坡形和PAM对黄土坡地水土养分迁移特征的影响

通过野外径流小区人工降雨试验,研究坡形和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对径流量、土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响。试验设置2个PAM施用量,分别为0,2 mg/L;9种坡形处理,即4个凹形坡,4个凸形坡,1个直形坡。结果表明：（1）与均匀坡面相比,凸形坡的平均土壤流失量、氨氮流失量和磷酸盐流失量分别增加25.12%,24.01%和26.96%,且土壤和养分流失量随着凸形坡面的凸度增加而增加,凹形坡的平均土壤流失量、氨氮流失量和磷酸盐流失量分别减小13.53%,10.85%和19.95%;（2）凹形和凸形坡面的径流量差异很小,且均大于均匀面的径流量;（3）施用PAM后,3种坡形的坡面土壤流失均减少90%以上,养分流失减少28.19%~68.13%,且PAM施用在凸形坡上减少水土养分流失量效果最佳。     

Bodenformen und Bodenabtrag in den Hochlagen der axialen Pyrenäen

Soil types and erosion phenomena at high elevations of the axial Pyrenees Two soil toposequences are described for the high altitude valley of Benasque (axial Pyrenees, Northern Spain, elevation 1800–2400 m a.s.1.). Deeply weathered cambisols (mostly dystric and eutric) are developed from quaternary deposits of paleozoic sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. These soils are mostly under grass cover and strongly grazed. The physical and chemical properties of these cambisols and the corresponding erosion phenomena are described. In one toposequence (Ampriú) a specific form of soil erosion called “regressive topsoil denudation” is common and correlated with soils developed from stratified substrates with sandy top soil overlying clayey and silty horizons.     

Modelling tillage erosion in the topographically complex landscapes of southwestern Ontario, Canada

A tillage erosion model was developed for southwestern Ontario based on the relationship between tillage translocation and slope gradient and slope curvature. Two studies of tillage translocation and tillage erosion were used to calibrate this model, one a comparison of upslope and downslope tillage translocation on shoulder slopes, the other an examination of tillage translocation throughout topographically complex landscapes. Two field sites were used for validation of the model. For both sites, past tillage practices were known and past soil erosion was determined using ¹³⁷Cs as an indicator of soil redistribution. The model accurately predicted the pattern of soil redistribution that had occurred within the two field sites. Severe soil loss was observed and predicted on convex landscape positions and soil accumulation was observed and predicted on concave landscape positions. The model accounted for almost all of the soil lost from the convex upper slope positions where tillage erosion was expected to be the dominant erosion process. There was considerable soil loss and accumulation elsewhere in the landscapes which could not be accounted for by the model and was presumed to be primarily the result of water erosion. It was concluded that tillage erosion must be incorporated into soil erosion modelling for the purposes of soil conservation.     

农村土质道路路面形态对道路侵蚀的影响

路面形态作为道路微结构的表现形式,改变道路降雨侵蚀特征,对调节道路系统水沙传递过程有重要意义。本文以拱形、侧向形、平直形、凹形等4种常见路面形态为研究对象,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究坡度（5°、10°、15°）及路形差异下,道路侵蚀特点。结果表明：路形对产沙的影响高于产流,路形通过改变路面径流的水力学特征来改变产沙特性;在坡度10°和15°时,凹形路面径流流态为急流,流速最大,土壤侵蚀率显著高于其他路形,且侵蚀泥沙颗粒粒径较大;在坡度5°和10°时,拱形和平直形路面水流流态为缓流,拱形路面产流产沙能力最弱,抵抗降雨侵蚀的能力最好。凹形和平直形路面对坡度的敏感性较高,随着坡度提升,产沙量和水流能量均有大幅提高,坡度对拱形和侧向形影响较弱。路形差异导致侵蚀特征迥异,在道路设计建设过程中,科学的路形搭配和“路-渠”组合能有效防治道路侵蚀,降低道路建设对生态环境的影响,该研究可为农村低等级道路建设和维护提供参考。     

贵州喀斯特山区土壤物理性质对土壤侵蚀的影响

对贵州喀斯特山区在不同土地利用方式下土壤主要物理性质对土壤侵蚀的影响进行了研究。结果表明:土壤物理性质是影响土壤侵蚀和土壤抗蚀性能的内在因素。贵州喀斯特山区土壤表现出明显的粗骨性土壤特征。不同土地利用方式下土壤物理性质具有明显的差异,林地、草地和台耕地的土壤物理性状良好,缓解了土壤侵蚀的发生发展,能有效地发挥保持水土的作用;大面积农耕坡地和裸坡地的土壤物理性状极差,促进了山区土壤侵蚀的发生发展,是引起土壤侵蚀的主要因素。喀斯特山区不同土地利用类型的土壤抗蚀能力依次为台耕地>林地、草地>坡耕地、裸坡地。     

Temporal changes of eroded soils depending on their agricultural use in the southern Cis-Ural region

Temporal changes of eroded soils in the southern Cis-Ural region (Republic of Bashkortostan) depending on their agricultural use during the period from 1975 to 2011 were studied. In the northern foreststeppe zone, the development of erosion processes was retarded upon the use of soil-saving management practices and grain-fallow-grass crop rotations. In slightly eroded light gray forest soils (Eutric Retisols (Cutanic)), the thickness of humus-accumulative horizons and the content of humus increased; the conversion of cropland into permanent fallow was found to be the most efficient measure to control soil erosion. In podzolized chernozems (Luvic Greyzemic Chernic Phaeozems) and typical chernozems (Haplic Chernozems) of the Cis-Ural steppe, the content of humus in the plow layer under grain-row crop rotation and classical soil management decreased, especially in moderately eroded soils. The development of water and wind erosion on slopes depended on the slope shape: the texture of soils at different degrees of erosion on slopes with free runoff became coarser by one gradation after 35 years; in the presence of linear obstacles in the lower part of slopes, the content of fine fractions in moderately and strongly eroded soils increased.     

Slope gradient and shape effects on soil profiles in the northern mountainous forests of Iran

In order to evaluate the variability of the soil profiles at two shapes (concave and convex) and five positions (summit, shoulder, back slope, footslope and toeslope) of a slope, a study of a virgin area was made in a Beech stand of mountain forests, northern Iran. Across the slope positions, the soil profiles demonstrated significant changes due to topography for two shape slopes. The solum depth of the convex slope was higher than the concave one in all five positions, and it decreased from the summit to shoulder and increased from the mid to lower slope positions for both convex and concave slopes. The thin solum at the upper positions and concave slope demonstrated that pedogenetic development is least at upper slope positions and concave slope where leaching and biomass productivity are less than at lower slopes and concave slope. A large decrease in the thickness of O and A horizons from the summit to back slope was noted for both concave and convex slopes, but it increased from back slope toward down slope for both of them. The average thickness of B horizons increased from summit to down slopes in the case of the concave slope, but in the case of convex slope it decreased from summit to shoulder and afterwards it increased to the down slope. The thicknesses of the different horizons varied in part in the different positions and shape slopes because they had different plant species cover and soil features, which were related to topography.     

Multiple‐scale soil moisture distribution and its implications for ecosystem restoration in an arid river valley,China

The spatial distribution of soil moisture and its multiple‐scale correlations to other environmental factors were examined along the Upper Minjiang River valley, China, a landscape subject to severe land degradation of soil and water erosion but also under investigation for potential ecosystem restoration. Results showed that: (1) Soil moisture was highest in the headwaters, and lowest in the arid valley, while moderate values characterized outside the arid valley. The polynomial model of soil moisture distribution on slopes was concave in the lightly disturbed headwaters, convex in the highly damaged arid valley, while convex on south facing slopes and concave on north facing slopes in highly damaged areas in better environmental condition. (2) Soil moisture was correlated with environmental factors at different scales, where elevation and air humidity were only correlated at the sample plot scale, light intensity and wind speed were found to be significant at both slope and site scales and slope and sample plot scales; while slope angle was correlated at all the three scales. From this we conclude that it is possible to improve soil moisture conditions in the arid valley by lowering slope angle and adding low‐cost irrigation systems. (3) The practical threshold of soil moisture for growing meadows, shrubs, and forests were 11ċ800 per cent, 3ċ925 per cent, and 16ċ078 per cent respectively; the arid valley displayed soil‐moisture conditions unfavourable to forest growth. The planned reforestation project is not ecologically reasonable. Reducing human disturbance and revegetating with natural shrubs and meadows may produce more effective results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

薄层黑土微生物生物量碳氮对土壤侵蚀—沉积的响应

研究土壤侵蚀—沉积对土壤微生物生物量的影响可以为科学评估土壤侵蚀的环境效应提供依据。以典型薄层黑土区——黑龙江省宾州河流域为研究区,利用土壤137Cs含量估算侵蚀速率,通过分析流域不同位置和不同坡面部位土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量以及土壤侵蚀强度的差异,揭示土壤微生物生物量对土壤侵蚀—沉积的响应规律。结果表明:流域不同位置和不同坡面部位土壤微生物生物量的分布存在明显差异,并呈现出与土壤侵蚀—沉积空间分布相反的变化趋势。土壤侵蚀速率在流域的分布为上游中游下游,在坡面的分布为坡中部坡上部坡下部;土壤微生物生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和微生物生物量氮(Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN)在流域表现为下游中游上游,在坡面表现为坡下部坡上部坡中部。回归分析表明,MBC、MBN、有机质(Organic matter,OM)和全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)含量随土壤侵蚀强度的增大而减少。土壤侵蚀对土壤微生物生物量的分布有重要影响,土壤侵蚀—沉积过程引起土壤养分的迁移和再分布是导致侵蚀区和沉积区土壤微生物生物量分布产生差异的重要原因。     

基于样带的陕西省水土流失规律研究

陕西省是我国水土流失最严重的地区之一,利用第一次全国水利普查水土保持调查专项数据,抽取横向7条、纵向2条典型样带,共314个调查单元,对比分析了陕西省坡度、坡长、土地利用类型对土壤侵蚀影响的区域差异。结果表明:（1）横向样带自北向南坡度均值先减小后增大,黄土高原地区坡度 < 20°和 > 30°的地块土壤侵蚀模数高于其他地区;整体来看,陕西省土壤侵蚀的临界坡度在15°~30°;（2）随坡长的增加,土壤侵蚀模数整体呈波动增长,10~20 m和 > 30 m坡长范围内,黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀最为严重;（3）耕地、园地土壤侵蚀模数高于林地、草地,耕地与园地土壤侵蚀模数自北向南呈增—减—增的变化特征;（4）区域对比来看,自北向南土壤侵蚀模数先减小后增大,侵蚀强度从大到小依次为黄土高原区、秦巴山地区、关中平原区;纵向样带土壤侵蚀模数均在1 000 t/（km²·a）左右。研究结果为认识陕西省土壤侵蚀因子区域差异,明确水土流失空间分异规律,因地制宜地制定水土保持规划提供了重要依据。     

Factors responsible for soil erosion hazard in submontane Punjab, India

Abstract. Various factors of soil erosion (erodibility of the soil, slope of the land and nature of the plant cover) were studied in a representative area of submontane Punjab. In the north-eastern part of the area, slope steepness, slope length, convexo-concave and concave slope patterns and sparse vegetation were the dominant factors governing erosion hazard. In the central and lower south-western part of the area, high soil credibility and sparse vegetation were the most important factors.
Rill erosion was positively correlated ( r = 0.87) with slope steepness. The erodibility of the soil was strongly correlated ( r = 0.98) with amounts of silt + very fine sand.
In the area with steeper slopes, the lower segments of transects were prone to more erosion because of high credibility. Slope shapes such as convexo-concave and concave could result in sloughing and greater erosion hazard if not properly protected. Slopes facing southwest were more prone to erosion than others because of more solar energy, greater aridity, less vegetation and concave shape.     

坝地沉积旋回泥沙养分变化及其对小流域泥沙来源的解释

黄土高原广泛分布的坝地沉积泥沙中赋存了大量小流域侵蚀特征及侵蚀环境变化的信息,泥沙特性的变化则是这些信息的直接体现。该文通过对比分析淤地坝沉积旋回泥沙中和坝控小流域内不同泥沙源地土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量,发现小流域内土壤养分含量变异性明显大于沉积旋回泥沙中的变异性,沉积旋回泥沙养分含量与沟壁土壤中的相接近,其中与沟壁中的全氮、全磷和全钾无显著差异(p>0.05),但显著小于荒草地和坡耕地中的有机质、全氮和全磷含量(p<0.05),表明淤地坝运行期间小流域泥沙主要来源于沟壁坍塌和沟道扩展,重力侵蚀和沟蚀是主要侵蚀类型;有机质和全氮在坝地沉积旋回中呈明显阶段性变化,分析认为其反映了农村土地联产承包责任制对小流域土地利用和土壤侵蚀的影响。     

六盘山叠叠沟小流域的土壤石砾含量坡面分布特征

山区土壤石砾含量经常很高,这对土壤水文功能具有不可忽视的作用.为了解六盘山区土壤石砾含量的空间分布特征.在叠叠沟小流域调查研究了土壤石砾含量随坡向、坡位和土层深度的变化规律.结果表明,土壤(以表层0-20 cm为例)石砾体积含量的坡向顺序为阳坡(3.07%)>阴坡(2.89%)>半阴半阳坡(1.99%),坡位顺序为下部(3.46%)>中上部(3.05%)>坡顶(2.46%)>中部(2.20%)>上部(2.08%).在受侵蚀影响导致表层土壤石砾富集的同时,石砾含量主要受离开母岩距离的影响,因而表现为随土壤加深而增加的趋势,基于此提出了不同坡向坡位时石砾体积含量随土壤深度变化的模型,与实际数据吻合较好.     

137Cs示踪分析东北黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳组分的影响

研究土壤侵蚀对有机碳不同组分流失的影响,可为科学评估土壤侵蚀在碳循环中的作用和探明农田有机碳变化机制提供理论依据。该研究以典型黑土区一凸型耕地坡面为研究对象,基于~(137)Cs示踪技术,分析了坡面土壤侵蚀特征及强度分布,定量分析了坡面有机碳组分的变化幅度及侵蚀强度与有机碳组分间的关系。结果表明:研究坡面年均侵蚀速率为3801.71t/(km~2×a),属中度侵蚀,33.33%的采样点为强烈侵蚀,极强烈及剧烈的侵蚀点占比11.11%,主要位于凸型坡中部坡度较陡处,26.67%为沉积点,主要分布在坡脚西侧。自开垦以来坡耕地土壤平均有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)含量下降了13.58%,其中矿质有机碳(Mineral-bound Organic Carbon,MOC)和颗粒有机碳(Particulate Organic Carbon,POC)分别下降了7.52%和40.49%;POC中粗颗粒有机碳(Coarse Particulate Organic Carbon,CPOC)下降幅度最大(73.24%),细颗粒有机碳(Fine Particulate Organic Carbon,FPOC)无显著差异。坡面SOC、MOC和FPOC在沉积点均显著大于侵蚀点(P0.01),沉积点和轻度侵蚀点的SOC及MOC含量显著大于轻度以上侵蚀点(P0.01),SOC及组分MOC和FPOC均在中度侵蚀下降幅度最大,之后变化轻微。有机碳组分中MOC和FPOC含量随着土壤侵蚀强度的增大呈下降趋势,CPOC与侵蚀强度无显著相关性且沉积点及不同侵蚀强度之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。结果说明坡耕地中CPOC和MOC减少的驱动机制可能存在差异。     

The importance of andic soils in mountain ecosystems: a pedological investigation in Italy

Andic soils have unique morphological, physical and chemical properties that induce both considerable soil fertility and great vulnerability to land degradation. In recent years there have been many reports of soils with andic properties in Non‐Volcanic Mountain Ecosystems (NVME) in different parts of the world. This paper attempts to assess the importance of andic soils in mountain ecosystems of Italy. We used the criteria of altitude (> 700 m above sea level), slope (< 12°) and active green biomass (maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NVDI) value > 0.5) for identifying sites where andic soil processes may occur in the NVME of Italy. We characterized in detail 42 soils in the areas thus identified. According to WRB (2006) the main soils are Andosols, Cambisols, Phaeozems, Umbrisols and Podzols. Despite the taxonomic diversity, the morphological, micromorphological and chemical properties indicate considerable pedological homogeneity in these soils. The most striking features are the large values of Al_o + 0.5Fe_o (as %), which is a standard index for andic soil properties ( USDA, 2006; WRB, 2006 ), but it occurs at the wrong depths for many of our soils to qualify as true Andosol/Andisols and there is little evidence of podzolization. We therefore suggest that (i) andic soils must be recognized more clearly in soil classification, particularly with respect to the depths at which andic properties are developed, and (ii) the importance of andic soils in Italian NVMEs (and possibly elsewhere in the world) has been underestimated. These soils warrant further investigation because of their agricultural potential and ecological importance.     

基于CSLE模型的巴基斯坦土壤侵蚀评价

通过制作土壤侵蚀图,分析土壤侵蚀主控因子,为巴基斯坦水土流失与保护提供合理的科学依据及治理参考。以土壤侵蚀抽样调查单元数据和土壤侵蚀因子数据为数据源,基于CSLE模型分别以空间插值法和地图代数法定量计算巴基斯坦水蚀区土壤侵蚀图,以空间插值结果为参照对地图代数计算结果做直方图匹配得到巴基斯坦水蚀速率图;采用水利部SL 190—2007标准对巴基斯坦风蚀强度进行了定性评价;使用分类决策树分析土壤侵蚀的主控因子。结果表明,空间插值法制图具有空间预测的准确性,地图代数法制图可以表现良好的局地变异特征;直方图匹配土壤侵蚀图兼具这2种方法的优点,土壤水蚀速率平均值为972.9 t/(km²·a),水蚀区土壤侵蚀比较严重,风蚀区以剧烈风蚀和极强烈风蚀为主,大部分地区生物措施因子是影响土壤侵蚀的主控因子,耕作区和山区的主控因子分别是R因子和LS因子。     

华南兴国县影响土壤侵蚀时空动力学的环境因素

By using soil erosion maps of four different time periods and a digital elevation model (DEM), in combination with the remote sensing and GIS technologies, soil erosion dynamics in Xingguo County of Jiangxi Province in South China were analyzed on both temporal and spatial scales in soils of different parent materials, altitudes and slopes. The results showed that from 1958 to 2000 severe soil erosion was coming under control with a decreasing percentage of the land under severe erosion. It was also found that the soils developed from Quaternary red clay, granite and purple shale were more susceptible to soil erosion and that areas sitting between 200 to 500 m in altitude with a slope less than 3° or between 7° to 20° where human activities were frequent remained to be zones where soil erosion was most likely to occur. These areas deserve special attention in monitoring and controlling.     

基于RUSLE的北洛河上游流域侵蚀产沙模拟研究

以RS、GIS和RUSLE模型结合SEDD模型,分析了退耕还林前后北洛河上游流域1990年、2000年和2010年土壤侵蚀强度和产沙量的时空变化特征。结果表明:3个时期年平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为18189.72,7 408.93,2 857.76t/(km~2·a),年均输沙模数分别为14 093.31,5 997.65,2 394.37t/(km~2·a),均呈减小趋势。3个时期的土壤侵蚀量在地形上的分布表现出趋同性,即高程上均在1 475~1 575m内平均侵蚀模数和侵蚀量表现出最大值。随着坡度增加,平均侵蚀模数增加,流域内75%以上的侵蚀量均来自于坡度15°区域。3个时期平均侵蚀模数均遵循阳坡半阳坡半阴坡阴坡的规律。研究为该区域生态环境建设效益评价及水土资源合理利用提供有益信息。     

Erodibility and runoff-infiltration characteristics of volcanic ash soils along an altitudinal climosequence in the Ecuadorian Andes

Soil erosion is a widespread phenomenon in Andean South America, where many regions are covered with soils derived from volcanic parent materials. Climate-induced differences in the genesis of these soils have been demonstrated along toposequences on volcanic slopes. This research was conducted to study the impact of such differential pedogenesis on erodibility and runoff-infiltration characteristics along an altitudinal Entisols–Inceptisols–Andisols sequence in the Andes of northern Ecuador. Surface soils were packed into small pans and placed on a 9% slope, and a simulated rainstorm with varying intensities was applied for a duration of 30 min. The runoff-erosion behaviour of the studied volcanic ash soils is strongly affected by their pedological development. Accumulation of organic matter and precipitation of active amorphous materials at high elevations have led to the formation of well-developed Andisols with very stable aggregate structure. These soils remain wettable when air-dried, show very high infiltration capacity and, consequently, low potential for runoff generation and soil erosion. Low organic matter contents and absence of active amorphous materials at low elevations have led to the formation of weakly aggregated Entisols and Inceptisols. These soils are susceptible to surface crusting, which lowers their infiltration capacity and increases their erodibility. However, in comparison with other soils of different origin and composition, the interrill erodibilities determined for these more erodible low-elevation soils are classified as low. The findings of this study suggest that upland soil erosion is not a major threat to sustainability in the studied volcanic landscape, which is generally confirmed by field observations.     

Variation of chemical properties as affected by soil erosion on hillslopes and terraces

The variation in soil nutrients is crucial to the understanding of productivity of soil undergoing erosion overall, as the latter can result in a decline in soil quality and crop production in the whole landscape. Two toposequences (a long slope and terraced field series) were selected from hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin, China, to determine the effects of soil redistribution rates and topographic changes on P, K and CaCO₃ contents, and examine the contribution of water and tillage erosion to the variation and distribution pattern in these chemical properties within different landscapes. For the long slope, soil loss occurred at upper slope positions and soil accumulation was present at lower slope positions. However, terrace banks create a line of zero downslope transport of soil, and lead to abrupt changes in ¹³⁷Cs inventories over very short distances between the upper (or lower) part of the terrace and the lower (or upper) part of the neighbouring terrace. Extractable K concentrations are significantly related to ¹³⁷Cs inventories on both the long slope and terraced fields, which suggests that the distribution of extractable K is closely linked to soil redistribution. However, it is noticeable that no close relationship between extractable P concentrations and ¹³⁷Cs inventories was found on the terraced fields, while there was a highly significant correlation between the two variables on the long slope. The variation in extractable P by soil redistribution was enhanced on the long slope, but was concealed on the terraced fields due to the presence of CaCO₃. It is suggested that the variation in extractable P not only depends on soil redistribution in relation to fine soil particles, but is also influenced by other factors such as P‐fixation onto CaCO₃, the concentration of which itself is linked to soil erosion and redistribution. Therefore, extractable P dynamics with reference to soil erosion are relatively complex on carbonate‐rich soil and parent materials in areas such as those represented by the Sichuan Basin. Tillage erosion, the dominant soil redistribution process on terraced fields, was found to be a major contributor to the variation in soil chemical properties in the terraced field landscape, while water erosion plays an important role in the variation in soil chemical properties in the long slope landscape. In the case of carbonate‐rich soils or parent materials, however, tillage erosion did not create accumulations of extractable P in depressions, whereas water erosion results in extractable P losses at upper slope positions and accumulation at lower slope positions.