柿果醋醋酸发酵工艺参数优化研究

为了探索柿子原浆果醋的发酵规律,给柿果醋的生产提供理论依据.以水柿为原料,采用响应面法对柿果醋醋酸发酵过程的工艺参数(发酵温度、醋酸菌接种量和发酵时间)进行优化.结果表明,醋酸菌接种量、发酵时间对柿果醋醋酸含量有极显著影响(P＜0.01),发酵温度对后者影响不显著.优化出最佳工艺参数为发酵温度33.1℃,醋酸菌接种量0.56‰,发酵时间110 h,在此工艺条件下柿果醋醋酸含量可达4.928 g/(100 mL).多元回归分析结果显示,发酵温度、醋酸菌接种量、发酵时间与醋酸含量之间回归模型高度显著,可用于实际生产预测.     

多菌共酵果粮混酿法生产果醋的研究

从6种酵母菌和4种醋酸菌中各优选出了3种发酵力强的菌种，通过正交试验确定了最优接种量和配比。采用多菌共酵、果粮混酿法，酿制出了品质优、出品率高的食用果醋。检测结果表明，利用本试验确定的混合菌种，以苹果为主原料，添加10%～20%的玉米粉所酿制的果粮醋，在感官和理化指标等方面都极显著的优于纯果醋。     

苹果渣固态发酵苹果醋工艺研究

以新鲜苹果渣为主要原料,采用果胶酶法对苹果渣的酒精发酵和醋酸发酵工艺进行优化研究,通过正交试验确定最优酿造工艺参数。初步获得的苹果渣酒精发酵条件是果胶酶添加量0.06%、酵母接种量8%、初始糖度16 °Brix;苹果渣醋酸发酵过程的最优工艺条件是干湿苹果渣的配料比为1 ∶ 10、醋酸菌接种量15%、发酵温度32 ℃,此条件下总酸含量增长到38.267 6 g/L。     

鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋饮料酿造工艺

为了丰富鲜食玉米种类,促进其产业发展,本文研究了鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋饮料的制备工艺。以鲜食糯玉米为主要原料,葡萄为辅料,综合运用米酒、果酒酿造技术以及醋酸发酵技术,制备鲜食糯玉米酒和葡萄酒。将二者按比例混合后进行醋酸发酵制备鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋,经调配后得到鲜食糯玉米果醋饮料。采用单因素试验和正交试验,优化发酵工艺条件和饮料配方,并按照国标的方法测定微生物指标。结果表明:鲜食糯玉米酒酿造工艺为:破碎玉米粒和玉米芯以5∶l比例混合,蒸煮糊化后,接入酒曲5%,25℃发酵5d;葡萄酒酿造工艺为:酵母接种量5%,初始糖度13.3%,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间4d;鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋醋酸酿造工艺为:将糯玉米酒和葡萄酒以4∶1混合后,接入15%醋酸菌,30℃,120r·min-1,摇床发酵6d;鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋饮料配方为:原醋20%,蔗糖10%,柠檬酸0.2%。所得鲜食糯玉米葡萄醋饮料呈琥珀色,澄清透明,具有玉米清香和葡萄香味,口感协调,风味独特;总酸≥5.2×10-3g·mL-1,可溶性固形物≥8×10-2g·mL-1;菌落总数≤100cfu·mL-1,大肠菌群≤3(MPN·mL-1),致病菌未检出。     

柑桔保健果醋酿制工艺的研究

为开发利用我国的柑桔资源,对柑桔果醋的酿制工艺进行了研究.通过拟水平均匀试验优选出最佳工艺条件:果胶酶水解的最佳条件为:加酶量0.037%,温度40℃,时间4 h;酒精发酵的最优条件为:接菌种量0.037%,温度30℃,表观糖度11%;醋酸发酵的最优条件为:接菌种量0.85%,温度37℃,酒精度(v/v)6.0%.通过营养分析和对比表明,生产出的果醋具有良好的营养价值,适合于作为调味品或者生产保健饮料.     

黄浆水醋酿制工艺研究

利用大豆黄浆水生产食醋,将废水转变成有用物质,以达到变"废"为"宝"的目的,为生产优质低能耗的食醋提供新工艺技术。本文以黄浆水为原料,研究不同的料水比、酒精和豆浆的添加量以及醋酸菌接种量对黄浆水液态发酵制醋效果的影响,并进行正交试验。结果表明:料水比为1∶0,酒精度为5%,豆浆添加量为6%,醋酸菌的接种量为2%为黄浆水液态发酵制醋的最适宜条件,培养7d后即达到酸度3.5%。     

不同前处理联合压差闪蒸干燥对红枣脆片品质的影响

为探究不同前处理方式联合压差闪蒸干燥对红枣脆片产品品质的影响，该研究以新疆地区灰枣为原料，利用热烫、超声波、高密度二氧化碳（dense phase carbon dioxide, DPCD）3种前处理方式联合压差闪蒸干燥技术对红枣脆片进行加工，对比了3种前处理方式对红枣脆片色泽、硬度、脆度、膨化度、可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、总酚含量、总黄酮含量、维生素C含量、感官及微观结构的影响。结果表明：1）前处理方式对产品色泽具有显著性影响（P<0.05），DPCD前处理所得枣片与新鲜枣片色泽最为接近（ΔE=3.73）；2）DPCD前处理后红枣脆片的维生素C含量明显高于其他两种前处理方式（P<0.05）；3）热烫、超声波前处理的红枣脆片硬度分别为4.59、3.50 N/cm²，而DPCD前处理的红枣脆片硬度仅为2.74 N/cm²，枣片最为酥脆；4）扫描电镜图表明3种前处理方式均能得到疏松多孔的组织结构，DPCD前处理所得枣片比热烫和超声波前处理所得枣片组织结构更为疏松，这可能是因为在二氧化碳的作用下，红枣细胞结构发生了改变，有些空隙间发生了断裂。综合比较，DPCD前处理能够提高产品的色泽、脆度及膨化度，并且能够较好的保留产品的营养成分，是红枣压差闪蒸干燥较适宜的前处理方式。该研究为高品质压差闪蒸红枣脆片的加工工艺选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

淇县无核枣汁饮料加工配方研究

以新鲜淇县无核枣汁为主要原料,加入苹果酸、蔗糖、果胶,采用单因素和正交试验对枣汁饮料的加工配方进行研究。通过感官评定确定最优的配方为:0.18%苹果酸、20%白砂糖、25%红枣汁、0.14%果胶。     

新疆红枣营养品质与稳定同位素及矿物元素特征产地溯源比较

为开发基于营养品质、稳定同位素及矿物元素分析的不同产地新疆红枣地理标志产品溯源新方法,本研究采集了2016年新疆不同产区(若羌、和田、阿克苏、麦盖提等15个县市)97个红枣种植地块的50份灰枣和47份骏枣样本,测定其果肉中13类营养品质指标(蛋白质、还原糖、自由氨基酸、总黄酮等),稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素比率(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H和δ¹⁸O)及21种微量矿物元素含量(Na、Mg、K、Fe和Zn等)用于其产地溯源分析与建模。采用单因素方差(one-way ANOVA)法比较不同产区间营养品质、稳定同位素比率及矿物元素特征的差异,利用偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)分别对两类红枣内在品质特征建立产地判别模型,对比其溯源准确度。结果表明,红枣稳定同位素及矿物元素产地特征差异比营养品质特征更明显,溯源判别准确度得到明显提升。灰枣和骏枣营养品质参数建模总体判别准确度分别为86.00%和85.11%,稳定同位素及矿物元素参数判别准确度分别为94.12%和95.74%,且两种地理标志保护的红枣品牌(若羌灰枣和和田玉枣)产地判别准确度高达100%,而其他产地误判为这两个产地红枣的概率为0%。因此,该策略有望作为新疆红枣产地溯源与地理标志农产品保护的可靠技术。     

乳酸菌发酵使木薯淀粉残渣饲料化研究

以处理木薯淀粉加工残渣,减轻环境压力为目的,对木薯渣接种乳酸菌复合系SFC-2,并添加不同量的蔗糖进行发酵,通过测定其发酵过程中的生化变化研究了其饲料化效果.结果显示:在发酵开始时接种处理的乳酸菌数为5×108,cfu/g,而对照处理没有检测到:发酵结束后,接种的3个糖水平处理的外观发酵品质比未接种处理好,但糖浓度低时丁酸积累较多,乳酸积累少,接种并添加4%蔗糖的处理乳酸积累量最高,发酵物中乳酸积累达18.7 g/kg, 接种并添加8%蔗糖的处理丁酸积累最少,仅为0.141 g/kg.相同蔗糖浓度下,接种处理的丁酸积累量均低于对照,不接种对照处理中均检测到了腐败菌分解蛋白质产生的甲胺,而接种的则没有.木薯渣材料和发酵物中的氰化物含量均远低于国家安全标准.采用乳酸菌发酵法使木薯渣饲料化是一个可行的途径.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.