利用二硝基苯胺类除草剂离体诱导西瓜四倍体

 以二倍体西瓜单系Z-A和Z-R为试验材料,采用不同浓度的二硝基苯胺类除草剂——胺磺灵、二甲戊乐灵和氟乐灵处理其离体子叶,并以秋水仙素和不含任何诱导剂的液体培养基为对照,研究诱导西瓜四倍体的效果。结果表明,3种除草剂诱导西瓜四倍体的效果都比秋水仙素好,二甲戊乐灵、胺磺灵、氟乐灵和秋水仙素的四倍体诱导率分别为40.0%、33.3%、26.7%和13.3%。采用子叶直接处理比间接处理的四倍体诱导率高。通过 FDA荧光法对西瓜试管苗叶片表皮保卫细胞叶绿体计数,进行四倍体变异早期鉴定,准确率为90%以上。     

抗微管除草剂胺磺灵诱导西瓜四倍体试验研究

以0.2%的秋水仙素为对照,用3种不同浓度的胺磺灵水溶液对10个西瓜自交系进行诱导加倍试验.结果表明:胺磺灵是一种完全可以取代秋水仙素的新型高效西瓜四倍体诱变剂,且诱变效果好,其适宜浓度为20,μmol/L左右.     

金沙柚实生后代四倍体诱导研究

为获得金沙柚四倍体材料,采用不同浓度的秋水仙素、氨磺乐灵和氟乐灵分别对金沙柚种子进行浸种处理、幼芽期诱导处理和幼苗期诱导处理。结果表明,浸种处理以0.3%氨磺乐灵处理24 h效果较好,多倍体诱导率可达8.57%;幼芽期诱导以采用0.05%秋水仙素处理8 h效果较好,多倍体诱导率可达20.83%;幼苗期以0.3%秋水仙素的诱导效果最佳,多倍体诱导率可达58.90%。     

秋水仙素浸根法诱导优质小型西瓜四倍体试验初报

用不同浓度的秋水仙素对优质小型西瓜进行浸根和滴苗处理诱导四倍体,结果表明,随着浸根所用秋水仙素浓度和时间的增加.四倍体诱导率有增加的趋势,最高诱导率达到了20.0%,比滴苗处理高出11.3%.将加倍的四倍体果实与二倍体果实进行比较,四倍体果实皮厚增加,瓤质变硬,结籽数下降.     

利用胺磺灵诱变西瓜四倍体研究

为了给无籽西瓜的选育提供优质亲本材料,以小果型西瓜二倍体自交系A8为试材,采用胺磺灵对幼苗生长点进行剥滴处理,设计不同浓度和处理天数,进行四倍体诱导,并进行形态学鉴定、流式细胞仪分析鉴定、保卫细胞叶绿体计数法鉴定,经3代种植观察和筛选,获得了稳定的四倍体材料。结果表明:不同处理均可诱变产生该材料的四倍体,其中最有效的处理是在播种后第8天剥除心叶,再用100mg/L胺磺灵连续处理裸露的生长点6d,幼苗成活率达100%,最终诱变率达30.59%。     

秋水仙素诱导西瓜多倍体的研究

研究了不同浓度秋水仙素处理对3个西瓜品系幼苗染色体加倍的诱导效应,通过形态观察、染色体计数以及流式细胞仪等方法进行了倍性鉴定。结果表明,秋水仙素诱导3个西瓜品系均得到了四倍体,0.3%的秋水仙素处理幼苗的变异率较高,其中以0.3%秋水仙素处理黄小玉母本的变异率最高,达15.1%。四倍体表现出叶片长、宽、厚均增大,花瓣大小和果皮厚度均较二倍体明显增加。根尖染色体压片检查表明,四倍体染色体数为2n=4x=44,二倍体对照为2n=2x=22。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,诱导不仅产生四倍体,还有嵌合体。     

秋石斛同源四倍体诱导与鉴定

 为了创制秋石斛同源四倍体新种质, 以秋石斛同株异花授粉种子为材料, 用组织培养方法,通过种子非共生萌发与原球茎诱导, 在原球茎发育的原胚期, 以低浓度混合诱变剂进行多倍体诱导。结果用0.01%秋水仙素+ 5 mg·L ^{- 1}氨磺灵处理8～10 d, 四倍体(2n = 4X = 76) 诱变率达90%以上, 未发现嵌合体。与二倍体对照比较, 四倍体植株粗壮, 叶色深绿, 叶片宽厚。     

氨磺灵、氟乐灵和秋水仙素诱导安祖花多倍体的研究

采用氨磺灵、氟乐灵和秋水仙素对‘Dakota’安祖花组培苗进行浸泡处理,诱导多倍体产生。结果表明,15 mg ? L-1氨磺灵处理7 d,死亡率为14.58%,诱导率达48.72%;100 mg ? L-1氟乐灵处理5 d,死亡率为16.67%,诱导率达71.79%;0.5%秋水仙素处理5 d,死亡率为31.11%,诱导率达62.96%。     

西瓜和甜瓜茎尖离体诱导四倍体

西瓜和甜瓜茎尖离体诱导四倍体受到茎尖苗龄、培养基中的激素浓度、秋水仙素浓度和处理时间等因素的影响。实验结果表明:8天左右苗龄的茎尖,在含有0.1%秋水仙素和较低浓度细胞分裂素的液体培养基中处理24~48小时的诱导方法最有利于四倍体的产生。     

西瓜和甜瓜茎离体诱导四倍体

西瓜和甜瓜茎尖离体诱导四倍体受到茎尖苗龄、培养基中的激素浓度、秋水仙素浓度和处理时间等因素的影响。实验结果表明：8天左右苗龄的茎尖，在含有0.1%秋水仙素和较低浓度细胞分列素的液体培养基中处理24－48小时的诱导方法最有利于四倍体的产生。     

Induction of tetraploidy in meristematically active seeds of Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea) through exposure to colchicine and oryzalin

Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC) is an invasive shrub, widely naturalized across the United States, whose numerous cultivars remain an important horticultural commodity. Maintaining this crop for the future necessitates the development of sterile clones. Exposure to the mitotic inhibitors colchicine and oryzalin is a traditional method for inducing tetraploidy in breeding lines as a precursor to creating sterile genotypes. Treatments utilized pre-germinated B. t. var. atropurpurea seeds with emerged radicles. Seeds were immersed in aqueous solutions of colchicine (.02%, .05%, .1% and .2%) and oryzalin (.002%, .005%, .01% and .02%) dissolved in 1% DMSO for 6, 12 and 24 h durations. Seedling ploidy level was determined via flow cytometry following 6 and 52 weeks of growth in the greenhouse. Both anti-mitotic chemicals proved effective at inducing tetraploidy and produced comparable efficiency rates. The survival rate of treated seeds decreased in response to both increased mitotic inhibitor concentration and longer exposure duration. While exposure to oryzalin produced greater seed mortality than colchicine, most seedlings that survived had altered ploidy levels. The most efficient oryzalin concentration was 0.002% with a rating of 28%, while the most efficient colchicine concentrations were in the range from 0.05% to 0.2%. Duration of exposure to mitotic inhibitor was not a significant factor over the range from 6 to 24 h. Reversion of tetraploid plants to the diploid state occurred at a low frequency following a dormancy period. Some tetraploid seedlings derived from exposure to both chemicals displayed foliar abnormalities including irregular leaf margins and mottled lamina. The primary advantage of colchicine was low seedling toxicity, while oryzalin was notable for its ability to induce tetraploidy at low concentrations.     

黄瓤西瓜四倍体的诱导与鉴定

以优质黄瓤二倍体西瓜为材料诱导四倍体,采用剥滴法对幼苗生长点进行0.3％或0.4％秋水仙素处理,并对变异株进行形态学鉴定、流式细胞仪鉴定、杂交鉴定和品质鉴定,再经连续3季种植观察,获得了稳定的四倍体材料。试验结果表明,诱导四倍体最有效的处理是在播种后第8天剥除心叶,再用0.3％秋水仙素连续处理裸露的生长点6 d,可使幼苗成活率达80％以上,诱变率稳定在16％以上。再结合几种鉴定方法,可提高四倍体材料筛选的准确性。     

君子兰未成熟胚四倍体诱导及染色体数鉴定

 以君子兰（Clivia miniata Regel.）品种‘胜利’为试材,采用一种新型外植体未成熟胚,利用秋水仙素与组织培养相结合的方法,研究秋水仙素浓度、处理时间和不同胚龄对未成熟胚诱导加倍的影响。结果表明：在MS + NAA 2.0 mg · L-1 + BA 1.5 mg · L-1培养基上,0.01%秋水仙素处理180 d胚龄的未成熟胚20 d诱变效果最佳,四倍体诱变率最高,达30.8%,形态变化率达36.5%,死亡率为34.1%。经0.03%秋水仙素处理120 d胚龄的未成熟胚30 d诱变效果也较好,四倍体诱变率较高,达24.0%,形态变化率达21.1%,死亡率为46.7%。经染色体数观察,加倍处理后代中存在2x、4x和混倍体植株。随机调查了267株加倍处理植株,得到30株四倍体（2n = 4x = 44）、194株二倍体（2n = 2x = 22）和43株混倍体,平均四倍体诱变率为11.2%。秋水仙素处理出现的植株生长缓慢,生根明显较晚,叶片变宽变短等形态变化可以作为加倍的初期有效判断指标。     

甲基胺草磷诱导大蒜多倍体的研究

以通过生理休眠的紫皮大蒜Z-006-10鳞茎茎尖为试材,利用固体培养基中添加甲基胺草磷的离体诱导方法,研究甲基胺草磷不同处理浓度和时间对紫皮大蒜体细胞染色体的诱导效果,并利用形态观察、根尖细胞染色体计数及流式细胞仪分析等方法对得到的再生植株进行倍性鉴定。试验结果表明：10 μmol?L-1甲基胺草磷处理6 d,四倍体诱导率最高,达32.87%。形态观察结果表明,得到的四倍体植株多倍体形态特征明显,与二倍体植株差异明显。根尖染色体压片观察表明,四倍体染色体数为2n=4x=32,对照为2n=2x=16。流式细胞仪倍性分析表明,四倍体体细胞DNA的相对含量是二倍体的2倍,其结果与染色体计数法鉴定结果一致。     

寒富苹果叶片离体再生及四倍体诱导

为建立寒富苹果高效的离体再生体系和多倍体诱导体系,以试管苗叶片为外植体,研究了培养基中激素对寒富叶片再生芽的影响及适宜的四倍体诱导方法。结果表明,当培养基中BA质量浓度为0.5mg/L时,再生频率最高达35.7%;当培养基中BA质量浓度为2.5mg/L时,再生频率超过90%,平均再生芽数在4以上。在培养基中附加1.0mg/LTDZ,再生频率达100%,平均再生芽数达19.47。以附加15、30、60、120mg/L秋水仙素的液体再生培养基处理叶片5d,各个质量浓度处理均诱导出四倍体植株,诱变率在5.3%～22.2%之间;寒富苹果叶片在附加50mg/L秋水仙素固体再生培养基上处理5d亦获得了四倍体植株。研究结果表明寒富苹果叶片具有极强的不定芽再生能力,叶片再生过程中进行秋水仙素处理是获得其四倍体的一个有效途径。     

In situ induction of chromosome doubling in vine cacti (Cactaceae)

Vine cacti have economic potential as exotic fruits in semi-arid and arid lands due to their high water use efficiency. The goal of this study was to attain autopolyploid plants by applying the antimitotic agents colchicine and oryzalin on axillary vegetative buds and germinating seeds. The diploid Hylocereus monacanthus and the tetraploid H. megalanthus; the interspecific triploid hybrid S-75, were studied. The effects of different concentrations and exposure times on bud survival and germination rate were recorded. A negative effect on vegetative bud survival was observed in the triploid hybrid. An inhibitory effect on germinating seeds was species specific, being greater on H. monacanthus with oryzalin and on H. megalanthus with colchicine. Putative polyploids were identified by comparing stomatal density between donor plants and plants arising from treated buds or seeds. Flow cytometric analysis and chromosome counts confirmed polyploidization in 14 autotetraploid H. monacanthus, 1 autohexaploid S-75 hybrid, and 14 autooctaploid H. megalanthus. This is the first report of artificial autopolyploidization in species of vine cactus, providing valuable novel plant material for further breeding programs.