不同pH值对月鳢淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性的影响

对月鳢(Channa asiatica)消化系统不同部位淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性的最适pH值进行了研究,结果表明,在pH值5.8～7.8范围内,月鳢成鱼胃粘膜组织、前肠粘膜组织和肝胰脏淀粉酶的适宜pH值分别为7.4～7.8、7.8和7.8,对于脂肪酶则分别为7.4、6.6和7.0。不同消化部位的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性的最适pH值有所差异。     

不同沙地植被对土壤酶活性的影响

通过对库布齐沙地的流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地和人工种植的沙打旺和塔落岩黄芪植被的土壤酶活性进行研究,结果表明,固定沙地和半固定沙地土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、转化酶活性比流动沙地增加6.73%~59.09%,固定沙地酶活性最大,其次为半固定沙地,流动沙地活性最弱。多酚氧化酶在固定沙地和半固定沙地比流动沙地均有所减少。人工植被的土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶和转化酶的活性比天然植被分别提高了23.41%,37.10%,7.96%和47.41%。土壤蛋白酶和转化酶在夏季活性最大,脲酶在秋季活性最大,多酚氧化酶在春季和冬季活性大。蛋白酶、脲酶和转化酶在土壤表层0~2cm活性大,多酚氧化酶活性在0~20cm土层范围内变化不明显。     

Effects of exercise on skeletal muscle and serum enzyme activities in pigs

In order to determine skeletal muscle and serum enzyme activities following exercise, six adult Landrace pigs were submitted to 10 min running on a treadmill (0.5 m/s, on a 12% gradient) and compared to six controls. Blood samples were obtained just before the exercise, immediately after, and 24 h, 48 h and 144 h after exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken from the longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris 24 h after exercise. Total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and LDH isoenzymes in muscle and serum were unchanged. In muscle homogenates, there was no difference in total creatine phosphokinase (CK) activity between the two groups. Total CK activity in the biceps femoris muscle represented only 59% of that observed in the longissimus dorsi muscle. A mean CK-MB value of 2.5% was found in the control group for both muscles but after exercise it was 9.5% (p<0.05) for the biceps femoris and 12.2% (p<0.01) of the longissimus dorsi muscle. In serum, the total CK (p<0.05), CK-MM (p<0.05) and CK-BB (p<0.05) increased immediately after the exercise, followed by a progressive decrease.     

断奶日龄对仔猪生产性能和消化酶活性的影响

选取遗传基础相似、体重相当来自9窝母猪的48头杜长大仔猪为研究对象。随机平均分为2组,分别于23日龄和28日龄断奶,各组分别在断奶当天,断奶后3 d、7 d、14 d宰杀取样。测定各组在断奶后2周内的生产性能以及空肠内容物和胰腺消化酶的活性。结果表明:28日龄断奶的仔猪平均日增重、日平均采食量均显著高于23日龄断奶的仔猪。断奶后仔猪空肠消化酶均有所下降,其中28日龄断奶的仔猪所受影响相对较小。     

绿洲区玉米专用菌肥对土壤理化性质及酶活性的调理作用

为探究施用玉米专业菌肥对绿洲区玉米根际土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性的调理作用,寻求减少化肥施用量的有效途径。在甘肃武威黄羊镇设7个处理,不施肥(A),全量化肥(B),菌肥(不施化肥,C);85%化肥(85%B),85%化肥+菌肥(85%B+C),70%化肥(70%B),70%化肥+菌肥(70%B+C)。成熟期测定土壤养分、3大微生物计数和微生物量碳氮;并在苗期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期分别测定玉米根际土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性和土壤呼吸。研究表明:85%B+C处理能够显著提高土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷和有机质含量;过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶在玉米的开花期达到最大值,碱性磷酸酶在拔节期达到最大值;蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶含量均表现出处理85%B+C显著高于其他处理,过氧化氢酶处理B(全量化肥)高于其他处理,且A处理均表现为最低;施肥处理对土壤细菌数量的影响最大,是未施肥处理的1.97～5.01倍,此外,土壤真菌数量均表现出处理A(不施肥)显著高于其他各个处理;微生物生物量碳氮以85%B+C处理最优且显著优于其余处理;减量化肥并配施菌肥可以增加土壤呼吸速率。减量化肥并配施菌肥能够有效的提高绿洲区玉米地土壤的养分含量和酶活力,是减少绿洲区玉米化肥施用量的有效途径。     

Relationships between ultimate pH and antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression in pork loins

Ultimate pH (pH_u) is a major determinant factor of meat quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of pH_u on the muscle antioxidant capacity, and the relationship between pH_u and muscle antioxidant capacity of pigs. A total of 137 pigs from three pig breeds with the same feeding condition were slaughtered and used to measure the pH_u, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX), total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and gene expression of SOD1 and GPX4. Loins from 137 pigs of three breeds were classified based on pH_u into three groups: low (L‐pH: ≤5.50), intermediate (I‐pH: 5.51‐5.90), and high (H‐pH: ≥5.91). A majority of loins (47.5%–52%) were classified into the intermediate group. The results suggested that the pH_u value was correlated with the activity of SOD, GSH‐PX, T‐AOC, and MDA, and gene expression of SOD1 and GPX4 in all pigs. In addition, our results also indicated a linear relationship between the pH_u value and antioxidant traits. The pH_u value accounted for 23%–40% of the variation in the antioxidant traits. These results suggested that increased pH_u reduce the lipid peroxidation, and also indicated that pHu may be a key factor explaining the variation in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression in pork loins.     

氰戊菊酯对黄胫小车蝗解毒酶的影响

为了确定氰戊菊酯对黄胫小车蝗(Oedaleus infernalis)解毒酶的影响,利用点滴法进行毒力测定的同时,针对不同虫源黄胫小车蝗测定了增效醚(PBO)、磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)3种酶抑制剂的增效作用和虫体内解毒酶的活力。结果表明,氰戊菊酯对室内虫源的LD50为4.38×10-3 μg·头-1,对黑龙江地区田间虫源HG、LD和ZY 的LD50分别7.30×10-3、7.21×10-3和2.298×10-2 μg·头-1,与室内虫源相比,抗性比分别为1.67、1.65和5.25倍。PBO对室内虫源和田间虫源ZY的增效比分别为2.16、3.91倍,TPP对室内虫源和田间虫源ZY的增效比分别为2.00、2.15倍。田间虫源ZY体内酯酶及多功能氧化酶活性均显著高于室内虫源(P<0.05)。经氰戊菊酯诱导后,室内虫源和田间虫源ZY体内的酯酶上升比值分别为2.25、1.59倍,多功能氧化酶活性分别上升1.21、1.45倍。以上结果表明,田间虫源ZY黄胫小车蝗对氰戊菊酯的敏感性下降,且其体内酯酶、多功能氧化酶活性提高,说明酯酶和多功能氧化酶参与了氰戊菊酯的代谢作用,推断这两种酶是导致黄胫小车蝗氰戊菊酯抗性的原因之一。     

复合益生菌对肉仔鸡小肠内容物酶活性的影响

为了研究复合益生菌(乳酸菌 芽孢杆菌)对肉仔鸡小肠内容物酶活性的影响,本试验采用400只1日龄黄羽肉鸡,随机分成2组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在对照组的基础上添加0.3%的复合益生菌,试验期为14d。结果表明:饲喂14d后,试验组小肠淀粉酶、蛋白酶和肠糜蛋白酶的活性显著升高,与对照组相比,其活性分别提高32%、15%和18%。说明肉鸡饲粮中添加乳酸菌和芽孢杆菌,可以刺激肉鸡胰腺淀粉酶和蛋白酶的分泌。     

Prenatal and transmammary infections of Toxocara canis in dogs: effect of benzimidazole-carbamate anthelmintics on various developmental stages of the parasite

Fenbendazole and albendazole, given at a dose rate of 150 mg/kg for 3 days, produced a 90 per cent reduction in the numbers of second stage larvae of Toxocara canis present in the tissues of dogs although no reduction in the number of larvae found in the brains of infected dogs occurred with this treatment. The results suggest that a course of 3 day therapy with these anthelmintics should prevent prenatal infections in puppies. However, if infection is acquired by bitches during late pregnancy or early lactation, the transmammary route of infection becomes important. Therefore, anthelmintic treatment of the bitch prior to pregnancy will not prevent transmission of infection to her puppies should the bitch acquire a new infection of T. canis during pregnancy or early lactation. Alternatively, infection with T. canis can be controlled through the treatment of neonatal puppies for migrating larvae of T. canis. Treatment of newborn puppies with fenbendazole, albendazole or oxfendazole at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 2–3 days produced a 91–99 per cent reduction in the number of adult parasites found. In addition, a single dose of fenbendazole, given at a dose rate of 40 mg/kg, eliminated 93–96 per cent of adult T. canis from the intestines of 4–5-week-old puppies. These latter treatments would need to be repeated to eliminate completely the infection from puppies.     

不同饵料对鳜生长性能及消化酶活性的影响

将鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)分为蚯蚓组、鲢内组和饲料组,分别对3个组试验鱼的生长和消化酶活性进行研究.结果表明,鳜鱼在整个试验期间的特定生长率,蚯蚓组＞鲢肉组＞饲料组,且三组之间均存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).摄食不同饵料30 d后,鳜各消化组织中蛋白酶活性增加幅度大小依次为蚯蚓组＞鲢肉组＞配合饲料组;脂肪酶活性增加幅度大小依次为鲢肉组＞蚯蚓组＞配合饲料组;淀粉酶活性增加幅度大小依次为配合饲料组＞鲢肉组＞蚯蚓组.     

围封对当雄县高寒草原土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

过度放牧会严重破坏土壤生态系统,造成土壤退化,土壤一旦退化,即使很长年限也难以恢复。本研究通过围栏禁牧(1、4、6年)对青藏高原当雄县高寒草原退化草地进行修复,分析围封时间对高寒草原土壤理化性质、土壤微生物和酶活性的影响,以期阐明围封对高寒退化草地修复的影响。结果表明,与放牧土壤相比,围封1、4和6年的草地土壤水溶性有机碳和水溶性有机氮含量显著提高(P0.05),围封6年的土壤含水量显著增加,p H值显著降低;围封显著改变了土壤蔗糖酶和L-天冬酰胺酶活性,土壤蔗糖酶和L-天冬酰胺酶活性均随着围封年限的延长有增加的趋势;围封6年土壤细菌、放线菌和革兰氏阳性细菌含量相比放牧显著升高。因此,围封不仅会引起土壤物理化学性质的变化,而且土壤酶活性与土壤微生物群落结构都会发生相应改变。Pearson相关性分析表明,水溶性有机碳、水溶性有机氮、土壤水均与土壤酶活性和微生物类群生物量显著或极显著(P0.01)相关,因此这些指标可以指示退化草地修复状况。围栏禁牧有利于提高土壤易降解有机质含量,从而促进微生物生长,加速营养物质循环,促进高寒草原生态系统的恢复。     

甘南高寒草甸采矿活动及植被恢复方式对土壤有机质和酶活性的影响

研究植被恢复对矿区土壤和生态环境修复具有重要意义,但目前青藏高原基于采矿背景的生态恢复研究较少。本研究以甘南高寒草甸采金矿区为研究对象,探究采矿及植被恢复(草本植物恢复和木本植物恢复)5年后土壤有机质和酶活性的变化。结果表明:采矿活动会使土壤有机质和酶活性显著下降(P<0.05),草本植物恢复5年后有机质和脲酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),但木本植物恢复对土壤有机质和酶活性影响均不显著(P<0.05),恢复样地和未恢复样地土壤有机质含量和酶活性均呈正相关关系,恢复样地土壤有机质和酶活性在垂直分布上(0–10 cm和10–30 cm)没有显著差异(P>0.05)。该地区植被恢复前期以垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为建群种的草地群落凋落物和根系分泌物输入要高于以青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)为建群种的林地群落,更能快速提高土壤质量,以木本植物恢复时应搭配凋落物输入量大且易分解的树种。     

Effects of anthelmintics onHaemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)

The review summarizes and evaluates recent information about the effects of anthelmintics onHaemonchus contortus. The topic is discussed under the headings effects of drugs on the absorptive surfaces, effects of drugs on metabolism, effects of drugs on the neuromuscular system, effects of drugs on developmental stages, anthelmintic efficacy, and resistant strains. Possible future lines of work are suggested in the conclusions.     

豌豆蚜为害对苜蓿品种酶活性和营养物质的影响

为了探讨苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对蚜虫取食防御反应的生化机制,本研究通过室内人工接虫,研究了豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)取食后苜蓿体内防御性酶活性、营养物质含量的动态变化。结果表明,豌豆蚜为害7 d后,与低抗品种(惊喜、WL343HQ和德宝)相比,抗虫品种(三得利、MF4020、皇后、皇冠和SR4030)的苜蓿幼苗苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及可溶性糖活性变化总体上显著增高(P0.01),多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化显著降低(P0.01),中抗品种(柏拉图、甘农4号、先行者和中苜3号)介于其间,可溶性蛋白质含量变化量无明显规律。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对力克斯兔消化酶活性的影响

选择42±4日龄、平均体重为711.4±108.8 g健康美系力克斯断奶幼兔50只,公母比例为1∶1,根据性别、体重将50只兔随机分为5组,每组10只,5只公兔,5只母兔,单笼饲养。预试期1周。5个组日粮为等能等蛋白设计,日粮中分别含有25%生大豆、25%化学钝化大豆、25%热处理大豆、25%豆粕和13%生大豆+12%豆粕。胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量(实测值)分别为6.55、1.99、1.73、0.81和3.97 m g/g。试验6周末,从每1个组中随机选出3只公兔进行屠宰(91±4日龄,平均体重为1544.2±114.8 g),用于测消化酶活性的胰腺样和十二指肠内容物在液氮中速冻,然后转移至-20℃低温冰箱中保存。结果表明:家兔采食25%生大豆后,胰腺和十二指肠内容物胰蛋白酶活性被显著抑制(P<0.05),胰腺中脂肪酶活性降低,但未达显著水平(P>0.05)。胰腺和十二指肠淀粉酶活性,各组间无显著差异。     

壳聚糖对克氏原螯虾几种免疫相关酶活性的影响

将120尾体长11.0～12.0 cm的健康克氏原螫虾(Pro-camghbarus Clarkii)随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮.试验组分别饲喂含0_5%、1.0%、1.5%的壳聚糖的基础日粮,通过定时测定供试虾溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物吱化酶(SOD)和酚氧化酶(PO)的活性,探讨壳聚糖对克氏原螯虾几种免疫相关酶活性的影响.试验期为21 d.结果表明:壳聚糖浓度为1%时可显著提高克氏原鳌虾LZM、SOD、PO三种酶的活性(P＜0.05),说明壳聚糖可刺激克氏原鳌虾机体免疫相关酶活性的提高.