森林水文研究方法述评

根据国内外森林水文研究的历史和现状，将森林水文研究方法，大致分为林地小面积与小区野外原型实验、森林水文模拟实验、森林水文特征量统计分析三大类，对各类森林水文现到、研究方法与途径做了简要评述。     

森林水文研究概述

森林是一个复杂的生态系统, 森林水文是近年来研究的热点。如何正确看待森林对流域径流的调节作用, 评价森林水文效应, 是值得长期探讨的话题。文中主要探讨了森林对流域径流的调节作用, 以及如何利用流域水文模型模拟森林流域水文动态过程, 正确评价森林水文效应。     

森林水文学研究现状及发展趋势

本文从森林水文学发展过程及森林水文效应评价入手 ,回顾了森林水文学研究简史 ,并从森林水文的研究方法、研究内容等几方面阐述了森林水文研究现状及其发展趋势。     

森林植被变化的水文生态效应研究进展

从森林植被变化对水量、径流泥沙和水质的影响等方面介绍了国内外森林植被变化水文生态效应研究进展。从世界各国的研究来看,普遍的研究结论认为森林减少可以增加流域年产水量;森林植被可以较大幅度地减少径流泥沙含量;森林植被参与生物地球化学循环,可以有效地改善溪流水质状况。由于影响森林水文生态效益的环境异质性的普遍存在,森林植被变化水文生态效应影响程度在不同水文生态区差别很大,因此,要想将一个地区森林植被水文生态效应研究结果可靠地外推到其他地区其他流域,必须重视森林水文生态过程动力学机制的研究。     

森林水文研究综述

本文介绍了国内外森林水文研究简史。通过对森林调节降水、森林涵养水源作用、森林调控洪枯流量、森林防止土壤侵蚀以及森林净化水质等多方面功能的现有研究资料的归纳分析 ,概述了国内外森林水文研究的现状、水平及部分成果。指出了我国森林水文研究的不足、差距以及解决对策     

森林水文服务市场化研究现状与趋势

森林所提供的各种生态服务中, 水文服务是最有价值的一种。随着人类需求的增加, 森林的水文服务变得愈加稀缺。作为森林保护的一种经济激励手段, 森林水文服务市场化的实践在许多国家已经开展, 并取得了一定的经验。文中综述了国内外在森林水文服务市场方面的实践及其研究成果, 并提出了建立森林水文服务市场进一步探索的重点。     

国内森林水文研究

森林水文学是水文学的分支学科，是研究森林和水关系的学科。它研究的主要目的就是理清所研究地区森林植被对水分循环的影响以及森林水文循环的整个过程，即通过测定森林水分收入和支出的各项森林水文要素研究降水在森林中的再分配和森林的水文效应，进而得出森林植被调节径流、涵养水源的水文功能规律。     

流域湿地森林生态系统界定研究

为了明确流域湿地森林生态系统的边界范围,根据流域湿地森林生态系统定义和森林水文作用过程,选取土地覆盖类型、郁闭度、坡度、坡向作为分析指标,提出了流域湿地森林生态系统实体边界和水文功能边界的划分方法。以资江流域为案例,划分出了资江流域湿地森林生态系统实体边界和水文功能边界。研究结果能为流域湿地森林生态系统的经营管理提供科学依据。     

应用卫星遥感技术研究平通河流域的森林水文效益

由于森林经营不合理、乱砍滥伐,引起水土流失、河水枯竭。森林水文研究,是合理进行森林经营的基础,正确评估流域的森林蓄水能力,对防旱、防洪抢险工作将具有很重要的作用。国内外,许多学者对森林水文进行了大量研究,取得了成果,但多数是采用常规的研究方法对小流域进行研究,未能充分考虑流域内自然地理因素,代表性较差,不适合对大流域的森林水文效益研究。目前,对大流域的森林水文研究,尚无成熟的方法。为此,我们在1990年至1991年应用卫星遥感技术对面积为1048.7平方公里的平通河流域森林水文进行研究,以探索出快速、准确、适合大流域森林水文效益评价的方法。     

火对森林的影响

文章通过大量的事实论述了火对森林树木、土壤、水文、树木种子等森林生态系统相关组分的影响及其火与它们之间的关系,其中着重论述了火对森林水文和树木种子的影响。     

灵空山主要森林类型枯落物生物量及持水性能

通过对太岳灵空山四种主要森林类型 :油松纯林、辽东栎林、松栎混交林、油落桦栎混交林的枯落物生物量及其持水性能的调查分析 ,总结出不同森林类型的生物量、最大持水量、分解率的大小排序。为研究森林的水土保持、水源涵养功能以及进一步综合评价该区的森林生态功能提供了科学依据     

中山市7种林分类型土壤涵养水源效能的初步研究

以马尾松、湿地松、大叶相思、竹林、杉木、针阔混交林、阔叶林等7种林分为研究对象,研究了中山市不同林分类型的土壤贮水能力和土壤渗透性能。结果如下:7种林分类型0～100 cm土壤最大持水量平均值为562.7 mm,以大叶相思和阔叶林这两种阔叶林分为最大、在600 mm以上,而杉木、湿地松和马尾松等针叶林较小、在510～536 mm之间;针阔混交林和竹林居中。土壤的初渗速度15.78～39.50 mm/min,稳渗速度2.08～4.40 mm/min;土壤入渗过程的回归方程表现为幂函数形式,回归系数R值均大于0.95,方程拟合效果好。     

岫岩地区不同水源涵养林土壤根系分布特征研究

为了探究岫岩地区不同类型水源涵养林内土壤储水能力,对该区域红松(Pinus koraiensis)林、落叶松(Larix spp.)林、灌木林、混交林[红松+白桦(Betula platyphylla)]、红松采伐迹地等5种不同类型水源涵养林根系分布特征进行了研究,结果表明:5种水源涵养林中,根系主要集中分布在0～40...     

城市地区水土流失指标探讨

依据城市森林和城市水土流失的特点，本文提出考查城市水流失率、水土流失率的指标。并对北京、伦敦等城市和河南长江流域山区水土保持林的水流失率进行了计算比较，结果表明水流失率、水土流失率是考察城市地区和一般林地水土流失的较好指标。     

干旱半干旱区山地森林的水分调节功能

处于中国西北干旱半干旱区的山地森林以独特的水文作用成9为山前平原及川区绿洲生态经济系统稳定发展的基础。以典型山地森林祁连山水源涵养林的主要群落青海云杉林为例，通过长期定位观测研究森林调节小气候的水文规律及功能，揭示了森林对降水的分配调节作用。森林通过林冠层截留降水使到达林内的降水量减少、强度降低、雨滴对地面的冲击减弱，避免林内发生地表径流引起水土流失；森林通过林冠层遮蔽减弱太阳辐射降低了林内土壤蒸发，保持林内湿度较高、土壤含有较多水分，为喜湿耐荫植物生长发育创造了适宜的阴湿环境，并提供了充足的水分条件；森林的蒸腾发散使同一高度林区上空的湿度比草地或裸地高，改变了局地大气环流，为降水形成准备了物质条件，起到了增加林区降水的作用。     

Regional differences of water conservation in Beijing’s forest ecosystem

The water conservation capacities of main forests in Beijing,China were estimated through the quantitative analysis.Various methods developed in published papers on forest hydrology were employed.The forests in Huairou,Yanqing,Miyun,Mentougou and Fangshan districts are the main contributors to water conservation(the cumulative ratio reaches 65%),and the forests in Tongzhou,Chaoyang,Shunyi and Daxing districts have the highest water conservation capacity(3000 m3/ha).Altitude and slope are the key factors to affect the water conservation capacity.The forests located in Plain Area,Hilly Area,Low Mountain,and Middle Mountain contributes 27%,28%,24% and 21% of the conserved water,respectively.The water conservation capacity of forests in Plain Area(2 948 m3/ha),is superior to the forests in other regions.And the forests situated on Flat Slope,Moderate Slope and Gentle Slope constitute the largest proportion(nearly 93%) of water conservation,while the forests on Flat Slope has the highest water conservation capacity(2 797 m3/ha),and the forest on Steep slope has the lowest water conservation capacity(948 m3/ha).     

Comparison of soil depths between evergreen and deciduous forests as a determinant of their distribution, Northeast Thailand

In several areas in Northeast Thailand, evergreen and deciduous forests coexist under uniform terrain and climatic conditions. We compared depth and physical properties of soils between evergreen and deciduous forests in the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station to clarify what factor determines their distribution. The averaged soil depths were 79 ± 27 cm and 135 ± 58 cm in the deciduous and evergreen forests, respectively. The soils in the deciduous forests were relatively coarser in soil texture than those in the evergreen forests, particularly in the surface layers. The average available water capacity of the solum was lower in the deciduous forest soils (78 mm) than in the evergreen forest soils (123 mm). Compared with the evapotranspiration from the evergreen forest in the study area, the available water capacity of the evergreen forest soil was almost the same as the water deficit during the dry season (November–February), while that of the deciduous forest soil was lower and insufficient to maintain the evapotranspiration. These results suggest that the distribution of deciduous and evergreen forests in the study area was associated with soil water availability, which mainly depends on soil depth.     

北京地区水源涵养林健康评价指标体系的探讨

在科学性、可操作性和灵敏性原则的指导下,以森林生态学和系统论为基础,采用复合结构功能指标法,整合国内外森林健康和水源涵养林研究新成果,结合北京地区自然条件和森林植被的具体情况,提出了一套评价北京地区林分级水源涵养林健康的指标体系及评价方法,并以北京市密云水库上游雾灵山水源涵养林为研究对象开展了实例研究。     

Harnessing forest ecological sciences in the service of stewardship and sustainability: A perspective from ‘down-under’

Australia's native forests are predominantly Crown land, managed by the States. Regional Forest Agreements between four of the States and the Federal Government (1997–2001) resulted in a 36% increase in the area of conservation reserves and a 15% decrease in area of multiple-use (including timber harvesting) forests. The limited acceptance of timber harvesting in native forests, together with the rapid expansion of hardwood plantations, has diverted research focus away from native forests. Recent events including a prolonged drought and two forest fires totaling more than 3 million ha should have stimulated research in native forests on the effects of fire on ecosystem processes, on the management of fire and on management of water catchments; fires, far more than logging, are shaping our native forests in recent times. In particular, the use of prescribed fire to reduce fuels has decreased. We argue that Australian research effort in native eucalypt forests is lacking in two key areas – the effects of fire on carbon storage in forests and soils, and on the management of water yield from forested catchments. The results of forest research are variously published in the scientific journals, and increasingly in consultancy reports to governments or a to a range of organizations and industries. The question of who does the harnessing of knowledge coming from the science of forest ecology is compounded by constant changes in both political and management arrangements. If forest science is to assume a greater role in politics and forest management in Australia, scientists must enter the foray, using the fighting words of politics rather than maintaining the protective mantle of neutrality. With research in native forests being continually downgraded at both State and Federal levels, we take a somewhat less than optimistic view about how well ecological sciences will be harnessed in the service of forest stewardship and sustainability in Australia.     

Soil depth and soil water regime in a catchment where tropical dry evergreen and deciduous forests coexist

In several areas in Northeast Thailand, evergreen and deciduous forests coexist under uniform climatic conditions. To identify the factors that determine the distribution of these different forest types, we compared soil depth and soil physical properties between evergreen and deciduous forests, and monitored soil moisture conditions for a year in both forest types at the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station. The soil was significantly deeper under the evergreen forests (mean 97 cm) than under the deciduous forest (mean 64 cm). The soil under the evergreen forests retained much more water throughout the year than the soil under the deciduous forest, and there was also a clear tendency for the evergreen forests to occur in ravine areas, regardless of soil depth. It is possible that the evergreen trees can maintain transpiration during the dry season on thicker soils or in ravine areas, whereas shallower soils cannot provide enough water for these trees to maintain their evapotranspiration during the dry period. From the present study, we showed that soil water availability could be a significant factor determining the distribution of the deciduous and evergreen forests in our catchments.