9个马铃薯品种苏打盐碱适应性盆栽试验

试验采用盆栽的方法对9个马铃薯品种进行苏打盐碱适应性研究,通过对出苗、成活情况和产量进行观察和测定,筛选出抗苏打盐碱性强的品种。结果表明:不同品种的抗盐碱性能各不相同,抗盐碱性与出苗率、产量呈正相关。9个试验品种中,克新19号在盐碱处理中表现高产,抗盐碱性明显好于其它品种。     

松嫩平原春小麦耐盐碱性鉴定及品种(系)筛选

为确定松嫩平原春小麦品种(系)耐盐碱性鉴定的适宜盐碱浓度,同时筛选耐盐碱小麦材料,以黑龙江省试种的30个春小麦品种(系)为试验材料,采用不同浓度NaHCO3溶液分别在春小麦萌发期和苗期进行盐碱胁迫处理,筛选适合耐盐碱性鉴定的胁迫处理浓度,并通过主成分分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析等方法对30个春小麦品种萌发期和苗期的耐盐碱性进行综合评价。结果表明,150mmol·L-1 NaHCO3为小麦耐盐碱性筛选的理想鉴定浓度;30个春小麦品种(系)中,九三09-1933等7个品种(系)萌发期高度耐盐碱,北麦9号为萌发期盐碱敏感品种;九三08-51271、龙麦36、7767为苗期高度耐盐碱品种(系),克旱14号、九三08-7127为苗期盐碱敏感品种(系);综合评价萌发期与苗期鉴定结果,其中高度耐盐碱的品种(系)为龙麦36和09-9933,盐碱敏感品种(系)为九三08-7127和克旱14号,克旱7号等其他品种(系)中度耐盐碱。     

盐碱胁迫对水稻源库与产量的影响

采用盆栽法,对2个盐碱敏感性不同的水稻品种89-45（耐盐碱）和吉农大10号（不耐盐碱）,在吉林省西部地区不同盐碱浓度的盐碱土中的表现进行了研究。盐碱胁迫导致叶面积系数变小,不耐盐碱品种较耐盐碱品种下降的趋势更明显; 盐碱胁迫降低了水稻有效分蘖数,最终导致产量下降,胁迫越大,产量越低。     

不同小麦品种（系）对盐碱胁迫的生理及农艺性状反应

对１３份小麦品种（系）在盐碱地进行田间耐盐性鉴定,研究了不同品种光合生理及农艺性状对土壤盐碱胁迫的反应。结果表明,不同品种对土壤盐碱胁迫的反应不同;不同品种、不同时期叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光值在盐碱胁迫下都有一定的下降。不同农艺性状对盐碱胁迫的反应也不相同,受胁迫的程度依次为产量＞单位面积穗数＞株高＞千粒重＞单穗粒数＞穗长;在盐碱地上产量受限制的主要因素是单位面积穗数和千粒重等。以苗期作为小麦耐盐鉴     

马铃薯耐盐碱研究进展

全球盐碱地面积的增加成为制约农业发展的主要因素。马铃薯是全球第四大粮食作物,同时也是中国仅次于水稻、玉米、小麦的重要粮食作物。马铃薯属于中等耐盐性作物,盐碱胁迫严重抑制马铃薯的产量,因此提高马铃薯耐盐碱能力具有重要意义。文章从盐碱胁迫对马铃薯发育及生理的影响、马铃薯耐盐碱能力提高途径及其展望3个方面对马铃薯耐盐碱性研究现状进行综述,旨在总结当前已知的马铃薯耐盐碱机制,为马铃薯耐盐碱新品种选育提供理论基础与育种思路。     

耐盐碱亚麻种质的筛选与综合评价

筛选亚麻耐盐碱品种并对其耐性进行综合评价,是利用亚麻进行盐碱土改良和亚麻多用途利用的基础。本研究利用p H值为9.5,可溶性盐含量为1.5%的复合盐溶液对来自27个国家的342份亚麻种质在萌发期进行盐碱胁迫试验,检测了各品种对照和处理的发芽率、相对芽长和耐盐碱指数等指标,并利用隶属函数的方法对这些亚麻种质的耐盐碱性进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)盐碱胁迫对芽长的抑制作用较发芽率大,发芽率在品种间的变异程度较芽长大;(2)大部分品种的隶属值位于0.3~0.5之间,根据隶属值将342份品种分为3个耐性级别,得到5份1级高耐盐碱品种;(3)利用不同盐碱土区域中不同程度的盐碱土样对隶属函数值最高的品种Y0I302进行盆栽试验,结果表明Y0I302在长春的轻度盐碱土、伊宁的轻度盐碱土和中度盐碱土可以正常发芽;(4)对5份1级高耐性种质资源的株高、工艺长度、产量等经济性状进行鉴定,阐述了这些种质在盐碱土壤中的利用价值。     

盐碱胁迫对花生种子发芽特性影响及盐害综合鉴定评价

随着土壤盐碱地面积不断扩大,盐碱胁迫成为影响花生萌发的重要因素之一。为探究花生品种耐盐碱特性,筛选耐盐碱花生品种,以发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和盐害率为指标,益花1号、花育25号、花育39号、汾花1号、豫花37号为试验材料,分析NaCl、NaHCO₃和NaCl+NaHCO₃（1∶1）3种盐碱类型,4种胁迫浓度（0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%）对花生种子萌发的影响,对比分析各指标间的差异,并进行耐盐碱能力评价。研究结果表明,盐碱胁迫抑制种子萌发,随着盐碱溶液浓度增加发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均呈下降趋势,盐害率呈上升趋势,且NaCl+NaHCO₃（1∶1）胁迫程度大于NaCl和NaHCO₃,0.9%和1.2%浓度下种子不萌发。盐害等级划分结果与隶属函数综合评价结果显示,益花1号在3种盐碱胁迫下耐盐碱水平均较高,花育39号在各盐碱胁迫下耐盐碱性最差;益花1号为盐碱胁迫下的优势品种;新疆盐碱土壤类型主要为混合盐碱,综合各指标考虑,0.6%的胁迫浓度可作为评价各品种的耐盐碱性强弱的参考浓度。     

不同燕麦品种耐盐碱分析

[目的]分析不同燕麦品种在沈阳地区的耐盐碱能力。[方法]试验选取6个燕麦品种,研究在沈阳地区大田条件下,盐碱地块对燕麦的生长发育及产量的影响。[结果]燕麦的抗盐碱能力有差异,其中对盐碱胁迫影响小的是沈农燕麦1号,其次为坝燕5号、冀张莜12、白燕2、冀张燕3、影响最大的为白燕7号。[结论]盐碱胁迫对燕麦的生长发育及产量均有明显的抑制作用,该研究结果为在沈阳地区盐碱地块种植燕麦提供理论依据。     

混合盐碱胁迫对芸芥生长发育和生理性状的影响

为评价不同生长期芸芥对混合盐碱胁迫的耐受性及相应的生理机制,采用不同浓度的混合盐碱溶液分别进行种子萌发期、苗期及成株期胁迫试验。结果表明：（1）在种子萌发期,低浓度（20和30mmol·L-1）混合盐碱胁迫仅延迟了芸芥种子的萌发时间,对种子活力的影响较小;40 mmol·L-1盐碱胁迫下,发芽势和发芽率均显著低于对照值;≥50 mmol·L-1盐碱处理下,种子完全丧失活力。（2）苗期叶片相对含水量与盐碱浓度和胁迫时间均呈负相关,盐碱浓度≥40 mmol·L-1,相对含水量显著下降,而丙二醛含量显著升高;随盐碱浓度增加及胁迫时间延长,叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量总体呈增加趋势,而可溶性蛋白含量却逐渐降低,说明芸芥幼苗对盐碱胁迫的适应在一定程度上主要取决于可溶性糖和脯氨酸等有机物质的积累;（3）成株期低浓度胁迫对株高和开花期影响不显著,≥40 mmol·L-1盐碱胁迫时,株高降低,开花期延迟,单株角果数少,部分种子很瘪或只能看到败育残基。60 mmol·L-1胁迫下植株能存活,但不能开花结实,70 mmol·L-1胁迫则严重抑制了营养生长和生殖生长,甚至死亡。混合盐碱胁迫对芸芥根长、鲜重、干重和含水量均有一定的抑制作用,对根重影响显著,低浓度胁迫促进根的伸长,盐碱浓度≥40 mmol·L-1时,根长逐渐变短,显著低于对照。总之,萌发期和成株期芸芥对NaCl +Na2SO4 + NaHCO3+Na2CO3混合盐碱胁迫的耐受性不同,苗期可溶性糖和脯氨酸作为主要的调节物质在芸芥适应较高浓度盐碱逆境中起到了重要作用。     

马铃薯耐盐碱愈伤组织筛选及分化研究

以马铃薯12个主栽品种的茎、叶为外植体进行愈伤组织诱导和耐盐碱愈伤组织的筛选,MS分化培养上分化及植株再生的研究。结果表明:愈伤组织诱导率高的品种有夏波蒂、大西洋,诱导率分别为96.1%、92.9%,而且愈伤组织质量最好;筛选出耐盐碱性强的愈伤组织品种有坝薯10号、冀张薯5号及1867;对于芽的分化,分化率高的品种有坝薯8号、坝薯10号;筛选出了抗盐碱性强的再生苗7株,抗性中等的60株,抗性弱的3株,共70株。     

小麦品种对禾谷孢囊线虫（Heterodera avenae） 江苏沛县群体的抗性鉴定

为了筛选对禾谷孢囊线虫病(Cereal cyst nernatode,CCN)具有抗性的小麦品种,采用室内二龄幼虫接种法、网室卵接种法和田间病圃法测定了收集自5个省份的40个小麦品种对小麦孢囊线虫江苏沛县群体的抗性。室内二龄幼虫接种测定结果表明,供试材料中无免疫品种,华麦1号、温粮58和豫麦66-18系表现为高抗,扬麦13和徐麦7086表现为中抗,烟农5158表现最感病,平均单株白雌虫数达104.7个;田间病圃测定表明,上述5个品种仅华麦1号表现为抗病。网室卵接种法测定结果与室内二龄幼虫接种法及田间病圃法测定结果差异较大,显示该方法不适用小麦品种的CCN抗性鉴定。     

Cotton water-deficit stress,age, and cultivars as moderating factors of cotton fleahopper abundance and yield loss

Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 during drought conditions in South Texas and the Texas High Plains to test whether cotton water-deficit stress, age, and cultivars are moderating and interacting factors that affect cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae), abundance and yield loss. Irrigation and sequential plantings of several cultivars were used to simulate a range of water stress, plant ages, and cultivar variability. Cotton grown under these experimental conditions were exposed to cotton fleahopper using natural and artificial infestation. Cotton cultivars had a strong influence on cotton fleahopper abundance, with higher densities on Stoneville cultivar 5458 B2RF, which is relatively pubescent, than on the Phytogen cultivar 367 WRF, which is relatively glabrous, in South Texas (p < 0.04). But the strong cultivar effects on cotton fleahopper abundance did not correspond to yield reduction. No water stress effects on cotton fleahopper densities were observed in 2012 (p > 0.05), whereas cotton fleahopper densities increased on older cotton grown under no water stress in 2013 in South Texas (p < 0.05). In contrast, yield response was primarily sensitive to soil moisture conditions (up to 50% yield reduction when grown in dryland mimic conditions below 75% crop ET replacement, p < 0.0009). Water and cotton fleahopper stress synergies were detected but variable, with greatest lint yield loss attributable to cotton fleahopper seen in cotton grown in high water stress conditions in the High Plains (p < 0.05). Yield trends were consistent across cultivars (no interaction with cultivar), even though cotton fleahopper populations varied significantly across cultivars and exceeded regional economic thresholds beginning the second week of squaring (p < 0.05).     

水分胁迫对不同抗旱性燕麦品种生理特性的影响

为了解燕麦抗旱生理机制,以抗旱性不同的燕麦品种蒙燕1号和坝莜3号为试验材料,采用盆栽方法研究了拔节期和抽穗期水分胁迫对不同抗旱性燕麦品种生理特性的影响。结果表明,在拔节期,地上部各生理指标在水分处理间与品种间均无显著差异。在抽穗期,随着水分胁迫的加剧,燕麦叶片相对含水量升高,相对电导率、丙二醛含量下降,保护酶(POD、SOD)活性和可溶性蛋白先降低后升高。中度水分胁迫下,与蒙燕麦1号相比,坝莜3号的丙二醛含量、叶片相对含水量变化幅度较大,保护酶活性升幅较小;在其他水分处理下各生理指标在品种间差异不显著。适度控水下,蒙燕1号的可溶性蛋白含量降幅小于坝莜3号。在拔节期,重度水分胁迫下,坝莜3号的根系活力降幅大于蒙燕1号;两个品种分别在适度控水和中度水分胁迫下根系活力最大。在抽穗期,两个品种根系活力受水分胁迫影响较小。综合分析表明,抗旱性强的蒙燕1号在水分胁迫下能保持相对较优的生理状态,其代谢功能和保水能力较强。     

干旱胁迫对茶树幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在全球变暖的气候背景下,干旱已成为限制作物生产发展的重要因素,但目前关于干旱胁迫下不同茶树的生理生化响应研究相对较少。以黄金茶1号（HJC-1）、壶瓶山8号（HPS-8）和壶瓶山15号（HPS-15）等10个茶树品种（系）的一年生幼苗为材料进行盆栽控水试验,对持续性干旱胁迫处理下茶树幼苗的表型、叶片结构、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和可溶性糖含量进行研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫使其叶长、叶宽缩短,叶片数减少,侧根数增多,植株矮化;叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织比值均呈现下降趋势。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量与对照组相比均有所增加,且叶绿素a含量存在极显著性差异（P<0.000 1）。10个茶树品种（系）在干旱胁迫下均受到光抑制,与对照组相比,Fo、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值减少,而Fm值增大。叶片可溶性糖含量在干旱胁迫下与正常水分环境相比有所增加,除湘农1号（XN-1）外,其他品种（系）的增加量均有显著性差异。通过耐旱性隶属函数值法比较得出,茶树HPS-8、湘农18号（XN-18）、湘农9803号（XN-9803）、湘农9810号（XN-9810）和湘农9809号（XN-9809）的抗旱能力较弱,HJC-1、HPS-15、XN-1、湘农9802号（XN-9802）和壶瓶山20号（HPS-20）的抗旱能力相对较强。     

Effect of salinity on growth and yield of Desi and Kabuli chickpea cultivars

To evaluate the effects of different level of Na salinity (0, 3, 6 and 9 dS m(-1)) on growth, yield and yield component of Kabuli (Hashem and Jam) and Desi (Kaka and Pirooz) chickpea cultivars a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was carried out in Research Greenhouse of Mokrian Agricultural Extension Center near Mahabad, Iran at 2006. Seeds of four chickpea cultivars were grown under 0, 3, 6 and 9 dS m(-1) levels of salinity until maturity. Salinity reduced the plant growth, flower, pod and seed number and seed weight. As increase in salinity, the undesirable effect of Na+ was more pronounced and reached the highest value at 9 dS m(-1) in all cultivars. Four chickpea cultivar have different responses to salinity and the Kabuli cultivars seemed to have a greater capacity for salt tolerance compared to Desi cultivars. Hahshem cultivar has the highest salinity tolerance among all cultivars.     

加锰处理对茶树锰含量及生理变化的影响研究

运用溶液培养方法对福鼎大白茶和槠叶齐茶树进行长期的加锰处理,探讨在锰胁迫条件下茶树对锰的吸收和累积及生理生化的影响。结果表明:长时期加锰处理,福鼎茶树会表现出锰胁迫。在处理初期(50d)和处理后期(176d),各加锰处理的福鼎和槠叶齐叶片锰含量随培养液锰浓度升高而增加的变化趋势一致,处理初期,槠叶齐各处理叶片中锰含量较福鼎高,而福鼎在处理中期(143d)时,除对照外,其他处理叶片锰含量均高于槠叶齐,平均增幅达3142.67mg/kg。在处理中期,部分锰处理的福鼎茶树叶片出现锰害症状,叶绿素含量急剧降低,嫩叶变黄,老叶变褐,其叶片中的超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)以及丙二醛(MDA)活性均反映了该时期加锰处理茶树处于胁迫状态,而槠叶齐较福鼎表现出较强的耐锰性,表明锰对茶树的胁迫与茶树品种有很大关系。     

Nutritive value evaluated on rats of new cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) released in Chile

Five new cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) recently released were analyzed for their proximate chemical composition and protein biological quality. The crude protein content in these cultivars ranged from 21.9 percent in cultivar Arroz 3 to 26.9 percent in cultivar Tórtola Diana (dry matter basis). Rats fed cultivar Tórtola INIA gained more weight, had a higher protein intake and registered higher PER and NPR than Tórtola corriente. On the other hand, rats consuming cultivars Arroz 3 and Fleetwood had lower weight gain, lower protein intake and lower PER and NPR than cultivar Coscorrón corriente. However, all these cultivars have a relatively good protein value as compared to other plant protein sources.     

Arsenic-prone rice cultivars: a study in endemic region

Rice is prone to arsenic accumulation compared to other cereals as typically grown up under waterlogged situation favoring arsenic mobility. Arsenic in rice depends on arsenic availability to plants from irrigation water, even differs among cultivars and their plant parts. Present study was concentrated on arsenic accumulation in various plant parts of five common rice cultivars grown using irrigation water from different water sources in various fields in arsenic-endemic region. Additionally, dose response experiment under laboratory net house was conducted on the same cultivars excluding open environmental factors. The common cultivars were categorized according to high to low arsenic accumulator in rice grain, straw and root parts. The cultivar Shatabdi has shown highest arsenic accumulation in rice grain compared to other rice cultivars in fields and when grown at various soil arsenic doses. In field samples, a highest grain arsenic concentration ranged between 0.69 ± 0.04 and 0.78 ± 0.12 mg kg^?1 for Shatabdi, whereas lowest grain arsenic concentration ranged between 0.37 ± 0.07 and 0.41 ± 0.07 mg kg^?1 for the cultivars GB3 and Lalat. Speciation study detected more inorganic arsenic than organoarsenicals with a trend of arsenite > arsenate > DMA > MMA, which would be problem for consumers. The concluding remark is the characterization of common rice cultivars according to arsenic concentration to highlight an important remediation strand by changing to low arsenic cultivar.     

Salinity effects on compatible solutes, antioxidants enzymes and ion content in three wheat cultivars

In order to study effects of different salinity levels on antioxidant enzyme activities, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) associated with compatible solutes, proline and carbohydrate and mineral nutrient content in shoots, sodium and potassium, in three wheat cultivars an experiment was conducted as completely randomized 3 x 4 factorial design with three replicates in a greenhouse. Three wheat cultivars (Pishtaz, Kavir and Hamon), that differ in their salt tolerances, were grown in four different salinity levels (S0 = control, S1 = 100, S2 = 200 and S3 = 300 mM NaCl). Twenty days after wheat cultivars subjected to salt stress, data showed salinity stress induced increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities. Among the cultivars, salinity stress decreased leaf-APX but increased the activities of leaf-GPX in Pishtaz cultivar. Our results showed a positive correlation between praline accumulation and Leaf-APX (r2 = 0.56), Leaf-GPX (r2 = 0.63) and Leaf-CAT (r2 = 0.73). In these cultivars, in their shoots Na+ showed an increase in concentration with salinity that approximately matches a decrease in K+ concentration. It seems that Na+ concentrations in the shoot may have had a more significant effect on plant antioxidant enzyme activities and compatible solutes such as proline and carbohydrates. These results indicated which in wheat under salinity stress antioxidant enzymes and compatible solutes help to plant adaptation. In this study we found a positive correlation between Na+ concentration in the shoots and the antioxidant enzyme activities and compatible solutes in the leaves.