Products containing microorganisms as a tool in integrated pest management and the rules of their market placement in the European Union

Products containing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses) can be used in plant production as an intervention as well as a prevention method for pest control. Their utilisation is strictly in line with the principles of integrated pest management, provided that they are effective and safe. The rules of registration of microorganisms for crop production in the European Union differ, depending on whether they are placed on the market as plant protection products or not. For over 20 years, uniform rules for registration of plant protection products have been in force. Currently, 36 microorganisms marked up to the strain are approved for use in pest control in the Community. The decision concerning market placement of plant protection products containing approved microorganisms is issued for each member state separately. The approaches to market placement of other products with microorganisms differ within the EU, ranging from a complete lack of requirements to long and costly registration procedures. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

International plant protection; the role of FAO

Plant protection has many international aspects; it is also quickly changing, especially in relation to sustainability. FAO’s activities in plant protection are grouped in four major thrusts: plant quarantine, pesticide management, integrated pest management and migratory pest control. The International Plant Protection Convention defines the FAO’s activities in plant quarantine, while, in response to the GATT Uruguay Round, harmonization of plant quarantine is also being undertaken. Pesticide management activities address the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides and standard setting on pesticide residues. Integrated Pest Management is the core of the plant protection programme, together with international coordination of migratory pest control. All these activities are complemented by technical assistance programmes, including assistance with the establishment of plant protection services.FAO’s activities remain a compromise between what member countries see as desirable and what is affordable. Long term commitment is required to achieve result. New functions in quarantine and pesticide management have been taken up, but the international assessment of pesticides needs urgent attention. The paradigm change away from pesticide use will require further international cooperation. Substantial research and a new control system is needed for locust control.     

Biological control and plant health in the UK1

The protected crop environment has long been recognized as offering particularly good opportunities for the application of biological control and this is reflected in the predominance of integrated pest management programmes and the wide range of biological control agents available. The introduction of new pest species of quarantine concern can often occur in glasshouse crops, as a result of international trade in plant material, and can have a highly disruptive impact upon well established, integrated pest management programmes. The use of biological control agents against quarantine pests is discussed, including both the use of exotic species and those established in the UK. The relevant legislation in the UK is outlined in relation to the introduction of non-native species, including both plant protection and conservation interests. Environmental safety aspects such as the impact of such introductions on non-target species and issues of quality control to prevent the introduction of contaminants are noted as of particular plant health interest.     

生物防治——害虫综合防治的重要内容

本文阐述了生物防治在综合防治中的重要性和如何全面正确认识生物防治技术。指出生物防治技术在生产上的成功应用,必须要注意与其他植保技术协调。文章还介绍了国内外成功的生防实例和生防必须遵循的基本原则。     

Integrated Control in the Netherlands 1)

In the Netherlands the need for an ecological approach in pest control has led to the establishment in 1958 of the Research Group on harmonious control of arthropod pests later renamed into Research Group on integrated control of arthropod pests which has several sections. This Group is part of the National Council for Agricultural Research of the Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). There is a close co-operation between many Research Institutes towards developing integrated control of which the TNO Research Group is the co-ordinating body. The research priorities have been clearly defined and the ways leading to a practical implementation of integrated control studied.     

Plant Protection with and without Risks

Conventional plant protection procedures and integrated control are being compared in the light of their profitability. Control measures must be based on the density of pest populations. The fluctuations concerned can be usefully reproduced by means of a mathematic pendulum oscillating over a logarithmical scale of the densities. The model shows that better crop yields can be obtained through a reduced application of chemicals. Moreover, the expenditure incurred in integrated control is less and risks of failure are also lower.     

Integrated Plant Protection in Austria: Scientific Principles, Practical Application, Present State

Although numerous types of intégrated plant protection programs have been elaborated and, in many areas, also effectuated, reports on the actual results and effects of the application of integrated plant protection are scarce. The author attempts to examine the results of integrated plant protection activities in Austria by means of a structural analysis of the use of plant protection products. It is concluded that the efforts of plant protection scientists have been successful both in developing a plant protection method that does not adversely affect the environment and in integrating non-chemical and chemical methods of pest control. As a consequence of the refined techniques used in forecasting and warning services, application of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and the total use of insecticides are diminishing. On the other hand, the use of fungicides is moderately increasing and that of herbicides has doubled over the preceding decade.     

Integrated crop management, the basis for environment friendly crop protection of potatoes

Relatively large amounts of pesticides are needed to control diseases and pests in modern, intensive potato production. Integrated crop management offers a way of reducing the need for pesticides. It aims to reduce costs and improve the quality of the product and of the production methods, while maintaining soil fertility and the quality of the environment. The components of integrated crop management are described. Prevention of diseases and pests has high priority. If diseases or pests are present, non-chemical control methods are preferred and chemical control is based on economic criteria and the monitoring of the soil and crops. The contribution of integrated crop management to the control of two important fungal diseases, late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani) and of one pest, potato cyst nematode (Globodera spp..) is described. The prospects for further development of integrated crop protection are discussed.     

昆虫性信息素及其类似物干扰昆虫行为的机理和应用研究进展

昆虫性信息素及其类似物在有害生物综合治理中起到了越来越重要的作用,如可以对目标昆虫进行监测、诱捕和迷向等。干扰昆虫行为是一种环境友好型的植物保护策略,近年来已在害虫防治领域广泛使用。干扰昆虫行为的机理一直是科学家研究的主要方向,明确其机理能使之得到更有效合理的应用。本文主要对昆虫性信息素及其类似物干扰昆虫行为的机理,以及缓释材料、施用剂量及密度、与其他挥发性物质在田间混合应用等方面的研究进展进行简要综述。     

中国水稻病虫草害治理60年:问题与对策

自第一次绿色革命以来,随着感性高产品种的大面积推广、化肥和农药的大量使用,在显著提高产量的同时,严重削弱了稻田系统的自然调控功能,导致病虫草危害加重。为有效控制有害生物危害,防治技术和治理策略已经历了从化学防治、初级综合防治和综合治理进而生态治理等多个阶段的发展。然而,尽管在有效控制有害生物对当季作物危害上取得了良好成绩,每年挽回稻谷损失数千万吨,但小虫成大灾、多病共发、杂草群落演变、重要病虫草害抗药性突出等问题,仍严重地威胁到粮食安全和生态安全。为确保水稻生产的可持续集约发展,植物保护研究必须从建设健康稻田系统总体目标出发,加强与相关学科合作,努力提升科技协同创新能力和稻田生态系统自然调控功能,并完善管理和政策保障体系,以确保绿色防控、生态治理技术的成功实施。     

水稻病虫害综合防治五大关系的理性分析

本文论述“预防为主，综合防治”植保方针的理论和实践意义，结合我国水稻病虫害综合防治２０ａ的研究进展，提出综合防治的体系特征及其五大关系：（１）有害生物的种质分化与种型演变；（２）防治体系与预警系统；（３）为害损失与防治指标；（４）多抗性品种的开拓与推广；（５）多效药剂的研究开发与应用。进而探讨ＩＰＭ与可持续性植物保护的相互关系     

中国农业害虫综合防治研究进展:2018年－2022年

近5年来, 我国在害虫变态发育与生殖调控、害虫滞育调控、害虫迁飞、害虫与共生微生物互作、害虫对杀虫剂的抗性、害虫与寄主植物的化学通讯、害虫对植物抗虫性的适应、害虫对作物种植结构调整的响应、害虫对全球气候变化的响应等农业害虫发生新规律新机制解析方面取得了系列重要进展, 同时推进了抗虫作物、RNA农药、行为调控和生态调控等害虫防控新技术与新产品的研发; 提出迁飞性草地贪夜蛾分区治理、多食性盲蝽区域防控、地下害虫韭蛆绿色防控和抗性麦蚜精准化学防控等害虫绿色防控新模式新体系。根据国内外农业害虫综合防治科技发展趋势和中国农业高质量发展现实需求, 我国需进一步重视农业昆虫交叉学科前沿和新兴技术领域, 以产业需求为导向, 强化害虫防控基础理论创新, 创制智能监测预警和绿色防控新技术、新产品, 创新集成区域绿色防控和跨区协同治理技术体系, 为保障国家粮食安全、助力乡村全面振兴提供强有力的植保科技支撑。     

Integrated pest management in olive in the Mediterranean area1

The FAO Interregional Cooperative Research Network on Olives is working on plant protection with the main objective of setting up an integrated pest management system aimed at controlling the main insect pests attacking Mediterranean olive orchards. The study of the factors controlling populations of both olive pests and their natural parasites and predators has therefore taken a great share of that cooperative effort. This paper reviews the work developed so far, while describing the computerized pest management programme now in use in Spain. This is directed by the national and some regional Plant Protection Services and based on the cooperation of olive growers' associations named Agrupaciones para Tratamientos Integrados (ATRIAs). Each ATRIA provides the meteorological and insect population data needed for plant protection researchers to take decisions about where and when to treat each pest.     

Problems of implementing compulsory integrated pest management

Compulsory integrated pest management poses a number of challenges and issues for debate. Some of are discussed with reference to European Union requirements set out in Annex III of Directive 128/2009. Requirements on the use of plant protection products bring with them problems with dose reduction in the light of a resistance prevention strategy, the lack of threshold levels, the necessity of chemical treatments and the limited availability of effective products of biological origin. Use of preventive measures of pest control faces barriers related to profitability and a lack of knowledge on the part of farmers. Challenges to control the system, as well as the fact that some legally enforced rules are not suitable for all crops, seem also to be an issue. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Economic Aspects of Integrated Control1)

Evaluation of economic returns resulting from plant protection measures are receiving increased attention. Since control measures are likely to affect not only a single production but also future crops and may entail resistance phenomena, as well as other inconveniences, the entire lifetime of a control strategy should be considered in a cost/benefit analysis. Although all the needed parameters for such an evaluation are not available, simplified computer-based models, now in use in advanced pest management studies, turned out to beextremely useful. The possibility of assessing the impact of control measures on single crops is reviewed in the light of recent studies (Headley , 1972, 1973, Davidson and Norgaard , 1973) and data stressing the economic advantages of pest management schemes in European orchards and U.S. cotton areas are studied. With increased prices for pesticides and application, the benefit derived from integrated control schemes becomes more evident.     

The Potential Benefits of Weeds with Reference to Small Holder Agriculture in Africa

Weed control is one of the most important crop protection activities undertaken in both intensive and low-input farming systems. However, even under intensive systems, crop protection which is less dependent on pesticides may require that weeds be managed to obtain a balance between crop and non-crop vegetation to encourage an increase in natural enemies of crop pests. In the low-input farming systems which sustain much of the rural population of Africa, weed control is usually done by hand and clean weeding is often beyond the labour resources of the farming family. The vegetational diversity of peasant agriculture in Africa to which weeds make their contribution, helps to decrease the risk of disease and pest epidemics. In addition to the pest control benefits of a diverse agroecosystem, weeds contribute to the resource base of the rural community, providing a source of secondary foods, medicines and insecticides. Weed control within an integrated crop protection system appropriate to the needs of the resource-poor farmer, requires that weeds are managed in such a way that their biodiversity is maintained and the more useful species retained within the field or field margin. Those weeds with high food potential or which have pesticidal or medicinal properties might be deliberately encouraged within the crop or field margins. Certain weed species may harbour important pests or diseases of local crops and therefore should be selectively removed. The paper reviews and discusses the literature on the beneficial and deleterious effects of weeds and argues for a weed management strategy which balances the effects of weed competition on crop production with the ethnobotanical and pest control attributes of individual weed species and weed communities.     

数据包络分析CCR在病虫防治综合评价中的应用

本文将数据包络分析中的CCR模型应用于农作物病虫防治效果的综合评价.该方法通过比较各种防治措施的投入和产出,确定一种成本最低,综合效果最好的防治策略.本文以各种防治措施对苹果果园病虫害进行防治的模拟数据为例,详细介绍了CCR模型在病虫综合防治评价中的应用.结果表明,CCR模型对各种防治措施进行综合评价时具有多输入和多输出且不依赖权重调整的优势,评价结果客观、易用.     

玳玳桔潜蛾发生规律与综合防治研究

玳玳是芸香科柑桔属的一种香料,大面积种植屡遭桔潜蛾严重为害。桔潜蛾在玳玳上1年发生11个世代,发生在秋梢期的第七至九代为主害代。秋梢受害率达52.1—100%,经济损失达24.9%以上。根据害虫和寄主各自生物学特性,采用以改变害虫生态条件为主,协调运用科学管梢、以肥调梢、保护利用天敌和药剂挑治等四项综防措施。经2600亩应用,梢叶产量提高65.4%,冠幅平均扩大34%,保梢效果达91%,三年企业直接获利10万余元。