚熟、结薯较多薯块不均匀的品种在１．０～１．２万株／亩之间，且播种粒级大于０．５ｇ／粒时，一级原种繁殖方可收到既高产又具较高的繁殖系数和较低用种量的效果。     

Persistence of metalaxyl and mancozeb on potato leaves and their residues in tubers

The persistence of fungicides on two commercial cultivars of potato was determined under field conditions at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. Initial deposits of mancozeb on potato leaves were found to be 26.9 and 38.7 mg kg(-1), following application of ready mixture of fungicide metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64% (Ridomil MZ) at the rate of 1260 and 2520 g a.i. ha(-1), whereas metalaxyl residues were found to be 35.1 and 49.5 mg kg(-1), respectively. The residue level of mancozeb in potato leaves 15 days after application at single and double doze were 19.0 and 27.0 mg kg(-1) showing a loss of 29.6 and 30.3%, whereas the values for metalaxyl at single and double doze were 0.40 and 0.80 mg kg(-1) showing a loss of 98.9 and 98.4%, respectively. Residues of mancozeb and metalaxyl were not detected at 0.04 and 0.02 mg kg(-1) level in potato tubers at harvest (PHI = 53 days) at both the dosages, respectively. The persistence and dissipation of mancozeb with the application of Ridomil MZ followed similar trend as in Indofil M-45. The rate of fungicide dissipation increased with time after application in both the potato cultivars 'Kufri Chandramukhi' and 'Chipsona'. No significant difference was observed on initial deposit, persistence and dissipation of the two molecules between the two potato cultivars.     

马铃薯抗旱资源的筛选与评价——营养体对块茎膨大速度的影响

摘要马铃薯地上部营养体是形成产量的重要因素之一,营养体与块茎膨是速度呈曲线正相关.营养体的形成随株龄的增长呈直线上升,品种不同则上升的程度也不同,中晚熟品种一般在8月下旬为最盛期,随后急剧下降.块茎形成膨大期因品种不同而异,膨大速度从现蕾期至成熟一直呈直线上升,品种不同则膨大速度各异.由此,根据营养体的量变数据可预测马铃薯块茎产量的高低、同时也可作为选育丰产型品种的一个重要依据.     

光周期对马铃薯块茎形成的影响及对激素的调节

马铃薯出苗后接受１个月的每日８小时短日照处理并与当时自然光照长度进行比较，研究光照长度对块茎形成及内源激素②的影响，探讨块茎形成与激素水平的关系。结果表明：短日照处理使块茎形成显著提早，但使结薯数减少，植株茎叶生长受抑，块茎淀粉含量降低；短日照处理使叶片中ＡＢＡ含量提早增高，ＧＡ３含量提早减少，ＧＡ３与ＡＢＡ的比值提早显著降低．     

脱毒马铃薯生育规律的研究

本文通过对脱毒马铃薯生育规律的研究,指出:一、早熟种脱毒与否,其物候期差异不明显;中熟种脱毒薯的出苗、现蕾、开花及成熟期均晚于未脱毒薯。二、早熟种脱毒与否,株高差异不大;中熟种脱毒薯植株高于未脱毒薯。早、中熟脱毒薯茎叶鲜重及块茎鲜重均显著增加。三、早熟种脱毒薯,后期生长显著旺于未脱毒薯。中熟种脱毒薯茎叶生长高峰晚于未脱毒薯,其生长显著优于未脱薯毒。四、早熟种脱毒薯的平衡期早于未脱毒薯。因此,可以早期供应市场;中熟种脱毒薯平衡期延长,适当晚收,可以高产增收。     

马铃薯块茎还原糖含量与各器官含磷量的关系

以克新 1号和夏坡蒂原种为材料 ,通过田间试验和室内分析测定 ,对生育期间马铃薯块茎还原糖含量的变化与各器官含磷量的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明 :马铃薯块茎中还原糖含量随生育进程逐渐减少 ;品种之间各器官含P量与块茎还原糖含量呈显著负相关 ;增施磷肥可显著提高各器官含磷量 ,从而有利于块茎还原糖含量的降低     

US-8 and US-11 genotypes ofPhytophthora infestans from potato and tomato respond differently to commercial fungicides

Isolates ofPhytophthora infestans collected in Canada in 1997 from both potatoes and tomatoes, were tested on potato leaf discs for their response to an equal active ingredient concentration (10 μg a.i./mL) of the following commercial fungicides: Acrobat MZ (Dimethomorph and Mancozeb), Ridomil Gold (metalaxyl-m), Dithane (Mancozeb), Curzate (Cymoxanil), Bravo (Chlorothalonil), and Tattoo C (Propamocarb and Chlorothalonil). Relative percent leaf infection values, estimated on fungicide-treated vs fungicide-free leaf discs, were compared among isolates from the US-8 and US-11 genotypes isolated from the two host plants. Based on an equal concentration of each fungicide’s active ingredients, variations in relative percent leaf infection were recorded between US-8 and US-11 genotypes, and between potato and tomato isolates within each genotype. Bravo and Tattoo C used with similar active ingredients concentrations were the most inhibitory to all groups of isolates. Dithane and Ridomil Gold provided uniform low inhibition againstP. infestans when tested on potato leaf discs. The different behavior ofP. infestans isolates from potato vs tomato suggests that management of late blight in these two important crops must take such differences into consideration. In particular, the nature and concentration of the fungicides to be applied must take into account any information available about genotypes present on each crop.     

马铃薯休眠块茎上芽眼组织休眠机理研究

以早熟品种中薯 3号和加工品种大西洋脱毒试管薯为试验材料 ,通过对休眠块茎芽薯分离培养 ,研究休眠块茎上芽离体培养后的生长发育变化。初步结果表明 ,休眠马铃薯块茎上侧芽停止生长始于匍匐茎生长期 ,主要受顶端优势的影响 ;顶芽停止生长开始于块茎形成起始 ,可能是因为匍匐茎上的细胞分裂中心和代谢重心转移影响 ;在块茎休眠过程中顶芽和侧芽不生长主要是受到来自块茎内部因素的抑制 ;当芽从休眠块茎上分离出来 ,在培养基上能够很快的生长。马铃薯块茎休眠和块茎上芽的休眠可能是两种不同的生理机制所控制。