石油污染土壤的生物修复研究

通过田间试验研究了玉米和向日葵两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用,考察了外源菌（OX-9）对植物修复的强化和协同效应,对“外源菌一植物”修复效果进行了初步评价。结果表明,在10000mg·k-1污染浓度下,150d玉米、向13葵试验区土壤中石油降解率分别为42．5％和46．4％,较对照区提高了100．5％和118．9％。外源节细菌的施加可使生物修复速度显著加快,150d“DX-9-玉米”和“DX-9-向日葵”试验区石油烃降解率分别达到72．8％和76．4％,较同期单独植物修复的降解率提高了71.3％和64．7％。500d各试验区土壤中石油烃降解率分别为95．5％、96．1％、97．6％和98．9％,土壤中石油烃含量均低于国家标准规定限量（〈500mg·kg-1）;土壤主要理化性质、生物群落分布、呼吸强度及植物不同部位中石油烃的残留量与对照无显著差异。结果表明：玉米、向日葵与节细菌对石油污染土壤的联合生物修复效果显著;经过两年修复,污染土壤恢复健康状态。     

石油污染土壤修复技术研究进展

概述了目前国内外石油污染土壤常用的修复技术及其研究进展,综述了物理修复、化学修复,特别是生物修复技术的优越性,并针对国内外石油污染土壤修复技术研发和实际应用过程中存在的问题,提出加强研发污染土壤综合修复技术、完善修复工程设计、加大新型功能材料的开发和应用力度、加强分子生态学技术在污染土壤修复中的应用4项建议。     

石油污染土壤菌剂修复技术研究

向石油污染土壤中投加环境适应能力强,降解效能高的菌种或菌群是提高石油类污染物降解效率的重要手段。本文应用菌剂修复技术对某污灌区石油烃污染土壤进行了处理,结果表明,混合施加两种菌剂,对石油的降解有相互促进作用,土壤中石油类污染物的降解率为54.23%。本研究为该地区石油污染土壤的治理提供了有力的技术保证。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

生物修复技术是解决环境污染、恢复被人类活动破坏的生态系统、实现人类社会可持续发展的重要手段之一,它具有速度快、消耗低、效率高、成本低、反应条件温和以及无二次污染等显著优点.本文主要介绍了生物修复的原理和特点,石油污染土壤的各种生物修复技术:微生物修复技术、植物修复技术和菌根根际生物修复技术的研究和应用进展.     

生物修复石油污染土壤研究现状

石油污染土壤的生物修复方法具有操作简便、费用低、对周围环境污染小、修复效率高等优点,应用前景广阔。从石油污染土壤生物修复过程中修复生物的选择、修复条件的优化、修复效果的评价等方面对近年来生物修复技术的研究进展进行了综述。为推动该方法的广泛应用,还应深入探究降解微生物之间的拮抗和协同机制、进一步降低修复成本、进一步完善修复评价标准,加强重石油污染土壤和特殊环境下石油污染土壤的治理研究,开展复合污染(如石油污染和重金属污染)土壤的修复研究。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

对于石油污染土壤的修复,其生物修复具有环境友好、费用较低等特点,是最具应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文较全面地介绍了石油污染土壤生物修复的影响因素、石油污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对该领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

菌剂-菌根联合修复石油污染土壤的实验研究

植物根际是一个能降解土壤中污染物的生物活跃区。本文应用菌根修复技术对某污灌区石油烃污染土壤进行了处理。在污染土壤中种植玉米和黄豆,通过施加不同的菌剂,采取菌剂和菌根强化修复措施,在运行一个生长季节后,土壤中石油类污染物降解率可达53%~78%。本研究为该地区石油污染土壤的治理提供了有力的技术保证。     

复合菌群的构建及其对石油污染土壤修复的研究

从石油污染土壤中富集分离、筛选出3株高效降解石油的微生物菌株,通过生理生化特性研究及16SrRNA基因序列分析,确定3株菌均属于红球菌属（Rhodococcus sp）,研究和比较了它们与实验室保存的4株菌（分别属于Gordonia sp,Comamonas sp,Pesudomonas sp）降解石油的能力。这7株菌株对石油的不同组分具有不同的降解能力,对7株菌进行不同的组合用以研究复合菌群对石油的降解。结果表明,由两株Rhodococcus sp,一株Gordonia sp和一株Pesudomonas sp组成的复合菌群D,降解石油的能力超过任何单一菌株和其他组合菌群。混合菌群D在5d的培养中能降解70.3%的石油总量和71.4%的芳香化合物。混合菌群D能降解99.8%的C13-19烷烃,92.6%的C20-26烷烃,82.2%的C27-32烷烃以及90.2%的植烷。在实验室模拟条件下,对土壤中石油的降解率达到50%以上。降解土壤中石油的最适温度为10～30℃、pH值为6.5～9.5,接种量需要在106CFU·g-1以上。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的生物修复

综述了土壤环境中多环芳烃的来源、归宿、生物转化机理、影响因素及生物修复技术研究进展,提出了利用生物技术治理土壤环境中多环芳烃的思路及方法。     

采用通气堆沤对石油烃污染土壤进行生物修复

Laboratory simulation studies and a composting pilot study were conducted to evaluate the capacity of three strains of fungi, indigenous fungus Fusarium sp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Coriolus Versicolor, to remediate petroleum-contaminated soils. In laboratory, the fungi were inoculated into a liquidculture medium and the petroleum-contaminated soil samples for incubation of 40 and 50 days 5 respectively. In the 200-day pilot study, nutrient contents and moisture were adjusted and maintained under aerobiccondition in composting units using concrete container (118.5 cm × 65.5 cm × 12.5 cm) designed specially for this study. The laboratory simulation results showed that all the three fungi were effective in degrading petroleum in the liquid culture medium and in the soil. At the end of both the laboratory incubations, the degradation rates by Phanerochaete chrysosporium were the highest, reaching 66% after incubation in liquid culture for 50 days. This was further demonstrated in the composting pilot study where the degradation rate by P. chrysosporium reached 79% within 200 days, higher than those of the other two fungi (53.1% and 46.1%), indicating that P. chrysosporium was the best fungus for bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum. Further research is required to increase degradation rate.     

通气对石油污染土壤生物修复的影响

为了探讨石油污染土壤的生物修复的有效方法,本研究就通气对石油污染土壤生物降解的影响,在自制反应器中进行了为期50天的堆腐试验。结果表明,通气可为石油烃污染土壤中的微生物提供充足的电子受体,可保持土壤pH稳定,从而促进了微生物的生物活性,强化了它们对石油污染物的氧化降解作用。通过在反应器中,调控通气量使污染土壤中石油烃的降解率进一步提高,为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用奠定了科学基础。     

Bioremediation of the soil contaminated with petroleum oil products using sewage sludge

ABSTRACT

The remediation technologies of soils contaminated with petroleum products are developed in two main directions: the first one encompasses searching for new effective bioagents and the other one explores the ways to activate those microorganisms present in the soil that are capable of degrading oil. The objective of this research was to determine if it is possible to increase the effectiveness of biodegradation of petroleum products by using chemical additives. The soil was supplemented with additives: CuSO4, MnSO4, KMnO4, H2O2, 5% and 10% chemical industry plants sludge, 5% and 10% Stock Company ‘Klaipedos vanduo’ (SC‘KV’) municipal wastewater treatment plants sludge. The data suggest that all the additives statistically significantly stimulated the degradation of diesel fuel (F = 12.01; p = .001) and black oil (F = 9.93; p = .001) compared with the control. It was determined that diesel fuel was degraded the fastest in samples with KMnO4, where efficiency of degradation was 90%, and 88% efficency in samples with 10% chemical industry plants sludge. Black oil was degraded the best in samples, where KMnO4 was added: efficiency of degradation was up to 63%. In the samples with 10% of sewage sludge from chemical industry plant degradation efficiency was 62%.     

Bioremediation of pah polluted soils: Column studies

Background. Due to spills, discharges and leakage, the gaswork site at Husarviken in Stockholm is today the largest (36 ha) creosote-contaminated site in Sweden. The main pollutants are creosote, lead and mercury. The remediation costs are estimated to be as high as US $125 million. It is thus of great interest to find more cost effective remediation methods. Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate i) if the addition of NTA, EDTA, nitrate, iron and dry yeast would enhance the bioremediation rate of a complex organic pollutant like PAH and, if so, at what concentrations they would be most efficient, ii) the effect on PAH reduction when larger dimensions of the column is used to diminish the effect of water passing along the sides of the column, iii) long-term effects on the reduction of PAH in field-contaminated soil with high concentrations. Materials and Methods  Creosote-contaminated soil from the Husarviken gaswork site was treated with aerated water in column experiments at room temperature. Three column experiments were performed in 2 and 100 L of homogenised soil samples percolated by recircula ting flushing water. Fluoranthene was analysed as a representative of the overall degradation of PAH in the columns. Results and Discussion  The PAH concentration (total 16 Priority USEPA PAH) was reduced from 129 mg/kg to at most 33 mg/kg in the 2-litre columns. A total of four PAH in the soil were reduced from 1330 mg/kg to about 400 mg/kg in the 100-litre columns. Generally, a 70% reduction of PAH concentration can be achieved by bioremediation technology. The transformation and/or degradation of fluoranthene were fast at the beginning of the experiment and then gradually slowed down. This mirrors the impact of the bioavailable fluoranthene, which is initially large, but reaches zero after 200 days. Conclusions  A simulation model using the fluoranthene data shows that the effectiveness of PAH degradation is, above all, dependent on the bioavailability of PAH. A reduction of 70% of PAH in the soil is applicable to soil containing <200 mg/kg to meet the Swedish recommendations of 60 mg/kg. At Husarviken, soil with <200 mg/kg corresponds to 80% of the polluted area.     

植物对污染土壤修复作用的研究进展

利用植物修复污染土壤是一种被人们认为安全可靠的方法.植物修复技术不仅能修复被石油污染的土壤,而且对更多品种污染的土壤修复有效,植物降解高分子有毒化合物的基础是根际环境及根际微生物,与无植物土壤不同.对根际区微生物降解和转化有机化合物的研究,更多的集中于植物对杀虫剂和除草剂的降解.事实证明,生物修复污染土壤是一项实用性和有效性很强的技术.     

Bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil by combination of soil conditioner and microorganism

Purpose

Oil hydrocarbons are widespread pollutants in soil which pose serious threats to ecological environment. Thus, this study carried out the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil by using the efficient petroleum-degrading bacteria and soil conditioner, to investigate the changes of physicochemical properties of contaminated soil during bioremediation, reveal the relationship among the exogenous degradation strains and indigenous microbe, and finally illuminate the effects of soil conditioner and microbe on the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil.

Materials and methods

A PAH-degrading strain named Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was used in this study, which was isolated from an e-waste dismantling area. The soil conditioner in this present study was developed previously by using agricultural wastes, which was in a powdered form and rich in N, P, and K. The simulated experiments were conducted under the control environmental conditions of greenhouse, to study the effects of inoculation and soil conditioner on bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil. Then, the physicochemical properties of soil and the degradation rates of oil were measured at different set times to evaluate the bioremediation effect.

Results and discussion

Adding 1% soil conditioner could significantly improve the soil conditions and offer microorganism enough N, P, and K, which would promote microbial growth and played a key role on bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil. Although in polluted soil, the microorganism could maintain metabolic activity and use the petroleum as carbon source. The soil indigenous microbe was more easily to adapt to the contaminated surrounding. However, when both of them co-existed in soil, they would restrain each other, and go against the oil decomposition. Thus, making two types of microorganisms work to achieve synergy was the key to gain much better remediation effect. Because the indigenous microbe was good at decomposing low molecular compounds and saturated hydrocarbons, while the oil-degrading strains can effectively decompose high molecular weight aromatics.

Conclusions

The soil nutrient and microorganism, including the exogenous oil-degrading strains and the soil indigenous microbe, had an important effect on degradation of petroleum. The addition of soil conditioner, presence of indigenous microbe, and inoculation of oil-degrading strains all were conducive to bioremediation of oil-contaminated site, but the key was to control the proportion and relationship of the three.

Graphical abstract

     

Fungal flora of soil polluted with copper

The effects of copper pollution on the soil fungal flora was investigated. Soils treated with 100, 200, 400, 800 or 1600 μg Cu g^?1 were used for experiments to study changes in fungal populations, especially the development and dominance of copper-tolerant fungi. Fungi were sampled 1, 3 and 5 months after copper treatment.All the correlation coefficients between the copper contents and the number of fungal colonies plated were positive. The higher the copper concentration in soil, the more 1000 μ Cu ml^?1 tolerant fungi were isolated. The relative number of 1000 μg Cu mr^?1 tolerant fungi from the soil treated with 1600 μg Cu g^?1 was about 30% of those of the control 14 days after treatment. Within the limits of this experiment, the increase in fungal populations was directly correlated with the increase of dominant Cu-tolerant fungi.From control soils, containing low quantities of copper, 1000 μg Cu ml^?1 tolerant fungi were also isolated; whereas, from soils containing high amounts of copper, some Cu-sensitive fungi were isolated. Most of the 1000 μg Cu ml^?1 tolerant fungi were Penicillium spp. It was concluded that the genus Penicillium may be dominant in soils polluted with copper.     

大型海藻江蓠对养殖池塘水质污染修复的研究

通过对菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)与南美白对虾(Penacus vannamei)、青石斑鱼(Epinephelusawoara)混养池塘水质的跟踪监测,研究了不同养殖模式下江蓠对池塘水质的修复效果。结果表明:江蓠对水中无机氮(IN)、无机磷(IP)有较好的净化作用,能使养殖池中水体保持很低的IN、IP浓度和较高的溶解氧(DO)浓度,维持良好的水质状况;江蓠与虾或鱼混养,对水质均有改善作用。大型海藻江蓠易调控、无二次污染、有较好的经济价值,同时其对水质调节作用优于微藻等。利用江蓠进行生态养殖,可减少药物投放量,提高产品的质量和市场竞争力,促进海水养殖业的可持续发展。     

重金属污染土壤生态工程修复的试验研究

该文研究了细叶香薷(Moslem chinensis Maxim)和构树(Broussonetia papyrifera(Linn.) Vent.)对Cu、Zn污染土壤的修复及污染土壤对植物生理性状的影响。研究结果表明：随着盆栽土壤中重金属浓度的增高，植物体内吸收重金属的浓度相应增大。Cu在细叶香薷体内的含量是地上部＜地下部，Zn含量却是地上部＞地下部；重金属Cu、Zn在构树体内的浓度都是根部＞叶部＞茎部。细叶香薷的富集系数基本大于1，对Cu的最大富集系数是2.42；构树的富集系数都在0.5以下，但由于其地上部生物量很大，从土壤中移除的重金属量也很可观，而且构树能产生经济价值，建议把构树和细叶香薷组成一个立体的生态工程修复模式，既能修复污染土壤又能恢复污染地区的生态环境和土壤微生物环境，产生经济和环境效益。