大气污染对欧洲森林的影响

综述了近10年来欧洲大气污染对森林影响的有关研究结果,主要阐述了以下3方面的问题:（1）大气污染物对森林的直接和间接作用,直接作用是指大气污染物直接与林冠（叶子）接触、交换而带来林冠生理、生态功能的改变;间接作用是指通过对土壤化学、微生物特性的影响,从而影响森林生长。（2）森林生态系统对大气污染的反应,即森林在受较长时间的大气污染影响之下而产生的生长特点、地被物组成等方面的改变。（3）今后研究的主要方面。     

大气SO2和NO2污染及植物的抗性和净化能力研究进展

SO2和NO2为我国大气污染主要污染物,城市森林对SO2和NO2具有一定的抵抗能力和吸收净化能力,利用城市森林对大气污染进行修复具有良好的应用前景.文章概述了我国SO2和NO2气体污染的状况,总结了污染物进入植物体的过程及其损伤机理,并从植物抗性和吸附净化能力两方面总结了城市景观树种与SO2和NO2气体污染的关系研究,并基于研究结论提出今后研究可能发展方向,如SO2、NO2与悬浮颗粒物等复合污染对城市树种生长的影响、树种抗性和吸附能力综合研究等.     

The use of peroxidase activity for monitoring and mapping air pollution areas1

Peroxidase activity (p. a.) of several tree species was investigated in a forest influenced by F-containing exhalates of an aluminium smelter. P. a. increases with age of tissue, particularly under the influence of fluorides. It was used therefore to map the zone of plant reaction in apricot orchards in the vicinity of an aluminium smelter and it supplements foliar analysis. P. a. in foliage of white ash was used to determine whether exhaust of automotive traffic in the city of Zurich does affect vegetation. A significant increase of p. a. was found in the city although the plants did not show any symptoms of injury. P. a. thus is a very sensitive indicator of plant reaction to air pollutants and allows to detect “hidden” injury (no visible symptoms).     

大夫山森林公园大气环境中污染物浓度变化及评价

利用长期定位观测方法对大夫山森林公园的大气质量进行监测,分析了大夫山森林公园大气污染源的种类、数量、分布规律,包括NO、NO₂、NO_x和SO₂浓度的日变化规律、季节变化规律进行了探讨。在此基础上,通过分析森林公园大气污染物超标率和分担率情况来评价大夫山森林公园大气质量的影响。结果表明,大夫山森林公园的大气质量非常良好,SO₂和NO_x秋冬季对大气环境有轻微污染,污染分担率最大的SO₂,其次是NO_x,而NO和NO₂对大夫山森林公园环境不产生影响。为进一步提高森林公园的大气环境质量,建议增加冬季常绿阔叶树种。       

The seasonal variability of air pollution effects on pine conditions under changing climates

The multiple-stressor effects of air pollution, nutrient and water availability are the key issues of present forest ecosystem research. However, too little is known about the seasonal effect of pollutants on tree crown defoliation and their interaction with changes in climate. Therefore, data on seasonal variation in air pollution, including surface ozone, deposition of acidifying compounds and meteorological conditions, were tested against pine defoliation to identify the periods when the effect of the considered contaminants is most pronounced. The findings of the study revealed that a higher level of air concentrations of acidifying pollutants and their deposition was observed during the dormant period, with the exception of only ΣNH4⁺ air concentrations and their monthly deposition. An increase in precipitation over the vegetation period and mean monthly temperature from September to December, as well as a decrease in temperature and precipitation over the remaining months of the dormant period represented the climate change condition over the 14-year period in the observed region. Detected changes in the considered parameters during the dormant period were found to be most significant to changes in pine crown defoliation. Therefore, we concluded that climate changes, if they occur by the detected scenarios, should mitigate the negative effect of air pollutants and acid deposition on pine crown condition.     

Analysis of PM2.5 concentrations in Heilongjiang Province associated with forest cover and other factors

Atmospheric particulate matter(PM2.5) seriously influences air quality. It is considered one of the main environmental triggers for lung and heart diseases. Air pollutants can be adsorbed by forest. In this study we investigated the effect of forest cover on urban PM2.5 concentrations in 12 cities in Heilongjiang Province,China. The forest cover in each city was constant throughout the study period. The average daily concentration of PM2.5 in 12 cities was below 75 lg/m^3 during the non-heating period but exceeded this level during heating period. Furthermore, there were more moderate pollution days in six cities. This indicated that forests had the ability to reduce the concentration of PM2.5 but the main cause of air pollution was excessive human interference and artificial heating in winter. We classified the 12 cities according to the average PM2.5 concentrations. The relationship between PM2.5 concentrations and forest cover was obtained by integrating forest cover, land area,heated areas and number of vehicles in cities. Finally,considering the complexity of PM2.5 formation and based on the theory of random forestry, we selected six cities and analyzed their meteorological and air pollutant data. The main factors affecting PM2.5 concentrations were PM10,NO_2, CO and SO_2 in air pollutants while meteorological factors were secondary.     

Water cycle investigations in Hungarian forest ecosystems

From the biological point of view the value of autotrophy plant association is determined by the carbon fixation and the carbon cycle. Among the plant associations of Hungary, forest has the largest biological carbon fixation and carbon cycle.In general, the annual water cycle is the key factor in the organic material production of the Hungarian forests. The most intensive water consumption and organic material production take place from May till July, which period is named main water consumption and respectively main growing period. In Hungary the categories of the forest climate are characterized by main tree species and based on the characteristic meteorological data (Jaro and Tatraaljai, 1985). In Hungary the forest area covered by stand is 1,650,000 hm2. Beech forest climate covers 8% of the forest area, hornbeam-oak forest climate covers 22%, sessile oak-Turkey oak forest climate covers 48% and forest steppe climate covers 22%. Partly in the frame of ICP-Forests, the Department of Ecology in the Forest Research Institute carries out long term, complex ecophysiological investigations on several sample plots (so-called basic plots) throughout the whole country. The organic material production (growth), the nutrient and water cycle, the measurements of air pollutants and meteorological parameters, as well as chemical analyses are all part of the investigations. As a comparison the figure of two basic plots (Sopron-Piispokladany) shows the water cycles of a good growing beech stand in beech climate and a weak pedunculate oak stand in forest steppe climate in the hydrological year of 2001-2002. In the Hungarian forest 60%-70% of the precipitation is used for interception, evaporation, and in the vegetation season, for the transpiration both in beech and forest steppe climate. From other point of view, only 30%-40% of the open air precipitation infiltrates into the soil and can be utilized by the forest.     

森林核污染问题研究

由核电站事故引发的森林核污染问题给当地的生存环境和林业发展带来了巨大的影响。如何有效地解决由森林核污染引发的问题成为当今环境保护和林业工作者需要面对的重要课题。文中以日本福岛县森林核污染问题为例,从放射性物质对福岛县森林及林产业的影响、日本政府针对福岛县森林核污染问题的举措以及森林核污染面临的诸多问题3个方面综述森林核污染问题的现状,并提出研究展望。研究表明,森林核污染面临着核污染问题长期化、除染工作局限性强、核污染物处理难等问题。有必要在政府的主导下,建立长期的监测调查体制,设定风险管理标准,再结合现地调查结果,开发森林核污染预测模型,结合模型预测结果制定下一步的森林核污染应对措施和方案。同时,应尽快建立核污染物处理机制以及在确保作业人员健康安全的情况下开展森林除染工作。     

植物对室内空气污染物的净化能力研究进展

目前室内空气污染是人们最关注的重要环境问题，与化学和物理净化的方法相比，植物净化室内空气污染物具有其独特的优势，本文综述了3种主要室内空气污染物特征、危害；并对植物的净化研究发展进行了简要分析，提出了一些室内空气污染物植物净化研究的建议。     

Interactions of insects, trees and air pollutants

Hypotheses of forest decline are summarized. Stressed trees may be a more suitable food source for invertebrate herbivores than unstressed trees because stress causes an increase in the tissue content of soluble nitrogenous compounds. There is reasonable correlative evidence that air pollutants influence the outbreak patterns of forest insect species. In some cases, formerly innocuous insects may become pests. The occurrence of specific insect pests with specific air contaminants is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the decline of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) in the southern Appalachians and the occurrence of the balsam woolly adelgid. Variable mortality patterns of Fraser fir may be caused by locally distributed air pollutants acting in combination with other types of stress including that caused by the adelgid.     

森林土壤酶的研究进展

土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面扮演重要的角色。目前 ,在几乎所有的森林生态系统研究中 ,土壤酶活性的监测似乎成为必不可少的研究内容。森林凋落物分解过程中的酶活性动态 ,植被特征与土壤酶活性的关系 ,土壤微生物与土壤酶的关系 ,植物 -土壤界面的土壤酶 ,森林土壤质量评价指标的土壤酶及人类活动干扰对森林土壤酶活性的影响等是当前森林土壤酶学的研究重点。由于土壤酶的功能和生态重要性 ,森林土壤酶研究可能包括 :(1 )土壤酶系统分异 ;(2 )作为森林土壤质量综合评价指标的土壤酶活性 ;(3)植被动态与土壤酶的关系 ;(4 )退化森林生态系统的土壤酶活性特征 ;(5 )人工林土壤酶活性特征 ;(6 )人类活动对森林土壤酶系统的影响。本文从土壤酶系统分异和生态系统的角度对土壤酶在森林生态系统中的作用和地位进行了综述 ,这对于加深理解森林生态系统中的物质循环、土壤酶的生态重要性以及森林生态系统退化机理有重要作用     

Understorey vegetation in young naturally regenerated and planted birch (Betula spp.) stands on abandoned agricultural land

The abandonment of agricultural lands in Northern and Eastern Europe increases the area covered by first generation forests, which are either formed as an outcome of secondary succession or established as plantations. However, questions remain as to how these new stands develop and what kind of species they favour, which in turn has impacts on their ecological and economical value. Our aim was to compare understorey vascular plant and bryophyte vegetation characteristics between naturally regenerated and planted birch stands on abandoned agricultural sites in Estonia, focusing on the aspects of species richness and forest understorey recovery. Species richness and diversity of vascular plants were similar in both stand types but the number of forest vascular plant species was significantly higher in naturally regenerated stands. The bryophyte layer of naturally regenerated stands had a higher species richness, diversity, and number of forest bryophyte species. The higher number of forest vascular plant and bryophyte species in naturally regenerated stands can be explained by the longer undisturbed succession period. The recovery of the forest understorey was unaffected by former agricultural land use (crop field or grassland). The influence of soil properties on the recovery of the forest understorey was not detected, but the number of vascular plant species that grow in forests as well as in grasslands was negatively correlated with distance from forest. Overall, understorey vegetation of natural and planted birch stands did not reveal substantial differences. However, in the case of vigorous natural birch regeneration in the vicinity of forest land, unassisted reforestation should be favoured.     

分子生态学在森林生态系统研究中的应用

植物的生态反应往往与其分子水平的适应和调节密切相关.在介绍分子生态学的内涵的基础上,综述了分子生态学在森林植物生态学中的应用,即森林植物种群遗传多样性、森林植物种群生态适应和进化、森林植物种群抗逆性、森林植物微生物的分子生态学,展望了分子生态学在森林植物研究中的应用前景.     

森林旅游区生态环境研究

据近10多年在亚热带森林旅游区的实验研究,证明森林旅游区内空气清洁,地表水质好,放射性污染少,气候 舒适,噪声少,有利于人体身心健康。观测得知,森林旅游区大气环境质量,地表水质量达到国家一级标准;空气细 菌含量低于国家3700个·m-3的标限;空气负离子浓度高达100000个·cm-3;森林植物精气成分多,对人体有益 的α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯含量高达85．89％;森林覆盖率78％-98％;植物种类900-3000种,野生动物149-2300 多种。这说明森林旅游区物种丰富,生态环境优越,是人类愉悦身心,寻求健康,返朴归真的理想去所。     

Born to be a forest owner? An empirical study of the aspects of psychological ownership in the context of inherited forests in Finland

Ownership is a multidimensional phenomenon that includes legal, social, and emotional aspects. In addition to legal aspects, the social and emotional aspects, “feelings of ownership,” potentially have behavioral effects. Nevertheless, these aspects are often overlooked in the research influencing the forest owners' behavior and thus their forest management decisions. This article examines how private forest owners with inherited forest holdings construct feelings of ownership toward their forests and how these constructions are reflected in their forest management decisions. Forest ownership is addressed through the theory of psychological ownership. On the basis of 15 thematic in-depth interviews, we suggest that a sense of identity and control, as dimensions of psychological ownership, can influence whether forest management decisions are guided by tradition, economic incentives, or responsibility toward property. Based on the results, a forest owner typology (restricted, indifferent, informed, and detached forest owners) was constructed, further enabling us to understand the differences among private forest owners and the roots of their forest management decisions. More generally, the study highlights the important role of emotions in forest management decisions.     

空气负离子与植物精气相互作用的初步研究

空气负离子和植物精气是森林环境的主要成分,它们对人和自然有着积极的作用,我们在对森林环境的检测过程中,有重要发现并作了实验证明。       

植物对大气污染的抗性机理

阐述了大气污染的定义、来源及大气污染物的种类，分析了我国的大气状况，并对植物对大气污染物的抗性机理进行了综述。     

The S content in forest tree foliage fumigated during summer or winter1

The paper deals with the filtering action of forest foliage for air pollutants (dry deposition). It briefly discusses the dependence of pollutant uptake on many different external and internal factors.     

The impact of industrial air pollutants on the occurrence of several important pathogenic fungi of forest trees in Poland

The occurrence of the more important pathogenic fungi of forest trees in the areas affected by industrial air pollutants in Poland has been investigated. The fungi are seen to respond in a pattern such that SO₂ and its derivatives act either fungistatically, or as stimulators depending on concentration.     

不同环境中植物与空气负离子关系研究

空气负离子被誉为"空气维生素",它的存在可以有效地提高森林、城市或是室内的空气质量,而植物又是产生负离子的影响因素之一。文章从室内外两种环境出发,总结探讨了不同环境中植物同空气负离子的关系,得知:空气离子在森林环境中,与植物群落的类型、结构和树种组成相关,在室内环境中,与植物的种类、叶形和植物精气相关。