Tree and fruit traits of progenies from the cross between (Annona cherimola Mill.?×?A. squamosa L.)?×?A. reticulata L. and approaches for the introgression of valuable genes from A. reticulata L.

Atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. × A. squamosa L) and A. reticulata L. possess several contrasting foliage characteristics. Two hundred and fifty trispecies hybrids of atemoya and A. reticulata were therefore studied to investigate the inheritance of four foliage characteristics. Segregation for leaf colour (green or dark green), leaf angle (erect or drooping), leaf apex shape (rounded or pointed) and time of leaf fall (early or late or intermediate) into discreet phenotypic classes revealed that their inheritance followed simple Mendelian genetics. Based on phenotypes of parents and the segregating population, and the genetic ratios obtained, allelic symbols were assigned to four leaf characteristics. Duplicate dominant gene interaction governed the leaf colour and leaf position. Thus individuals with single or both the dominant genes (A-B-, A-bb, aaB-) produce green colour leaves and those with recessive genes (aabb) dark colour leaves. Likewise erect leaf individuals are C-D-, C-dd, ccD- and those with drooping leaves are ccdd. Further a single gene determined shape of leaf apex that was either rounded (Rr) or pointed (rr). Segregation of progenies for leaf fall into early (J ^E J ^E ), intermediate (J ^E J ^L ) and late (J ^L J ^L ) suggested that codominant alleles were responsible for time of leaf fall. The inheritance studies reported in this paper should guide in Annonaceous fruit breeding for foliage characteristics or could be used as selection criteria for those important traits with which they are associated.     

Genetic control of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 1 in the Brazilian common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Aporé

The use of resistant cultivars is one of the best methods for nematode control and reduction of economic losses caused by these pathogens. Studies of inheritance of nematode resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are nonetheless scarce. The present paper reports on the estimation of genetic parameters associated with resistance to the root nematode Meloidogyne incognita race 1 in common beans. Two contrasting bean lines, ‘Aporé’ (P₁ = nematode resistant) e ‘Macarr?o Rasteiro Conquista’ (P₂ = susceptible), and the generations F₁ (P₁ × P₂), F₂ (P₁ × P₂), BC₁(P₁) = (F₁ × P₁) and BC₁(P₂) = (F₁ × P₂), were assessed 45 days after nematode inoculation, through a scale related to the number of eggs per gram of root tissue. Dominant genetic effects were inferior in magnitude to additive effects, indicating incomplete dominance of nematode resistance. Dominance was in the direction of increased nematode resistance (i.e., lower number of eggs per g root). Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 1 in common bean is under control of a single gene locus, with incomplete dominance of the resistance allele present in ‘Aporé’, but modifier genes affecting its expression appear to be present in the susceptible parent ‘Macarr?o Rasteiro Conquista’.     

Development of a coupling-phase SCAR marker linked to the powdery mildew resistance gene ‘er1’ in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Pea powdery mildew is one of the major constraints in pea production worldwide, causing severe seed yield and quality loss. The resistance is governed by a single recessive gene er1 in majority of resistant cultivars, but er2 and Er3 have also been reported. The objective of the study was to find out tightly linked sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) markers to er1 gene using NILs. A total of 620 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were screened for length polymorphism between seven sets of NILs. The 880 bp polymorphic band of the tightly linked RAPD marker OPX 04₈₈₀ was cloned, sequenced and a SCAR marker ScOPX 04₈₈₀ was developed. In a population of completely classified 208 F₂ plants (supported by phenotypic data from 208 F_2:3 and 4,390 F_3:4 families) ScOPX 04₈₈₀ was linked at 0.6 cM in coupling phase with er1 gene in the order ScOPX 04₈₈₀–er1–ScOPD 10₆₅₀. ScOPX 04₈₈₀ will correctly differentiate homozygous resistant plants from the susceptible accessions with more than 99 % accuracy. In combination with repulsion phase marker ScOPD 10₆₅₀, ScOPX 04₈₈₀ can help in an error free marker-assisted selection.     

Cytogenetic studies on the F1 hybrid Solanum incanum L. x Solanum melongena L. variety ‘Giant of Banaras’

Summary This paper presents a morphological and cytogenetic account of Solanum incanum, S. melongena variety Giant of Banaras and their F₁ hybrid. A close inter-relationship between the two species is recognized and hybrid vigour for height of plant and number of branches, flowers and fruits as well as for resistance against drought and fruit and shoot borers is demonstrated.     

Assessment of the reproductive system of Isatis tinctoria L.

Isatis tinctoria L. (woad) is a dye plant whose cultivation is increasing because of its adaptability to marginal conditions and increasing demand for natural products. Suitable breeding schemes need to be set up in order to obtain woad varieties for each proposed environment. Presently, no data about the reproductive system are available. The effects of selfing and crossing on setting and progeny vigour were assessed. Results showed the existence of an outcrossing system in I. tinctoria. Obligate self-pollinated plants produced fewer siliques (7.1 g per plant) with lower weight (6.0 mg) and lower seed germinability (8.2%) than outcrossing plants (44.1 g, 8.0 mg and 46.0% for each character, respectively). Self-pollinated progenies also generally showed lower vigour than outcrossing progenies.     

The winter distribution of nutrients in the Southern Bight of the North Sea (1961–1978) and in the estuaries of the scheldt and the rhine/meuse

In many years the winter distribution of nutrients in the eastern part of the Southern Bight is influenced by phytoplankton growth, always in February, sometimes in January but not in January 1961 and 1978, months with a relatively low insolation and high wind strength. The Scheldt river has higher nutrient concentrations than the rivers Rhine and Seine. The waters of the Scheldt river plume are distinguished from those of the Seine and the Rhine/Meuse with dissolved silica as a tracer. The extension of the Scheldt river plume is related to wind direction.The increase of inorganic nutrients from January 1961 to January 1978 in the northern part of the Southern Bight is related to the increase in the river Rhine. The increase in the Strait of Dover is related to discharges from the river Seine and the English coast. Only data outside the Scheldt river plume were selected for the comparison. An increase of nutrient concentrations is measurable over the entire salinity range and is largest for phosphate (up to 3 times at low salinities), less for nitrate (about 1.5 times for all salinities) and hardly noticeable for silicic acid. Nitrate extrapolation to low salinity agrees with upstream river values, but phosphate extrapolation gives higher concentrations, probably due to discharges of phosphogypsum in estuaries.     

The history of the Plant Breeding Institute I.v.P. 1912–1962

Founded in 1912, the Plant Breeding Institute (I.v.P.) has been active in a wide field, particularly since 1923. Many projects have been initiated and developed in this time.Research and instruction in plant breeding have been important items in its working programme. They are supported by a well-organized library.Breeding work and the maintenance of varieties developed by the Institute have been carried out on a modest scale for instructional purposes. Many hybrid populations have been placed at the disposal of Dutch breeders and some important varieties were raised from them.The need of establishing and maintaining international contacts is met by the editing of Euphytica and the co-operation in the European Association for Research on Plant Breeding, Eucarpia.Advice to breeders of agricultural crops, the composition of the List of Varieties of Field Crops, legalisation of varieties and the seed inspection of these varieties were left to the authority of other institutions which were specially founded for those purposes. Close contacts with these organisations were maintained leading to much fruitful co-operation.The successive directors (O. Pitsch, C. Broekema, J. C. Dorst, J. Sneep) have aimed at developing a balanced combination of plant breeding, research on varieties and seed production.     

Design of the Virtual Instrument of Frequency/Amplitude Sweep

In this paper the inevitable trend of constructing open ecosystem in modern settlement environment was discussed through the history of the settlement environment and the characters of modern settlement environment.The ecological crisis,change of the modern life and the citizens' needs and the ecological system character show,that it is important for sustainable development of the settlement environment to construct open ecosystem.The construction of modern habitation and the city room embodies the concept of open ecosystem.Then,in construction and research of modern settlement,the ecological viewpoint and method should be applied.     

Simulation of the penetration rate (ROP) of the air percussion drilling

It is difficult to calculate the penetration rate (ROP) of percussion drilling. In the early research, the empirical or semiempirical formulae of the ROP are derived from the laboratory or field data collected by the researchers. However, the ROP value of the formulae is not as accurate as that in the field. Benefiting from the dynamic model, the geometric structure model and the theory of the roller cone bit, the mathematical model of the hammer bit, the mathematical model of the true bottom hole and the mathematical model between the tooth and the rock of the hammer bit are established. Hence the ROP of the air percussion drilling can be predicted by simulation. Field tests show the models are reliable and the results are coincident with that in the field. The research can help to redesign the hammer bit and optimize the drilling parameters.     

EMH of Stock Market by the Method of R/S

First,we comment on the theory of stock market validity of China. Basing on the analysis of the actuality of stock market validity of China, the market validity by R/S method empirically is studied also, and the conclusion is given that china's stock market is in vice-effective.     

A.A. Marcov Forecast Method of the System Ration in Estate Business Study

A. A. Markov Rolling Forecast Method is presented in this paper according to the dynamic characteristics of the estate business system. Test results reveal that the system quantitative forecast could be realized on the basis of previous samples, which provide a direction of the rational management in estate business. Concerning sample molding analysis and Markov Rolling Forecast Method, this paper gives a corresponding conclusion of analytic research quantitatively in order to demonstrate the formation of factors working in estate business activities and its systematic logistic connotation. Markov Rolling Forecast Method can be applied not only to short-term prediction but long term one as well, provided when the market is rather stable with no significant change during a regular period of time and when the rolling times of the state transition matrix are fairly enough.     

Apply the Hybrid Method of FDTD/MoM to Calculate the Radiation from the Aperture

This paper presents a hybrid method of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain(FDTD) and the method of moment(MoM) to compute the radiation from the aperture.The FDTD is a commonly used electromagnetic simulation way.It can solve the question with complex dielectric,but it is difficult(even cannot) for FDTD to calculate the far field because of large compute time and computer memory.So the authors can make use of the FDTD to get a large number of near electric field intensity,and then use the MoM,which based on electric field integral equation to compute the far field.Using this procedure,the authors solve the radiation of the box with apertures on one or more sides and reduced the compute time and the computer memory.     

Eliminate the glitch in design of CPLD/FPGA

Complex Programmable Logic Device(CPLD) and Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) play more and more important roles in design of modern digital system. But sometimes, the glitch in design of the system become handicap of succeedable design. This paper analyses the cause, judge and locate of glitch in design of modern digital system apply the component of CPLD/FPGA. Three methods about eliminate the glitch make use of EDA tools are discussed and some examples are given.     

Macrofauna standing stock of the Dogger Bank. A comparison: II. 1951–1952 versus 1985–1987 are changes in the community of the northeastern part of the Dogger Bank due to environmental changes?

During April/May 1985–1987 some of Ursin's (Ursin, 1960) stations on the Dogger Bank from April/May 1951–1952 were revisited. This paper concentrates on results from the ‘Tail End’, the northeastern part of the Dogger Bank. The polychaete species Ophelia borealis and Goniada maculata, which were dominant species in 1951–1952, showed similar distributions in 1985–1987 on the whole of the Dogger Bank. Changes in the macrofauna distribution are obvious in the increase of opportunistic small polychaete species like Spiophanes bombyx, Scoloplos armiger and Magelona spp. In 1985–1987 these species occurred in high individual numbers per m² all over the Dogger Bank in contrast to 1951–1952, when they were found only in few individuals. Extensive patches of the bivalve species Spisula subtruncata discovered at the northeastern border of the Dogger Bank in the fifties were not found. Only small, fast-growing species like Abra prismatica, Tellina fabula and Montacuta bidentata occurred in high individual numbers per m². In 1987 the total biomass shows a reduction of about 30% in the area compared with 1950–1954Some hypotheses are given to explain the changes in macrofauna distribution on the Dogger Bank between 1950–1954 and 1985–1987, taking into account the increasing eutrophication and pollution.     

Application of a FDTD/MOMTD Hybrid Method to the Scattering Problem of the Ground Penetrating Radar

In order to analyze and research the scattering problem of the ground penetrating radar under the ground, a hybrid method combining FDTD and MOMTD is constructed to solve the problem. The curve of current on central feeding point of pick-up antenna is obtained by simulating when different distance between the ideal conductor and the ground is considered, correctness of the result gained by employing the hybrid method is proved through qualitative and quantitative analysis.     

Study of the Correlation between the Transformation of PHB and Denitrifying Phosphorus Absorption in A/ASBR

By the study of the influence of COD concentration on denitrifying phosphor removal of A/ASBR (anaerobic/ aerobic sequence bioreactor), it was shown that the favorable treatment effect had been gained with the COD concentration between 220 and 300mg/l; the higher or lower concentration of COD was unfavorable to the work of the system. In our test, it has been confirmed that the rudimental carbon resource organism and cell depositor PHB deposited in anaerobic stage has a significant influence on the process of denitrifying phosphorous removal. The better correlation has been observed also between the consumption of PHB and denitrifying phosphorous removal when the use of cell depositors PHB as carbon resource is concerned. It indicates that the deoxidization of 2 mg nitrate may accelerate the absorption of 1 mg phosphorous.     

Design of the Expandable (I)FFT Implemented in the CPLD

The architecture of scalable length and high speed FFT processor based on CPLD(Complex Programmable Logic Device) is proposed, including the pipeline architecture of the radix mixed FFT algorithm, the address regularity of the read-then-write RAM, the array architecture of short-length FFT and the pipeline complement architecture of CORDIC(Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer) algorithm. If the input-data velocity is 20 MHz,the time expended on 1024-point FFT is 50 us.     

Does the influence of the epibenthic predator crangon crangon L. (brown shrimp) extend to sediment microalgae and bacteria?

The effect of juvenile Crangon crangon L. (brown shrimp) on the microbial part of the food web of marine shallow-water sandy sediment was investigated in two experiments using an outdoor flow-through system. Biomass, composition and productivity of microalgae and bacteria, POC and PON content in the sediment, as well as nutrient and oxygen fluxes, were measured in the absence and presence of two natural densities (50 and 100 ind·m⁻²) of juvenile Crangon. Stimulating effects of the presence of juvenile Crangon on both microalgae and bacteria were observed after three weeks. However, the number of statistically significant effects was low, despite the conspicuous change in sediment characteristics caused by Crangon activity. To explain the possible trophic effect of Crangon via meiofaunal grazing, the results were compared with meiofaunal grazing rates (dual labelling by ¹⁴C-bicarbonate and ³H-thymidine) and changes in the meiofaunal and macrofaunal community. The reasons for the low number of significant trophic effects of Crangon on algae and bacteria were that the overall meiofaunal grazing pressure on microbiota was low, and that only part of the meiofauna (mainly harpacticoid copepods) was significantly affected by the predator. Meiofauna thus appeared to be a weak mediating link in the sandy sediment system investigated. No effect of Crangon on oxygen fluxes, or POC and PON content in the sediment was observed. Neither were the nutrient concentrations in the overlying water affected, but increased nutrient levels in the pore water were observed. According to theoretical calculations, excretion from the shrimp may imply a considerable nutrient addition which can be rapidly re-utilized by the microbes directly at the sediment/water interface. Bioturbation by Crangon appeared to counteract flaking of the microalgal mat.