Sugar changes in Clementine and orange fruit during ripening

Summary

Juice and rind sugar content, fruit volume and rind colour were determined in cvs Fina, Oroval and Hernandina Clementines and in cvs Navelina, Washington Navel and Navelate oranges, cultivars that are harvested at different periods during the season. An accumulation of sugars was observed in all cultivars during ripening, mainly due to an increase of sucrose in the juice and of reducing sugars in the rind. Cv Hernandina, a late Clementine, showed a slower rate of sugar increase in rind.     

Effect of rootstocks on the leaf mineral content of citrus

Leaves from ‘Valencia’, ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Washington Navel’ oranges grown on ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin, ‘Sour Orange’, ‘Troyer’ citrange and ‘Rough Lemon’ root-stocks were analzed for N, P, K, Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. Significant differences among rootstocks were obtained for K, Ca, $\text{Ca}\text{K}$, Na and Cl, but not for N, P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. Scion leaves on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin tended to be low in K and high in $\text{Ca}\text{K}$ and those on ‘Rangpur’ lime were high in K and low in Ca and $\text{Ca}\text{K}$. ‘Troyer’ citrange induced higher uptake of Na and Cl than all other rootstocks. ‘Washington Navel’ leaves contained more Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn, and less Na, than ‘Hamlin’ or ‘Valencia’ leaves. ‘Valencia’ leaves contained more Ca and less K than the other two cultivars. The nutritional status of the trees was slightly low in N, K and Mn, optimum in Fe, Zn and Cu, normal-to-high in P, and contained non-toxic levels of Na and Cl. The statistical interaction of root stock and scion was found non-significant.     

茄子反向温敏雄性不育系可溶性糖含量及相关基因表达分析

为揭示茄子反向温敏核雄性不育(rTGMS)发生与糖类代谢的关系,以茄子rTGMS系‘05ms’及温度不敏感系‘S63’为试材,对不育期和可育期的叶片及花蕾的可溶性糖含量进行比较,结果表明,‘05ms’在不育和可育时期叶片和花蕾中的可溶性糖含量均显著低于‘S63’;进一步对‘05ms’花蕾进行转录组测序及对其糖类代谢相关途径进行分析,发现差异表达基因主要富集在3个通路:淀粉和蔗糖代谢、糖酵解/糖异生和氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢,其中淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路的差异基因最多且大部分在低温条件表达下调,主要影响了葡萄糖和半乳糖醛酸的合成。此结果初步揭示了茄子反向温敏雄性不育系中糖类代谢响应温度变化的特点,为茄子雄性不育杂交育种提供理论依据。     

萝卜花芽分化过程中茎尖和叶片碳水化合物含量的变化

 以萝卜冬性品种‘一点红’和春性品种‘短叶13’为材料，研究花芽分化过程中茎尖和叶片以及萌动种子碳水化合物含量的变化。萌动种子在5℃下处理20 d，然后在温暖(>15℃)、长日照(16h)下生长，于不同花芽分化时期测定可溶性总糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量。结果表明：在花芽分化期间，无论是茎尖或是叶片，可溶性总糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量的变化趋势在两个品种之间较为接近。随着花芽分化的继续，可溶性总糖含量呈先上升后下降的趋势；蔗糖和淀粉含量则一直呈现上升趋势，在花芽分化完成后再下降。叶片中可溶性总糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量始终低于茎尖。冬性品种的蔗糖和淀粉含量在整个花芽分化期间始终较低，但在花芽分化初期的可溶性总糖含量则高于春性品种。     

嫁接辣椒根腐病抗性及其与苯丙烷类物质代谢的关系

通过人工接种根腐病菌,观察不同品种辣椒砧木的发病率和病情指数变化,发现卫士发病晚,发病率低,病情指数最小,说明卫士的抗病性最强。以卫士为砧木,以赤峰特选甜椒(Capsicum annuumL.var.grossum Bailey)为接穗,自根辣椒为对照,研究嫁接对辣椒根腐病抗性及苯丙烷类代谢的影响,结果表明,嫁接植株的发病率和病情指数显著低于对照,高于砧木。接种前砧木与嫁接辣椒根系中的可溶性糖、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性显著高于对照,而叶片中的显著低于对照;酚类物质和木质素含量与对照差别不大。接种后辣椒根系中的可溶性糖含量逐渐降低,PAL活性、酚类物质和木质素含量先逐渐升高,10d后趋于平稳或有所下降。与对照相比,砧木和嫁接植株根系中的PAL活性、可溶性糖、酚类物质和木质素含量均显著增加,叶片中除可溶性糖含量显著降低外,其他指标也有不同程度的增加。说明嫁接可显著提高辣椒的根腐病抗性,其抗病机理与苯丙烷类物质代谢增强密切相关。     

两品种芜菁中芥子油苷含量的比较分析

采用HPLC方法测定“红圆”芜菁(HY)和“白玉”芜菁(BY)肉质根和叶片中芥子油苷(GS)成分和含量.结果表明:不同品种芜菁以及同一品种不同部位中芥子油苷(简称GS)含量差别较大.在“红圆”芜菁肉质根中检测出11种GS,在其叶片中检测出9种GS;“红圆”根中主要为苯乙基GS和2-羟基-3-丁烯基GS,分别占总硫苷的37.2％和20.9％,根中总GS含量是叶中的2.1倍.在“白玉”芜菁肉质根中检测出9种GS,主要GS种类为3-丁烯基GS和苯乙基GS,分别占总GS的65.6％和23.4％；在“白玉”芜菁叶片中含8种GS,不合有苯乙基GS,“白玉”叶中GS总量是根中含量的1.2倍.     

Plant carbohydrate partitioning of Lachenalia cv. Ronina during bulb production

Carbohydrate partitioning was investigated in different plant organs of Lachenalia cv. Ronina during bulb production under a low temperature regime. At 4-week intervals, data were collected on bulb, roots, leaves, inflorescence and carbohydrate composition. The roots and especially the bulb were found to be the main starch sinks of the plant, whilst the leaves and the inflorescence were the main source for soluble sugars. Changes in the starch concentration closely followed dry weight changes in the bulb during the growing season. When bulbs were initially exposed to a low temperature, starch was converted to soluble sugars, but thereafter sugars were low, indicating continued export and conversion to starch. Low sugar levels in the leaves and high levels in the inflorescence, with continuous starch increase in the bulb and roots, probably indicate that the inflorescence, but especially the leaves, produced ample photosynthates during the growing season.     

不同供氮水平对韭菜产量和品质的影响

 采用水培法研究了不同供氮水平对‘汉中冬韭’产量、硝酸盐含量和营养品质的影响。结果表明: 2～20 mmol·L ^{- 1}氮素水平范围内, 随韭菜叶片硝酸盐含量增加硝酸还原酶活性也呈升高趋势。当氮素水平为8～12 mmol·L ^{- 1}时, 韭菜产量、维生素C、可溶性糖、蛋白质含量均处于较高水平, 而硝酸盐含量和纤维素含量处于较低水平。以产量和品质作为衡量指标, 水培韭菜以8～12 mmol·L ^{- 1}的氮素水平为宜。     

Possible role of non-structural carbohydrates in flower induction in strawberry

Summary

Flower-induction is the event that initiates the transition of a vegetative apex into a floral apex in response to an environmental or developmental cue. Under flower-inducing conditions, biochemical or physiological changes can be recognised. One possible change that could occur is in sugar content. In this study, levels of non-structural carbohydrates (e.g., sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch) were measured in shoot tips, leaves and roots of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. ‘Kordestan’) under flower bud-inducing conditions, and compared with non-induced plants. Runner plants were potted and grown for 4 weeks under non-inducing conditions (31º/25°C day/night; 16 h daylength). Half of the plants were then put under flower-inducing conditions (25°/15°C day/night; 8 h daylength) for 3 weeks. Samples for carbohydrate analysis were taken from induced and non-induced plants every 3 d over 3 weeks, and sucrose, glucose and fructose contents were determined by HPLC, and starch concentrations by the anthrone method. The most abundant soluble sugar, in all organs tested, was sucrose. Sucrose levels in shoot tips and leaves decreased at the beginning of the induction treatment, but soon increased to the levels recorded in non-induced plants. Fructose increased markedly in shoot tips of induced plants 3 d after the start of the short-day treatment, and declined thereafter. Starch contents in shoot tips, leaves and roots of non-induced strawberry plants were higher than those in induced plants on most sampling dates. From the results of this study, it appears that soluble carbohydrate contents in different organs of June-bearing strawberry may have a decisive role on flower-bud induction.     

A role for carbohydrate levels in the control of flowering in citrus

Girdling in October of small or large fruitless branches increased 2–3-fold both starch content of leaves and flower numbers as compared with ungirdled ‘Murcott’ mandarin trees. Autumn girdling and GA₃ treatments were both effective and additive in increasing starch contents of leaves and twigs of ‘Shamouti’ orange trees. GA₃, however, had the expected effect of depressing the reproductive inflorescences in both girdled and ungirdled branches, while girdling had the opposite effect. Girdling and fruit removal in October also additively and dramatically increased flower production in ‘Murcott’. Lowtemperature regimes in a phytotron caused young ‘Minneola’ budlings to flower earlier in the season and more profusely, while having no effect on starch content of leaves and twigs. The interactions of increased carbohydrate content and gibberellin in the control of flower formation in citrus are discussed.     

Pruning affects carbohydrate accumulation in the shoots and leaves of ‘Precoce de Tyrinthe’ apricot

Summary

This study was conducted in Mut-Mersin, Turkey, to determine the effects of various times of pruning (no pruning = control; only summer (July, August, or September) pruning in 1994 and 1995; only winter pruning in 1995 and 1996; both summer + winter pruning in 1994-1995 and 1995-1996) on the carbohydrate contents of annual shoots and leaves of young ‘Precoce de Tyrinthe’ apricot trees. Although carbohydrate content in annual shoots was highest in the control trees during the first year, the summer + winter pruning gave the highest values in the second year. In 1995 total sugar and sucrose contents of the leaves was greatest following winter pruning, but starch content was higher in the leaves of control trees. The content of reducing sugars was greatest in leaves of trees pruned in both September + winter. In 1996, levels of total sugars and starch were highest following September pruning, starch content was highest in the control, and; reducing sugars in the leaves were highest following August + winter pruning.     

Variation in maturity traits within individual apples of cultivar Jonagold

Summary

Variation within individual apples of ‘Jonagold’ in firmness, soluble solids (sugar) content and starch conversion was strongly related to aspect. The south face of apples, relative to the north and east faces, had high firmness, low starch conversion and high soluble solids content. The Streif Index (a commonly-used composite measure of apple maturity) cancelled out the majority of the variation in the individual traits.     

嫁接辣椒对青枯病的抗性及其与渗透调节物质的关系

 青枯病是当前设施辣椒主要的土传病害之一。为了选择抗性砧木和探讨嫁接辣椒的抗病机理,通过人工接种青枯病原菌,分析了不同辣椒品种砧木的发病率和病情指数变化,结果表明：‘富根卫士’（简称‘卫士’）发病晚,发病率低,病情指数最小,抗病性最强。以‘卫士’辣椒为砧木,以‘新丰2号’为接穗进行嫁接,以接穗自根嫁接为对照,研究其发病率、病情指数和渗透调节物质的变化。结果表明：嫁接植株的发病率和病情指数显著低于对照,接种20 d时,嫁接植株发病率和病情指数分别比对照低33%和43%。接种前嫁接的植株根系和叶片的含水量、水势、渗透势均低于对照,束缚水/自由水比值、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量均高于对照。接种后,辣椒根系和叶片的含水量、水势、渗透势均逐渐降低,束缚水/自由水比值逐渐升高,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量先升高后降低;与对照相比,嫁接植株根系和叶片的含水量、水势、渗透势的降低幅度及束缚水/自由水比值升高幅度明显较小,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量显著增加。研究结果表明嫁接可显著提高辣椒青枯病的抗性,其抗病机理与渗透调节能力增强有关。     

Seasonal trends in nitrogen and carbohydrate contents of ‘Banati’ pomegranate leaves

The seasonal trends in nitrogen and carbohydrate contents in the leaves of ‘Banati’ pomegranate trees were studied during two successive growing-seasons. The nitrogen content expressed as % and as mg per leaf decreased gradually during the growing-season in both years. The % total sugars in the leaves fluctuated during the growing-season, but did not show a consistent trend in the 2 years. The starch content of the leaves tended to decrease from May till August and then increased till the end of the season in both years.     

Effect of salinity and water table on the mineral content of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity and water table on the mineral content of plum and peach were studied in lysimeters.Chloride content (Cl) in the leaves and the roots of plum and in the leaves of peach increased with salinity, whereas Cl in peach roots was not affected. Leaves of peach contained higher amounts of Cl than the leaves of plum. The opposite trend was observed in the roots.Sodium content (Na) increased with salinity in plum, whereas in peach it was not affected.The effect of salinity on calcium content (Ca) was not consistent in plum and peach.Potassium content (K) in the leaves of plum and peach decreased with salinity, whereas in the roots it was not affected.The Ca/K ratio in plum leaves increased with salinity, whereas in peaches it decreased in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment.Leaf phosphorus content (P) in the plum and the ‘Balady’ peach decreased with salinity, while in ‘Mit Ghamre’ peach it was not consistently affected. In plum root, P increased with salinity, whereas the effect was the opposite in peach.Magnesium content (Mg) was not significantly affected.The depth of the water table had no consistent effect on the Cl, Na, Ca, K, Ca/K ratio, P and Mg contents in the leaves and roots of plum or peach.The interaction between salinity treatments and water table levels was not significant in most cases.     

去果对桃源叶碳水化合物含量及其相关酶活性日变化的影响

 研究了‘艳丰1号’桃果核硬化期和果实最后迅速生长期去果对源叶碳水化合物含量及其相关酶活性日变化的影响。去果处理和留果对照源叶中总可溶性糖、山梨醇、蔗糖和淀粉含量均持续升高,而葡萄糖和果糖含量持续降低。在全天大多数时间里去果处理源叶中山梨醇和淀粉含量及它们的关键合成酶6 - 磷酸醛糖还原酶(A6PR) 、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase) 活性均显著高于留果对照。就库源关系中可溶性糖和淀粉积累对光合作用的调控进行了讨论。     

NaCl胁迫对番茄叶片光合特性及蔗糖代谢的影响

为了从碳水化合物生产及代谢的角度分析盐胁迫影响番茄产量和果实品质的原因,以番茄品种‘辽园多丽’为试材,研究不同浓度的NaCl胁迫处理对番茄光合特性及叶片中糖代谢的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫导致番茄叶片的净光合速率下降,NaCl浓度越大降低得越多;盐胁迫降低了番茄叶片的气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率,降低了番茄叶片的叶绿素a、b和总叶绿素含量,这种降低与NaCl浓度正相关。NaCl胁迫导致番茄叶片中果糖和葡萄糖大量积累,NaCl浓度越高积累得越多;NaCl胁迫降低了番茄叶片中的蔗糖和淀粉含量;NaCl胁迫后,番茄叶片中的转化酶活性以及蔗糖合成酶活性均有所提高,而且随着盐浓度增加而增大。说明NaCl胁迫破坏了番茄叶片的光合机能,降低了光合作用效率,而且盐浓度越大降低得越多;NaCl改变了番茄叶片中的糖代谢方向,显著增加了淀粉和蔗糖的分解,提高了叶片中的果糖和葡萄糖含量,而且这种影响随着盐浓度增加而增大。     

高寒地区日光温室不同番茄品种产量和品质的比较

以18个大果型番茄品种为试材,春季在青海乐都区日光温室栽培,通过测定各番茄品种产量和品质,并利用层次分析方法评价各番茄品种口感、品质(可溶性固形物、有机酸及糖酸比)和营养品质(维生素C、可溶性蛋白质及还原糖)的综合表现。结果表明:在青海乐都区日光温室栽培条件下,“德赛圣帝“番茄产量最高,“神箭爱粉一号”最低;可溶性固形物含量最高的是“黑士”,最低的是“德赛0216”;有机酸含量最高的是“黑士”和“改良超级粉娜”,“世纪粉冠王”和“德赛0216”最低;维生素C含量最高的是“世纪粉冠王”,最低的是“抗TY”;可溶性蛋白质含量最高的是“黑士”,最低的是“奥特福农”;还原糖含量最高的是“黑士”,“德赛硬粉“最低。利用层次分析方法评价各番茄品种口感、品质(可溶性固形物、有机酸及糖酸比)和营养品质(维生素C、可溶性蛋白质及还原糖)的综合表现,品质综合评价分析结果为“德赛圣帝”>“德赛裕宝”>“德赛超冠”>“德赛硬粉”>“德赛0801”>“德赛0216”>“金帝”>“改良超级粉娜”>“德赛明珠”>“奥特福农”>“精选世纪粉冠王”>“抗TY”>“黑士”>“世纪粉冠王二号”>“奥粉一号”>“粉果硬石头”>“世纪粉冠王”>“神箭爱粉一号“;品质与产量综合得分分析结果为“德赛圣地”>“德赛裕宝”>“德赛超冠”>“德赛硬粉”>“德赛0801”>“德赛0216”>“金帝”>“改良超级粉娜”>“德赛明珠”>“奥特福农”>“精选世纪粉冠王”>“抗TY”>“黑士”>“世纪粉冠王二号”>“奥粉一号”>“粉果硬石头”>“世纪粉冠王”>“神箭爱粉一号“。“德赛圣地“和“德赛裕宝“产量和品质综合评分高,适宜在青海省乐都区等高寒地区日光温室推广种植。     

韭菜新品种‘海韭1号’

 ‘海韭1号’是以‘小黄苗’雄性不育无性系为母本,‘汉中冬韭’的优良株系‘J-01-2’为父本,经过有性杂交,连续多代自交,优株筛选,优系混合授粉等育种过程而育成的深休眠韭菜新品种。植株分蘖能力强,叶色深绿,叶宽1.0 ~ 1.1 cm,平均单株质量11 g,可溶性糖含量2.06%,纤维素含量0.91%。具有耐贮运、抗寒性强、较耐灰霉病、适应性强等优点,平均年产量167 667 kg · hm^-2。     

设施油桃根系的生理生化代谢动态

研究了设施栽培条件下曙光油桃根系的碳氮物质代谢、POD和SOD活性的动态变化。结果表明,在新根的生长季节,根系中可溶性糖、蛋白质含量、游离氨基酸总量、POD、SOD活性的变化与新根的生长具有相同的趋势,淀粉则相反。粗根的淀粉、可溶性糖含量、POD活性高于细根,而蛋白质含量、游离氨基酸总量和SOD活性则变化较大。