海南热带植物叶片化学元素含量特征

分析了海南80种植物（青梅，坡垒，黄杞，荷木，海南蒲桃，琼南柿，油丹，琼楠，陆均松，海南油杉，橡胶，木麻黄等）叶片15个元素的含量，探讨这些元素在不同植物生活型的变化及元素间的相互关系。结果表明：植物叶片的元素含量在种间和元素间的变化范围都较大，植被类型和植物生活型对叶片元素含量有显著影响。海南大多数植被的N/P比率较小，属于N含量制约的植被类型。元素比值和元素相关分析结果说明植物体内必需的营养元素具有一定的比例组成和协调关系。     

工业污染山地植被修复造林树种适应性评价

以广东省梅州市明珠冶炼厂污染山地植被修复的6个乡土树种为研究对象,调查6个树种树木早期生长表现,并采集叶片测定其重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni)含量。结果表明:16个乡土树种树木早期生长综合表现总体较好,树木成活率、存活率分别达到98%、85%以上,其中,黑木相思和香樟树早期生长表现最佳。2在6个乡土树种中,黧蒴、香樟树对工业污染山地重金属的吸滞能力较强,隶属函数平均值分别为0.76、0.51。3梅州市明珠冶炼厂Zn和Cu污染较为严重,黧蒴对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr 4种重金属污染的吸附能力都最强,尤其是叶片Cu、Zn含量分别高达16.13、37.66 mg·kg-1。综合树木早期生长情况和植物对工业污染山地重金属的吸滞能力,香樟树和枫香的表现较佳。     

再生水灌溉对园林植物和土壤的影响研究

本研究通过北京地区有代表性的园林植物盆栽试验和绿地调查植物生长状况．同时采集植物生长立地土壤和植物叶片进行化验分析．结果表明，植株生长良好，叶色正常试验期间内未见有异常现象；浇灌再生水的植物（油松、玉兰、银杏、棣棠、紫薇、早园竹）叶片内出现了钠元素含量增加而氮、磷、钾和微量元素含量则没有明显变化。再生水浇灌的土壤中交换态钠有累积趋势，但尚未达到危害水平．     

大气氟污染与几种树木叶片及土壤和水中氟含量的相关性分析

为探索大气氟污染与植物叶片含氟量的关系,利用氟离子电极法,对河北农业大学林学院区域内的树特种叶片含氟量进行了２ａ的监测同步监测了大气、土壤、水体的氟污染状况,进行了相关性分析。结果证明：林学院区域内有严重的氟污染,不同树种叶片含氟量有明显区别,树森叶片积累氟含量与大气氟浓度呈显著的正相关。并建立回归方程,通过叶氟量有明显区别、树木叶片积累氟含量与大气氟浓度呈显著的正相关。并建立回归方程通过叶氟量监     

奇妙的植物除虫

奇妙的植物除虫庄稼、蔬菜、树木等绿色植物，总是受到昆虫越来越严重的危害。苍蝇、蚊子的搔扰，更使人类受害非浅。人们使用化学农药灭虫，不仅因产量有限而难以购买，而且更会损害人类健康，对大自然造成污染。科学家千方百计地寻找天然驱虫药，发现一些植物有着神奇的...     

南岭自然保护区常绿阔叶林优势树种叶片中11种化学元素含量特征

为探讨南岭自然保护区常绿阔叶林优势树种叶片营养特征及重金属含量水平,测定了保护区16个优势树种叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Al、Na、Mg、Mn、Ni、Cu和Pb共11种化学元素的含量,并分析了其在叶片中的变异特征和相关性。结果表明：该地区植物叶片N、P含量均低于我国陆生植物叶片含量的平均值,叶片Ca、K、Mg含量处于陆地植物叶片的正常范围,叶片Mn含量与广东植物叶片含量接近;16个优势树种叶片重金属含量均处于正常范围;南岭自然保护区优势树种受P限制强烈;尽管16个优势树种叶片暂未受到重金属和Al毒危害,但因华南地区酸沉降引发土壤重金属活化的风险仍存在,应加强对该地区森林土壤化学性质和树木叶片化学元素含量的定期监测研究。     

城市公园树木白蚁危害及防治

温州市区9个公园的树木受白蚁危害比率为0~56.2%,其中翠微山公园和华盖山公园的树木受害最重。危害树木的白蚁共有2科4属5种,分别为黑翅土白蚁Odontoterms formosanus、黄翅大白蚁Macrotermtes barneyi、台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus、黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps和黑胸散白蚁R.chinensis。在调查的9个公园内共有29科37属41种树木受到白蚁危害,其中香樟、枫杨、构树、大叶桉、女贞等树木受害最为严重。采用草堆诱杀法及诱饵包诱杀法防治园林树木白蚁效果明显,在华益山公园,树木受害率从防治前的42.3%下降到5%左右。     

绿化防癌和治癌植物

近十年来,由于地下水降低,土壤干涸,工业废气污染等原因,使西德的许多城市绿化遭到严重的破坏。举目望去,街道上一排排病树枝叶枯黄,公园里一棵棵老树濒于死亡。据统计,西德城市有35％的树木受到严重损害。汉堡近五年来病树增加了50-70％。斯图加特市病树竟然高达80％。大批绿树的枯黄,加重了城市里的空气污染。按照世界卫生组织规定,每立方米空气中二氧化碳的含量最高为60微克,但西德在8年前制定的标准就已经是140微克,而实际上许多城市都超过了这     

九连山常绿阔叶林不同空间分布的植物叶片N、P化学计量学特征

以九连山常绿阔叶林为实验对象,采用样方取样法对群落中的部分植物叶片N、P元素进行测定,并从不同物种、不同生活型、不同生境类型、不同离地高度等多个空间分布的植物叶片N、P元素化学计量学特征进行统计分析。结果表明:(1)九连山常绿阔叶林群落平均含N量为15.91 mg/g,平均含P量为1.17 mg/g,群落的发展主要受P元素的限制,在物种水平上,不同植物叶片中的N、P元素含量差异较大。(2)群落中蕨类植物通常比被子植物叶片的N、P含量低,不同生活型N、P含量呈现的规律为:草本层乔木层灌木层。(3)山谷植物N、P总体含量明显高于山脊,山谷植物群落主要受到N元素的限制,而山脊植物则主要受到P元素的限制;在一定离地高度内,植物叶片N、P含量逐渐升高,达到最大值后逐渐下降。     

旅游活动对张家界国家森林公园植被的影响的评价

在张家界国家森林公园的三个景区(金鞭溪、将军岩、天书宝匣),分别选择了四个区域作为样地,本文通过对树木的刻伤数量,植被的种类,数量等的调查,分析了旅游活动对林木及植被的影响。结果表明,公园游道两边的林木受到了游客的严重刻伤,尤以黄石寨景区及金鞭溪景区最为明显。林木受伤程度主要与树种、树皮光滑程度及林木和游道边缘之间的距离有关。本研究以植被影响指数(IVI)来衡量旅游活动对植被的影响。结果显示,在受影响最大的三个景区,IVI 值位于59.4%与87.5%之间,表明其游道两边的植被已受到了严重的影响。针对以上问题,本文提出了关于公园游客管理的一些建议。表5参10。     

树叶中重金属含量及其指示大气污染的研究

通过对南京市区交通流量大的区域和相时清洁区(江苏省林科院)不同植物叶片重金属元素(Pb、Cd、Cu)含量的分析,研究了大气污染指数,初步探讨了植物重金属含量与城市大气污染之间的关系.研究表明.植物叶片中重金属Pb、Cd和Cu的累积量与大气中Pb、Cd和Cu的相对含量呈显著正相关;所调查绿化树种叶片的重金属含量因重金属种类、采样区和树种的不同具有明显差异,悬铃木叶片累积Pb的能力最强,而杨树叶片对Cd和Cu的累积能力最强.市区大气重金属质量状况为:交通枢纽区中央门、南京化工厂和沪宁高速属于重污染,生活区新庄属于中轻度污染,远郊林科院属于无污染区.     

107 杨对土壤重金属的吸收和富集

对北京市南郊房山区107杨绿化林地进行了土壤重金属吸收富集研究,林地周围有水泥厂、石材厂、污水和垃圾等不同污染源,结果表明:林地土壤受到了Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn不同程度的污染,Pb、Cu、Zn含量差异显著,Cd平均含量(0.077 6 mg·kg^-1)低于北京市背景值,但Pb、Cu、Zn平均含量分别为37.61、26.25和90.3 mg·kg^-1,均超过了背景值,3块林地107杨叶片的Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn含量不同,与土壤重金属含量的变化无明显规律性,107杨叶片对土壤Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn重金属元素均能吸收富集,但对不同重金属的吸收富集能力不同,呈现出Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb的变化趋势,尤其对Cd具有很强的富集能力,富集系数最高值大于16,表现出了低背景高富集,而对Pb、Cu的富集能力相对较小,富集系数均小于1;不同林地107杨叶片对同种重金属元素的吸收存在较大的差异。     

Absorption and Accumulation of Heavy Metal from Soil by Leaves of Populus x euramericana cv.‘Neva’Plantation

The absorption and enrichment of heavy metal elements by leaves of Populus×euramericana cv.’Neva’ were analyzed through content assessing of heavy metal elements in soils of three forest lands at Fangshan District in the southern suburb of Beijing. These forest lands with P.×euramericana cv. ’Neva’plantation were around with the various sources of pollution such as cement mill,stone mill, sewage and garbage.Some of heavy metal elements such as Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn were found in the soil samples and leaves of P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ grown on the three forest lands which were investigated.The results of investigation showed that the soils of three forest lands were polluted with Pb, Cd,Cu and Zn in varying degrees.The contents of Pb,Cu and Zn in soils were significantly different among the three forest lands,whereas the average content of Cd(0.077 6 mg·kg^-1) was less but that of Pb,Cu,and Zn(37.61,26.25 and 90.3 mg·kg^-1 ) were more than the average background value of Beijing.The contents of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn in leaves of P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ were different among three forestlands.With the changes of heavy metal contents in soil samples,there was no regularity on the changes of different heavy metal contents in leaves of P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ grown on different forest land.P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ can absorb and accumulate Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn in soil but showed different capacities of absorption and accumulation with the order of Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb.Especially,its absorption and accumulation capacity for Cd was strong with maximum enrichment factor higher than 16 and showed high accumulation on low background,whereas its enrichment capacities for Pb and Cu were relatively poorer with average enrichment factor of less than 1.At different forest lands,there existed great difference on absorption capacity of P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ with the same heavy metal.     

高速公路沿线土壤重金属污染特征与评价

通过对沪宁高速公路南京段沥青路面两侧土壤进行取样分析,结果表明：在距离公路中心线10-120m范围内,由公路行运产生的重金属Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn对土壤造成了不同程度污染,污染程度由高到低依次为Ni、Cd、Zn、Pb;在10－40m范围内,Cr、Pb、Zn的浓度均随着水平距离的增加而呈现明显的减小趋势。同时,根据单因子指数法对污染物污染程度评价的结果表明,镍（Ni）的污染程度最重,最大污染指数达21．9,其次是Cd,最大污染指数达到11,Zn最大污染指数达到2．9,Pb最大污染指数达到1．4。     

Afforestation of a trace-element polluted area in SW Spain: woody plant performance and trace element accumulation

Trace element soil pollution can have ecotoxic effects on plants, which could negatively affect the restoration of a degraded area. In this work, we studied the revegetation success in different sites within a trace element-polluted area (Guadiamar River Valley, SW Spain). We analysed the survival and growth patterns of afforested plants of seven Mediterranean woody species, and their relation to soil pollution, over 3 years. We also analysed the trace element accumulation in the leaves of these species. The area was polluted mainly by As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (soil total concentrations up to 250, 3.6, 236, 385 and 510 mg kg⁻¹, respectively). The woody plant performance was very different between sites and between species; in the riparian sites, plant survival rates were nearly 100%, while in the upland terrace sites species such as Quercus ilex and Ceratonia siliqua showed the lowest survival rates (less than 30%) and also the lowest relative growth rates. There were no significant relationships between plant performance and soil pollution in the riparian sites, while in the upland sites mortality, but not growth, was related to soil pollution, although that could be an indirect effect of different substrate alteration between sites. The accumulation of soil pollutants in the studied plants was low, with the exception of Salicaceae species, which accumulated Cd and Zn in the leaves above 1 and 200 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. We discuss the results with regard to the afforestation of trace-element polluted areas.     

柴河铅锌尾矿耐性植物与优势植物的重金属含量研究

通过实地调查取样,分析了辽宁省铁岭柴河铅锌尾矿库内受尾矿污染的土壤重金属含量,以及生长于其上的9种植物对Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的吸收和富集能力。结果表明,Zn在小叶杨和刺玫蔷薇体内的含量较高;Cd在小叶杨和白莲蒿体内积累较多;而Pb在绣球绣线菊和华北蓝盆花中积累较多。但各种植物对重金属的富集能力均未达到超富集植物的要求,需采取综合农艺措施进行铅锌尾矿库污染土壤的植物修复重建工作。     

Distribution of elements along the length of Scots pine needles in a heavily polluted and a control environment

Pollution often causes visible symptoms of foliar injury. The injury is sometimes associated with an increase in the accessibility of toxic elements to plants as a result of acidification of the soil. We investigated the distribution of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, S, Fe, B, Cu, Zn, Al, F, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co) in healthy current-year needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing at an unpolluted control site and at a site polluted mainly by SO(2), HF and Al(3+) from a fertilizer factory established in 1917. Needles from both sites were sampled before the appearance of visible injury and cut into five sections of equal length (tip, base and three middle parts). The mean concentrations of major nutrients were 20-30% lower in needles at the polluted site than in needles at the control site, whereas the concentrations of aluminum and fluorine were higher in needles at the polluted site. An increase in concentration from needle base to tip was detected for N, Fe, B, and Al at both sites and for Mn only at the polluted site. Fluoride accumulated in the tips of needles only at the polluted site, which could explain the necroses of needle tips at this site. The distribution of elements along the length of the needles was influenced by pollution, element mobility and the distal accumulation of toxic elements.     

Response of Platanus orientalis leaves to urban pollution by heavy metals

Atmospheric pollution is an important concern in urban environments.The impact of urban pollution on the physiological,biochemical and anatomical properties of leaves of oriental plane(Platanus orientalis L.)was studied.The leaves were collected from an urban site(Tehran,Iran)and a non-urban forest park(Chitgar Forest Park).Anatomical(stomata,parenchyma,and cuticle)and physiological(chlorophyll content,enzyme activities)properties were analyzed.The concentrations of Cd(cadmium),Pb(lead),Ni(nickel),and Cr(chromium)in leaves were significantly higher and Zn(zinc)lower at the urban site relative to the forest park.Chlorophyll a,total chlorophyll,and carotenoid content in leaves of the urban site were significantly less than those of the forest park,but there was no significant difference in chlorophyll b.In addition,the activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase,ascorbate peroxidase,and guaiacol peroxidase in urban leaves were significantly higher than in the leaves of the forest park.In the urban area,leaves experienced a significant decrease in leaf surface area,stomata density,stomata pore area,epidermis,and spongy mesophyll thickness,but a significant increase in cuticle and palisade thicknesses relative to forest park leaves.The increase in enzyme activities may indicate that the trees are attempting to cope with increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)because of pollution-induced stress.Our study suggests that oriental plane trees alter their physiological and anatomical properties when living in a polluted urban environment.     

昆明市东郊垃圾堆场渗滤水重金属污染的现状研究

通过对昆明市东郊垃圾填埋场渗滤水进行实地调查和采样,分析了该垃圾填埋场的渗滤水中重金属的污染现状,在此基础评估了其对周边土壤、地下水以及周边人群的潜在风险等级,提出了针对垃圾填埋场环境改善与管理的对策。     

Pb、Cd复合污染对龙须草光合作用的影响

通过九组不同水平的重金属Pb、Cd复合污染土壤种植龙须草试验,以检测对龙须草光合作用的影响,检测龙须草对重金属复合污染的耐性,从而探讨龙须草修复重金属污染环境的能力。光合分析的结果表明：随着Pb、Cd复合污染含量的升高,龙须草的光合综合指标下降幅度较小,说明龙须草对重金属复合污染具有较强的耐性,且Cd对龙须草的影响大于Pb。