基于层次分析-模糊综合评价法的水利枢纽灌区工程防汛风险评估

基于我国水利枢纽灌区工程防汛度汛现状,将此类工程防汛风险划分为4个一级指标,12个二级指标,运用层次分析法（AHP）赋予各风险指标权重,进而采用模糊综合评价法确定各风险指标在风险概率、风险损失量、风险预测性和风险进一步恶化可能性4个层次评价标准下的风险指数,并结合各风险指数的权重对防汛风险进行综合的定量与定性评估。选取某灌区二期工程为例,证明该理论可用来降低灌区工程的防汛风险,规避损失,为我国形成完备的水利枢纽灌区工程防汛风险评估体系提供理论指导依据。      

Management trends and responses to water scarcity in an irrigation scheme of Southern Spain

Improvement of irrigation management in areas subjected to periods of water scarcity requires good knowledge of system performance over long time periods. We have conducted a study aimed at characterizing the behaviour of an irrigated area encompassing over 7000 ha in Southern Spain, since its inception in 1991. Detailed cropping pattern and plot water use records allowed the assessment of irrigation scheme performance using a simulation model that computed maximum irrigation requirements for every plot during the first 15 years of system operations. The ratio of irrigation water used to maximum irrigation requirements (Annual Relative Irrigation Supply, ARIS) was well below 1 and oscillated around 0.6 in the 12 years that there were no water supply restrictions in the district. The ARIS values varied among crops, however, from values between 0.2 and 0.3 for sunflower and wheat, to values approaching 1 for cotton and sugar beet. Farmer interviews revealed some of the causes for the low irrigation water usage which were mainly associated with the attempt to balance profitability and stability, and with the lack of incentives to achieve maximum yields in crops subsidized by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union. The response to water scarcity was also documented through interviews and demonstrated that the change in crop choice is the primary reaction to an anticipated constraint in water supply. Water productivity (value of production divided by the volume of irrigation water delivered; WP) in the district was moderate and highly variable (around 2€ m⁻³) and did not increase with time. Irrigation water productivity (increase in production value due to irrigation divided by irrigation water delivered) was much lower (0.65€ m⁻³) and also, it did not increase with time. The lack of improvement in WP, the low irrigation water usage, and the changes in cropping patterns over the first 15 years of operation indicate that performance trends in irrigated agriculture are determined by a complex mix of technical, economic, and socio-cultural factors, as those that characterized the behaviour of the Genil-Cabra irrigation scheme.     

基于模糊综合评价的赣抚平原灌区水资源承载力研究

针对灌区用水结构特点,构建了适合灌区的水资源承载力评价指标体系,利用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重,并与模糊综合评价法有机结合,以赣抚平原灌区为例进行具体计算与分析。结果显示,现状年、2020年和2030年,赣抚平原灌区水资源承载力综合评分值分别为0.603 4、0.590 3和0.653 8,表明该地水资源开发利用已经初具规模,但仍有较大的开发利用潜力,水资源对社会经济发展有较好的保障。通过对影响水资源承载力的18个指标和4个子系统进行独立的模糊综合计算,结果表明灌区供水量分配指标骤减引起2020年水资源承载力的小幅下降,随着水利工程改造和节水型社会的建设,水资源利用率大幅提高,2030年灌区水资源承载力又有所增强,水资源承载状况表现为良好的发展态势。     

基于模糊几何加权模型的灌区水资源优化配置

针对农业水资源优化配置中多目标赋权的不确定性问题,以黑龙江省绰尔屯灌区为研究区域,构建了基于模糊几何加权法的灌区水资源优化配置模型,把多目标规划问题转化为单目标非线性问题,得到了不同权重下不同生育期的灌区水资源最佳配置方案,并通过灌区综合能力评价体系进行比选.结果表明:通过与线性多目标模糊规划模型的对比,模糊几何加权模型可以根据实际情况对不同目标的权重进行调整,得出该条件下的灌区水资源最佳配置方案;当灌水量权重为0.3和经济权重为0.7时为最优方案,水稻产值为8 245万元,分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期的灌水量分别为1 154.56万、779.12万、539.45万、336.57万m³.验证了模糊几何加权法在灌区水资源优化配置的可行性应用,为灌区农业水资源高效利用提供参考方案和决策支持.     

轻小型喷灌机组评价指标及评价方法现状

轻小型喷灌机组是应用比较广泛的一种喷灌机具,经过40多年的发展,轻小型喷灌机组已经具有多种机组形式,可满足各种地形条件、投资水平及劳动力状况等不同场合应用。总结了轻小型喷灌机组不同配置形式的优缺点,详细分析了国内外轻小型喷灌机组的评价指标。针对不同评价指标提出,应研究轻小型喷灌机组形式的设计和管道水力计算,通过合理的能耗评价指标,优化机组配置,以降低系统能耗。还应研究室外试验条件下机组配置参数、管道布置情况及运行条件、环境因素等因素及其交互作用对喷灌系统喷洒均匀性的影响,研究适用于轻小型移动式喷灌机组的一套综合评价理论与方法。最后提出将灰色关联法应用于轻小型喷灌机组的多因素多目标评价中,为喷灌机组比选及机组性能综合分析提供了一种有效工具。     

The Paracatu/Entre-Ribeiros Irrigation Scheme in Southeastern Brazil – Features and Challenges in Performance Assessment

A case study is presented on the irrigation performanceassessment of the Paracatu/ Entre-Ribeirosproject, a privately owned/managedcenter-pivot irrigation scheme inSoutheastern Brazil. Seven indicators werechosen (delivery performance, overallconsumptive ratio, sustainability ofirrigated area, power and energyconsumption, operation and maintenancefraction, unit gross economic return, andglobal revenue/cost ratio) to assess theperformance of the scheme in the periodfrom 1997 through 2000. The values obtainedfor these indicators seem to haveadequately expressed the current situationof the scheme by identifying low values ofoverall consumptive ratio, an indication ofthe need for improvement in the watermanagement strategies of individualfarmers.     

基于模糊数据挖掘的灌区水资源配置研究

在分析灌区大数据资源构成的基础上,构建了面向水资源配置的数据挖掘算法;汇聚某行政区域水资源、经济、人口、行业用水等数据,运用模糊层次聚类分析方法,对行政区域内行业间的配水案例进行分类及特征分析;采用固定步长穷举法对灌区配水相关参数进行动态赋权;运用模糊距离匹配相似灌区,通过构造加权影响因子和采用指数平滑法,对基于实例推理的灌区进行需水量预测。将建立的方法应用于2018年浙江省11个市行政区行业间配水特征分析和中型灌区需水量预测,结果表明:浙江省不同区域行业间配水被划分为4类,呈现出不同行业间的配水特征,灌区需水量预测相对误差均不大于9.39%,说明该方法有效,可为制定合理的区域行业间配水方案、估算灌区需水量提供决策支持。     

Management evaluation of Water Users Associations using benchmarking techniques

The development of different tools to evaluate the performance of Water Users Associations (WUAs) is an important practice for improving water and energy management, together with other production costs. One of these tools is the Benchmarking technique, which is based on the comparison between different WUAs to determine the best practices in each of them.In this paper, a Benchmarking process is applied to seven WUAs located in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) during three irrigation seasons (2006-2008). The performance indicators developed by the International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID) are used, while new indicators dealing with production and energy are proposed. The goals of this paper are to group WUAs with the same characteristics, using performance and energy indicators, and to reduce the set of indicators using statistical methods. The most important indicators, easy to obtain and yielding result in maximum information are retained for further use.Three proposals reducing the initial number of indicators were proposed, with an aim of being useful for future applications based on characterizing WUAs. Indicators results highlighted that irrigable areas can be grouped based on the application of drip irrigation systems and those with sprinkler irrigation systems. When using groundwater resources, no significant differences were observed for energy consumption between these irrigation systems. This can be explained by the indicator energy load index (ICE, m), which had similar values in all WUAs analyzed. According to annual irrigation water supply per unit irrigated area (V_TSr, m³ ha⁻¹), the highest values (between 5200 m³ ha⁻¹ and 6800 m³ ha⁻¹) were obtained in WUAs with sprinkler irrigation systems, which contained crops characterized by high water requirements, compared to the V_TSr (less than 1800 m³ ha⁻¹) of WUAs with drip irrigation systems, with crops that required less volume of irrigation water. Regarding production efficiency indicators, in drip irrigation systems the high presence of vineyards, almond and olive trees, crops with low water requirements, explained high values of gross margin per unit irrigation delivery (MBVs, € m⁻³)(close to 0.82 € m⁻³) in comparison with sprinkler irrigation systems (close to 0.36 € m⁻³).     

Innovations in irrigation management and development in Hunan province

Mass movement labor was an important contributor to irrigation system construction in China during the seventies, making up a third or more of system costs. Total per-ha system costs are roughly consistent with those in other Asian countries when contributed labor is valued at estimated farm wage rates, but less than average if zero labor opportunity cost is assumed.Innovative practices are being employed in managing and supporting irrigation system operations in Western Hunan Province. Many are ones which have been advocated repeatedly elsewhere but infrequently applied. These include the volumetric wholesaling of water to distribution organizations, farmer water charges with both fixed and volumetric components, financially autonomous irrigation management agencies, and delegation of water distribution and fee-collection responsibility to village-based organizations. Heavy emphasis currently rests on financial self-reliance of schemes as denoted by the slogan, let water support water. This has led to a proliferation of secondary income-generating enterprises associated with irrigation system management, as well as strenuous efforts to collect irrigation fees. Often the secondary enterprises generate a larger share of total income than does the irrigation service itself.Fee levels for rice generally fall into the $12 to $20 ha/yr range, intermediate to those prevailing in Pakistan at $8.50/ha for two crops of rice and the Philippines at $45/ha for double cropped rice. Collection of fees is typically handled by the village. Charges are usually levied on an area basis but one large system employed a more complicated system which had both fixed and variable components. Water allocation at lower system levels is also delegated to the village in many cases, with the state serving as a wholesale provider of water.Abbreviations and units ha-m hectare-meter - jin unit of weight equal to 0.5 kg - kw kilowatt - mu unit of land area equal to 1/15 ha - Rmb Renmimbi (Yuan) equal to US$ 0.27 officially in September 1988 and about half of that unofficially - RMD Reservoir Management Division - WCB Water Conservancy Bureau - WMD Water Management Department     

Modeling delivery performance in pressurized irrigation systems from simulated peak-demand flow configurations

A methodology to assess performance of pressurized irrigation distribution networks is presented, which is based on generation of flow configurations from simulated delivery scenarios, and on subsequent analysis of network operation and delivery achievements. The rationale of the methodology entails simulating the peak-demand flow configurations in the pipe network through a deterministic–stochastic combined agro-hydrological model, and forecasting the delivery performance by means of a hydraulic simulation model and of some specific performance indicators. The agro-hydrological model generates disaggregated information on soil water deficits for all the cropped fields downstream from the delivery hydrants, and forecasts the demand flow hydrographs and irrigation deliveries for the entire service area during peak-demand periods. The simulated-demand flow configurations are then passed on to the hydraulic simulation model, which evaluates the hydraulic performance achievable by the pipe network. The performance analysis is then refined using additional indicators specifically adapted to pressurized irrigation networks. The proposed methodology was applied to a large-scale pressurized irrigation system of southern Italy that is in need of modernization. Results proved the usefulness of the combined use of simulation tools as components of an analytical framework to address modernization and re-engineering of existing irrigation delivery networks, on the basis of targeted delivery performance.     

Evaluating irrigation performance in a Mediterranean environment

Assessment of irrigation performance is a prerequisite for improving water use in the agricultural sector to respond to perceived water scarcity. Between 1996 and 2000, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the performance of the Genil–Cabra irrigation scheme (GCIS) located in Andalusia, southern Spain. The area has about 7,000 ha of irrigated lands distributed in 843 parcels and devoted to a diverse crop mix, with cereals, sunflower, cotton, garlic and olive trees as principal crops. Irrigation is on demand from a pressurized system and hand-moved sprinkler irrigation is the most popular application method. Six performance indicators were used to assess the physical and economic performance of irrigation water use and management in the GCIS, using parcel water-use records and a simulation model. The model simulates the water-balance processes on every field and computes an optimal irrigation schedule, which is then checked against actual schedules. Among the performance indicators, the average irrigation water supply:demand ratio (the ratio of measured irrigation supply to the simulated optimum demand) varied among years from 0.45 to 0.64, indicating that the area is under deficit irrigation. When rainfall was included, the supply:demand ratio increased up to 0.87 in one year, although it was only 0.72 in the driest year, showing that farmers did not fully compensate for the low rainfall with sufficient irrigation water. Nevertheless, farmers in the area made an efficient use of rainfall, as indicated by the relatively high values (0.72–0.83) for the ratio of actual:attainable crop yields. Water productivity (WP) in the GCIS oscillated between 0.72 €/m³ and 1.99 €/m³ during the 4 years and averaged 1.42 €/m³ of water supplied for irrigation, while the irrigation water productivity (IWP) averaged 0.63 €/m³ for the period studied. WP is higher than IWP because WP includes production generated by rainfall, while IWP includes only the production generated by irrigation.Communicated by A. Kassam     

Water Delivery Performance in the Doroodzan Irrigation Scheme, Iran

Delivery performance ratio was used to assess thewater delivery performance in an irrigation district in theDoroodzan Irrigation System in Iran. The measurements wereapplied to three selected irrigation canals and their tertiaryoutlets during five consecutive irrigation cycles. The canalswere located at the head, middle and tail end of the irrigationdistrict.Performance indicators reveal that the physical system and themanagement could respond to the delivery of the intended supply.The indicators show a better reliability performance than theequity performance in water delivery at the tertiary outlets. Theresults from the Doroodzan Irrigation System reveal that thesystem could not deliver water according to the real crop waterrequirements. The actual overall efficiency was used to quantifythe water delivery performance in terms of deficit and excesswater. The equity and reliability performance was illustrated byusing the spatial and temporal variation of the expected overallefficiency at the district level.     

基于组合权重的灌区输水系统适宜性模糊物元模型

阐述了灌区输水系统适宜性的内涵,初探灌区输水系统的适宜性。以黑龙江省农垦红兴隆管理局蛤蟆通灌区、江川灌区及依兰县倭肯河灌区为研究对象,运用基于AHP-熵权法的模糊物元模型进行灌区输水系统适宜性评价。构建了灌区输水系统适宜性评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和熵权法相结合的方法确定各评价指标的权重。结果表明:输水渠道衬砌率是影响灌区输水系统适宜性的主要因素,进一步分析表明蛤蟆通灌区输水系统的适宜性为Ⅱ级,倭肯河灌区和江川灌区输水系统的适宜性为Ⅲ级。研究结果对今后灌区的建设以及节水改造具有重要的指导意义。     

半结构多目标模糊优选理论在灌溉模式优选中的应用

结合彭楼灌区的具体情况,将半结构多目标模糊优选理论应用到灌溉模式优选中,研究提出了适用的优选评价计算方法,并将优选评价计算方法应用到彭楼灌区灌溉模式优选中,优选出灌区适用的田间灌溉模式.     

Using satellite remote sensing to assess irrigation performance in Water User Associations in the Lower Gediz Basin, Turkey

The aim of this research was to assess the irrigation performance of the Salihli Right Bank, Salihli Left Bank, Ahmetli, Gokkaya, Turgutlu, Mesir, Sarikiz, Gediz, Menemen Right Bank and Menemen Left Bank Water User Associations (WUAs) in the Lower Gediz Basin in western Turkey, using remote sensing techniques. To reach this aim the performance of the irrigation system for the 2004 irrigation season was determined according to five indicators, namely overall consumed ratio (e_p), relative water supply (RWS), depleted fraction (DF), crop water deficit (CWD) and relative evapotranspiration (RET). Potential and actual evapotranspiration parameters used in determining these indicators were estimated according to the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) method using NOAA-16 satellite images.Seasonal averages of these indicators ranged from 0.59 to 2.26 for e_p, 0.47-1.66 for RWS, 0.43-1.31 for DF, 180.5-269.5 mm month⁻¹ for CWD, and 0.61-0.74 for RET. According to the seasonal average values of all the performance indicators, the irrigation performance of all WUAs was usually poor. The performance indicators showed that less irrigation water was supplied to WUAs than was needed. It was concluded that proximity to the source could be an advantage in obtaining water, and that when water was insufficient, groundwater in the crop root area could be used.     

A simulation study of comparison of the evaluation procedures for three irrigation methods

Standard evaluation procedures, based on field measurements and statistical, hydraulic models, have been developed for assessing irrigation systems performance. However, given the diverse nature of the irrigation methods, it is not possible to use a unique evaluation procedure. Ideally, variables would be measured at every point throughout the field under study, but that is clearly impractical. Instead, measurements are taken of selected samples, or irrigation models are used to predict field-wide distributions of the variables. In this paper, irrigation models for trickle, sprinkler and furrow irrigation are used to assess how well the irrigation performance indicators generated by standard procedures match those generated by whole-field simulations. Six performance indicators were used: distribution uniformity, uniformity coefficient of Christiansen, application efficiency, deep percolation ratio, tail water ratio and requirement efficiency. The analysis was applied to systems typical of cotton crops in Southern Spain. The results show that the procedure used to determine performance indicators in trickle irrigation provides good estimates of the whole field performance. The procedure used in sprinkler irrigation is also acceptable, but yields variable results. Finally, the standard procedure used for furrow irrigation produces biased, highly variable results and overestimates distribution uniformity.     

灌区闸门模糊控制器设计与应用

在灌区闸门远程自动控制系统中,现地控制单元承担着根据监控中心指令控制闸门开度及调节灌溉泄水量的任务,闸门实时控制的优化与否直接关系到整个灌区的灌溉效率和灌溉用水利用率.采用模糊控制技术设计的一种基于PLC的模糊控制器,对灌区闸门实施实时监控,可以有效地降低闸门动作频度,提高闸门的控制精度,从而达到优化和节约灌溉用水的目标.     

Assessing the performance of participatory irrigation management over time: A case study from Turkey

In many countries today, irrigation systems have been transferred to the water user associations (WUAs). Accordingly, it is believed that the performance of the irrigation systems is dependent on the performance of the WUAs.In this study, the performance of participatory irrigation management (PIM) over time is assessed with regard to the Kestel WUA serving a wide area of Turkey's Aegean coast. Data relating to the WUA is obtained from both the State Hydraulic Works and WUAs’ own records. In addition, two surveys have been carried out with the members of the WUA with an 8-year interval between them. Data have been analyzed within the framework of selected irrigation performance criteria and indicators. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the perceptions of the farmers on the WUA at different survey periods. A Logit model was estimated to evaluate the relationship between the irrigation problems and the level of satisfaction from the WUA.The performance of the WUA with the indicators of utility, productivity, sustainability and financial efficiency was found to be positive; while the performance of adequacy was identified as poor. The farmers were generally satisfied of the WUA's operation, with their level of satisfaction improving over time. On the other hand, the farmers were not fully convinced that they had input with the system management. The initial design of the channel system and its maintenance were identified to be the key factors affecting user satisfaction.Overall, the Kestel WUA may be considered a successful example, thus supporting a promising future for PIM. Yet improved control and farmer education is needed for a superior performance of all indicators; and further enhanced farmer participation in management should be achieved in order to raise the level of farmer satisfaction.     

Delivery system performance case study: Wellton-Mohawk irrigation and drainage district,USA

An irrigation district in southwestern Arizona was studied to assess the performance of its water delivery system. Data were obtained through monitoring of lateral canals, examining water order reports and bills, and conducting a diagnostic analysis of the water delivery and on-farm irrigation systems through interviews. A number of differences between official andde facto district operating policies were found. These policies had changed over the years and provided far more flexibility and better service than provided by the original official policy. The canal system, which was designed to be operated under upstream control, was found to be operated under a complex mixture of manual upstream and downstream control that resembled dynamic regulation. Farmers made official (recorded) water orders only about half the time. Deliveries usually occurred within one day of the ordered date, as per district policy, with more late deliveries at the tail end of the system during peak water use periods. On average, the district delivered the rate and duration ordered, but average flow rates for individual deliveries were not accurately estimated due to fluctuating flows. The two biggest shortfalls observed were the lack of water measurement records at intermediate points in the system and lack of thorough water accounting. These shortfalls appeared to have had only a minor effect on overall district objectives.     

内蒙古河套灌区小麦套种玉米秋浇覆膜灌溉试验研究

内蒙古河套灌区是全国3个特大型灌区之一,灌区每年农业用水量45亿m3左右,其中秋浇用水量占到1/3。秋浇是河套灌区特有的灌水方式,也是灌区节水保墒的关键。以河套灌区具有代表性且种植面积较大的小麦套种玉米田块为研究对象,进行秋浇覆膜灌溉新技术的试验研究,通过对不同试验方案的跟踪观测,系统地分析了这种灌溉新技术的节水增产效果。