小麦根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附/解吸特性及其与耐铝性的关系

研究了耐铝性明显差异的2个小麦基因型西矮麦1号(耐性)和辐84系(敏感)根系对铝毒胁迫的反应与根尖细胞壁组分以及细胞壁对铝的吸附和解吸的关系。结果表明,30mol/L.AlCl3可迅速抑制小麦根系伸长,但对辐84系根系伸长的抑制更为明显,且小麦根系相对伸长率随着铝浓度的提高而急剧降低。在30mol/L.AlCl3处理24h后,西矮麦1号根系伸长的抑制率为33.3%,而辐84系根系伸长的抑制率高达70.9%。小麦距根尖0～10.mm根段的铝含量和细胞壁中果胶糖醛酸含量显著高于10～20.mm根段,且前者对铝的累积吸附量明显大于后者;在0～10.mm根段,敏感基因型果胶含量高于耐性基因型,其根尖含铝量及根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附量都要大于后者。采用1.0.mol/L.NH3.H2O对细胞壁预处理2.h降低果胶甲基酯化程度后,耐性和敏感基因型根尖细胞壁对铝的累积吸附量分别降低了17.1%和20.9%,但对铝的累积解吸率没有影响。由此可见,小麦根尖是铝毒的主要位点,细胞壁果胶含量和果胶甲基酯化程度可能是导致不同小麦基因型根尖细胞壁对铝吸附量、铝积累量的差异及其对铝毒胁迫反应的差异的重要原因。     

铝胁迫下硝普钠对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响

用一氧化氮供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)处理铝胁迫下的黑麦和小麦幼苗,探讨铝胁迫和铝胁迫下外源NO对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响。结果表明:铝显著抑制黑麦和小麦根的伸长生长,小麦受抑制更为严重;SNP处理可缓解铝对黑麦和小麦根伸长生长的抑制作用,1 mmol/L SNP处理最有效。小麦根尖对铝的吸附量和吸附速率显著高于黑麦的,1 mmol/L SNP处理显著降低小麦和黑麦细胞壁对铝的吸附量,使根尖铝含量显著下降。铝与根尖细胞壁的结合是导致植物铝毒害的重要原因,而降低根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附是外源NO缓解铝毒害的重要机制。     

铝胁迫对不同耐铝小麦品种根伸长生长影响的研究

为探讨铝胁迫抑制根生长的机理,以耐铝型小麦品种ET8和铝敏感型ES8为试验材料,研究了铝胁迫对小麦根相对伸长率,根尖细胞显微结构的影响以及细胞壁木质素含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。结果表明,ET8和ES8经50μmol/L铝胁迫6、122、4 h后,根相对伸长率随铝胁迫时间延长而变小。利用植物显微技术发现,ET8和ES8经50μmol/L胁迫24 h后,根尖伸长区皮层细胞变扁平,细胞间隙变小,细胞壁褶皱,并呈齿轮状交合;ES8细胞受伤害程度较ET8显著。经50μmol/L铝胁迫6、12、24 h后,ET8和ES8根尖细胞长度受铝胁迫的程度随时间延长而加强,根尖细胞相对长度与根相对伸长率呈显著正相关的关系(r=0.9911**)。50μmol/L铝胁迫24 h后,ET8和ES8根尖苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及细胞壁木质素合成显著增加。上述结果表明,铝胁迫通过增加苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂醇脱氢酶、过氧化物酶活性,促进根尖细胞壁木质素合成,加快细胞的木质化,细胞壁延展性变小,从而抑制细胞的伸长,减小根的生长。由于铝胁迫下ES8中木质素合成显著高于ET8,且根尖细胞结构受破坏较ET8显著,造成铝胁迫下ES8根生长受抑制比ET8显著,是ET8较ES8耐铝胁迫的主要原因。     

植物铝毒害机理的研究

本文综述了植物铝毒害机理的研究概况，包括铝毒害症状、铝的吸收、转运和信号传递、铝毒害机理等方面，提出了植物铝毒害机理研究中存在的问题。     

铝对小麦根尖细胞壁过氧化物酶活性和过氧化氢含量的影响

以2个小麦基因型鉴-864(耐性)和扬麦5号(敏感)为材料,采用溶液培养方法研究了铝胁迫下小麦根系伸长、根尖铝含量、根尖细胞壁过氧化物酶活性和H2O2含量的变化。结果表明,随着铝浓度的提高,小麦根系伸长受铝抑制程度加剧,根尖铝含量也明显升高;但敏感基因型根尖铝含量较高,根系伸长受抑程度更为明显。在铝胁迫下,2个小麦基因型根尖可溶态愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)和松柏醇过氧化物酶(CAPX)活性没有显著变化,细胞壁离子键结合态GPX和CAPX的活性则随着铝浓度的提高而显著升高,H2O2含量也呈现类似的趋势;而敏感基因型过氧化物酶活性升高和H2O2积累更为明显。因此,铝胁迫下,小麦敏感基因型根尖细胞壁离子键结合态GPX和CAPX活性升高而引起H2O2积累,促进根系木质化和细胞壁氧化交联,导致根细胞壁刚性提高而伸展能力降低,是其根系伸长受到严重抑制的原因。     

铝胁迫下不同耐铝性小麦根际pH值变化及其与耐铝性的关系

Al3＋是植物铝毒害的主要形态,而其活性受环境pH值的影响,H＋-ATPase通过调节根的质子分泌改变根际pH值。为探讨铝胁迫下根际pH值变化与小麦耐铝性的关系,以小麦品种ET8（耐铝型）、ES8（铝敏感型）为试验材料,采用溶液培养的方法对铝胁迫下根际pH值及根尖H＋-ATPase活性变化进行了研究。结果表明,铝处理条件下,小麦根际pH值随培养时间的延长而升高;随培养液中铝浓度的增加,根际pH值上升幅度下降,相同铝浓度处理条件下ET8根际pH值显著高于ES8。根际pH值与根尖铝含量呈极显著负相关（R2=0.932 1）,与根相对伸长率呈极显著正相关（R2=0.858 5）,表明小麦通过提高根际pH值降低根尖铝含量,减轻铝毒害。根尖H＋-ATPase活性随铝处理浓度升高而显著降低,100 μmol·L-1Al处理24 h ET8和ES8根尖H＋-ATPase活性分别为各自无铝处理的69.8%和60.0%,根尖H＋-ATPase相对活性与根际pH值呈极显著负相关（R2=0.831 9）。温度显著影响根的伸长,低温处理（9 ℃）根际pH值显著高于常温处理（25 ℃）,而根尖铝含量却显著低于常温处理。表明小麦通过根尖H＋-ATPase提高根际pH值降低铝毒害。综上所述,铝胁迫下小麦可通过提高根际pH值减轻铝毒害,不同耐铝性小麦品种根际pH值的显著差异是耐铝性差异显著的     

铝毒胁迫下磷对荞麦根系铝形态和分布的影响

以2个荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench）品种＂江西荞麦＂（铝耐性）和＂内蒙荞麦＂（铝敏感）为材料,采用水培法,研究铝毒胁迫下磷对荞麦根系总铝和单核2种形态以及Al在根尖和细胞壁中的分布情况的影响。结果表明,与200μmol/L Al处理相比,1.0mmol/L磷预处理分别使江西荞麦和内蒙荞麦的相对根长增加了24.4%和35.9%,根系总Al含量分别降低了18.2%和22.5%,根系单核Al含量分别降低了95%和63.2%。根尖细胞壁荧光检测结果为在单Al胁迫下细胞壁的荧光强度最大,1.0mmol/L磷预处理大幅度减弱细胞壁的荧光强度。表明外源磷供应可降低根系总Al和单核Al含量,使毒性形态的铝转化为无毒形态,以及减少Al在根尖以及细胞壁的积累,以缓解Al对根伸长的抑制,提高荞麦根系的抗铝毒害能力。     

豌豆不同耐铝品种根尖细胞壁果胶及其甲基酯化度的差异

【目的】研究豌豆不同品种耐铝性和根尖根段耐铝性与果胶及其甲基酯化间的关系,为进一步揭示植物耐铝机理以及耐铝性状的遗传改良提供依据。【方法】以豌豆品种Hyogo和Alaska为试验材料,采用Hoagland培养方式,测定了不同品种不同根段果胶含量、 果胶甲基酯化度和果胶甲酯酶活性,研究了其差异及原因。【结果】在15和30 μmol/L铝浓度胁迫条件下,豌豆品种Alaska根相对伸长率均显著高于品种Hyogo,同时有根尖0~5 mm和5~10 mm段有更少的胼胝质生成和累积,在30 μmol/L浓度下不同根段间均达到显著差异,同时品种Hyogo根尖0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段铝含量均显著高于品种Alaska,说明品种Alaska和品种Hyogo间存在耐铝性差异,其中品种Alaska耐铝性高于品种Hyogo,即品种Hyogo为铝敏感品种,品种Alaska是耐铝品种。比较两者不同根段(0~2.5 mm、 2.5~5.0 mm和5.0~10.0 mm)的铝含量与果胶含量、 果胶甲基酯化度、 PME活性间的关系,发现耐铝品种不同根段中的铝含量均小于敏感品种,并且在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段间达到显著性差异; 根尖不同根段果胶糖醛酸含量大小依次为0~2.5＞2.5~5.0＞5.0~10.0 mm,耐铝品种Alaska根尖细胞壁果胶和未甲酯化果胶含量均显著低于Hyogo,并且0~2.5 mm根段差异最大。根尖不同根段果胶甲基酯化度从根尖向上逐渐降低,并且耐铝品种Alaska高于铝敏感品种Hyogo,其中0~2.5 mm段间的差异达到显著水平;在对两个品种果胶甲基酯化酶(PME)活性进一步分析发现,PME活性大小依次为0~2.5＞2.5~5.0＞5.0~10.0 mm,两品种0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm根段间均达到显著差异。【结论】铝敏感品种Hyogo在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm根段具有较高 PME活性和较低果胶甲基酯化程度。豌豆根尖果胶含量和甲基酯化度尤其是0~2.5 mm根段是豌豆耐铝性差异的重要原因;Alaska根尖细胞壁的果胶含量低和果胶甲基酯化度高(尤其是0~2.5 mm段)是其耐铝的重要机制。     

铝胁迫下黑麦根尖分泌有机酸和钾离子的研究

采用药理学研究方法,研究了几种抑制剂和脱落酸对铝诱导黑麦根尖分泌有机酸和钾离子的影响。结果表明,在铝(100、200、300μmol/L AlCl3)胁迫下,根尖分泌柠檬酸、苹果酸和钾离子,且随着铝处理浓度的增加其分泌量显著增加。阴离子通道抑制剂苯甲酰甲醛(0.1、0.2 mmol/L)抑制根尖在铝(200μmol/L AlCl3)胁迫下分泌有机酸的同时,也抑制根尖分泌钾离子;钾离子通道抑制剂四乙基铵(20、40 mmol/L)和铯(10、20 mmol/L CsCl)在抑制根尖分泌钾离子的同时,也抑制铝诱导的有机酸分泌。25、50μmol/L的ABA处理后,铝诱导的有机酸分泌和钾离子的分泌均显著增加。但是,铝诱导的有机酸分泌在受到阴离子通道抑制剂尼氟灭酸(0.4、0.8 mmol/L)处理抑制后,钾离子的分泌并不减少;铝胁迫下根尖分泌的钾离子在ATP酶抑制剂钒酸钠(0.25、0.50、2.00 mmol/L)处理后受阻的同时,有机酸的分泌却显著增加。这些结果说明,钾离子是铝诱导黑麦根尖分泌有机酸的陪伴离子,而并非有机酸分泌的调控因子。     

磷对植物铝毒害作用研究中两种磷铝处理方法比较

由于磷和铝在溶液中的相互作用,研究磷对植物铝毒害作用的关键是选择合适的磷铝处理方法,本研究采用两种磷铝处理方法就磷对植物铝毒害的作用进行了比较。结果表明,采用计算铝活度的方法,磷能缓解铝对小麦的毒害,而采用磷铝交替处理的方法,磷则加重铝对小麦的毒害。尽管在计算铝活度的方法中不同磷浓度处理液中铝的活度相同(用GEOCHEM软件计算),但磷浓度越高的处理液,其毒性铝的浓度越低,在该方法中,磷可能是通过降低溶液中毒性铝的浓度而缓解铝毒的,不能很好地避免溶液中磷铝相互作用。磷铝交替处理彻底避免了磷铝在溶液中的相互影响,保证相同的磷和铝处理浓度,而且长期交替处理在一定程度上也降低了磷铝不能同时处理对试验结果准确性的影响,因而,该方法是一种研究植物磷铝关系比较可行的方法。在磷铝交替处理条件下,磷加重小麦的铝毒害,可能与磷促进铝在根尖的累积有关。     

Nitric oxide reduces the stress effects of aluminum on the process of germination and early root growth of rice

The present study examined the action of nitric oxide (NO) on the germination process of rice seeds and early root growth under aluminum (Al) stress. Seeds and seedlings of two rice genotypes, with different levels of sensitivity to aluminum stress, were examined after treatment with Al and NO or only with Al. Further, the histochemical localization of Al and NO was performed on the root tissues. In both genotypes, NO was able to neutralize the inhibitory Al effects on germination. In the roots of seedlings, a reduction of Al toxicity as mediated by NO was indicated by an increased root elongation and a reduction of Al accumulation on the root surface in the Al hematoxylin complexation, irrespective of the genotype. The histolocalization of NO in roots using diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF‐2DA) and confocal microscopy revealed endogenous Al‐induced levels of NO. It is concluded that NO can alleviate Al stress in the seedlings of the studied rice genotypes by improving germination and early root growth and is likely to play a role in a specific stress‐signaling pathway.     

红豇豆根缘细胞对铝胁迫的响应

以红豇豆(Vigna.ungniculata.ssp.sesquipedalis.cv.chuangfeng)为材料,采用悬空气培法,研究红豇豆根缘细胞产生的数目、活性及对铝胁迫的响应。结果表明,红豇豆的边缘细胞数目先随着根的伸长而迅速增加,到根长为10mm时达到最多,约为5300个;随后,边缘细胞数目稍有减少,且较为稳定。边缘细胞的存活率较高,都大于85%,随着红豇豆根长的伸长,边缘细胞的活性逐渐增高。根冠果胶甲基酯酶(PME)的活性随着根的伸长而减小,表明边缘细胞游离与根冠PME活性有着密切的相关性。离体边缘细胞的存活率随着Al3+处理浓度和处理时间的增加而降低。不同浓度Al3+液处理对相同根长红豇豆的根冠PME酶活性没有显著的影响。     

The impact of aluminium on the distribution of cell wall glycoproteins of pea root tip and their Al-binding capacity

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots were exposed to various concentrations of Al and cell wall glycoproteins containing salt-extractable proteins, SDS-extractable proteins, covalently bound proteins (CBPs), and extensins were separately extracted. The changes in their levels and the amount of bound Al to glycoproteins upon Al stress were investigated. The content of CBPs, but not of others, increased significantly with the increase of Al levels. Extensins and the salt-extractable proteins, but not the others, exhibited a marked Al-binding capacity in vivo. The amount of Al bound to extensions in vivo and in vitro was highest among the glycoproteins. The high Al-binding capacity of extensins might be caused by the high content of the hydroxy groups in hydroxyproline of extensins and Al-binding capacity to glycoproteins in the root tips may be involved in the Al-binding response in the apoplast.     

Evaluation of aluminum tolerance of three barley cultivars by two short-term screening methods and field experiments

Productivity of cereal crops growing in acid soils of Southern Chile have adversely being affected by acidification and aluminum phytotoxicity. For overcoming such constraints, farmers need to apply heavy amounts of lime and/or use AI-tolerant plants especially with AI-sensitive crops, as barley is. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of Al tolerance of . three barley cultivars commonly grown in volcanic soils by using two shortterm screening methods and to relate their rankings with field experiments. Additionally, the amounts of citric and malic acids exuded from roots were determined for studying the mechanism involved in Al tolerance. Relative root length (RRL) was the criterion used to evaluate Al tolerance both in nutrient solution and in soil-based culture and yield for field experiments. Results showed a close relationship between the RRL values obtained with the three barley cultivars by applying the two short-term screening methods. Barley yields obtained in field experiments carried out in two soils differing in Al contents agreed well with the ranking observed in the laboratory suggesting that the short-term screening methods could be a useful tool for knowing Al tolerance of cereals habitually cropped in our acidic volcanic soils. Citric and malic acids were detected mainly in the exudates from the most AI-tolerant barley which could indicate a chelation mechanism implied in such a tolerance.     

Varietal differences in the growth of rice plants in response to aluminum and silicon

Effects of Al (0–100 μM) and Si (0–2,000 μM) supplied singly or in combination on root growth of different rice varieties were examined under hydroponic conditions. Al addition inhibited root elongation of rice plants, and the inhibition increased with increasing amount of Al in the culture solution. Among 22 indica varieties and among 8 japonica varieties tested, IAC3 and Nakateshinsenbon were relatively tolerant to AI, respectively, whereas IR45 and Norinl were relatively sensitive to AI, respectively. Si exerted a beneficial effect at all levels of Si treatment on indica varieties, whereas Si supply resulted in a slight increase in the root dry weight of japonica varieties only at the highest level (2,000 μM Silo The alleviation of Al inhibition of rice root growth by Si was observed in the combination of Al and Si treatments. Alleviation was more pronounced for all the Si treatments in indica varieties than in japonica varieties, and the alleviation was maximum with 2,000 μM Si in IR45. The alleviation effect by Si was more pronounced in the AI-sensitive varieties than in the AI-tolerant varieties. The application of Si resulted in an increase in the contents of Al and Si in plants, and there was no relationship between the Al content and Al inhibition in plants.