花生联合收获机风动抛撒清选装置的研究

清选装置作为花生联合收获机的重要部件,其清选能力直接影响到花生联合收获机的作业效率。针对4HBL-2型花生联合收获机在收获过程中清选效率低、含杂率高及杂物容易堵塞筛网等问题,设计风动抛撒清选装置。并对清选装置进行结构设计与性能研究,确定该装置的最优结构设计和工作参数:清选装置抛料板安装角度15°,滚筛体转速40 r/min,聚风口的高度180 mm,风机出风口角度10°,大大提高了花生收获效率,降低花生收获成本。     

花生联合收获机清选装置试验研究

进行了半喂入花生联合收获机花生脱出物组成成分的比例、组成成分尺寸和外形差异、悬浮速度,以及摘果辊下方分布等清选特性试验和检测。优化设计后的清选装置安装在半喂入花生联合收获机上,进行了田间正交试验,得到了影响清选性能的因素主次顺序为振动筛频率、风机转速、振动筛倾角、风机出风口角度;最优参数组合为振动筛频率7Hz,风机转速900r/min,振动筛倾角8°,风机出风口角度17°。优化设计后的清选装置能应用到国产某型号花生联合收获机上,经田间收获试验验证,达到设计要求。     

油菜脱出物风力清选装置试验台的设计

清选是脱粒机工作的重要环节,对清选装置的研究有利于更好地改进脱粒机的整机性能。为此,针对目前油菜脱出物风力清选装置研究缺乏的现状,自行研制了油菜脱出物风力清选装置试验台。该试验台具有结构简单、试验功能全面、操作及调整方便等特点,可实现油菜脱出物风力清选的全过程,为以后进一步完善油菜风选装置的设计提供了试验依据。     

纵轴流脱粒分离-清选试验台设计

设计的纵轴流式脱粒分离-清选试验台以切流与纵轴流组合式脱粒分离装置、风筛式清选装置为核心,采用可组合的模块化结构,工作部件结构和运动参数的调整简单、方便,可获得多个工况下脱粒分离、清选性能指标以及脱出物的分布规律.试验台以工控机和信号采集卡作为硬件控制系统的核心,采用VC++编写的测控软件系统可以对试验过程中工作部件的转速、频率、扭矩和功率等参数进行实时采集、显示、处理与分析,为纵轴流联合收获机脱粒分离、清选装置等关键部件的设计提供了依据.     

单纵轴流风筛式清选装置试验台的总体设计

针对目前水稻单纵轴流式联合收割机清选装置研究缺乏的现状,自行研制了水稻单纵轴流风筛式清选装置试验台.本试验台配有基于计算机测试技术的数据采集系统,对试验数据进行采集和分析,具有工作可靠、测试精度高的特点.试验台结构简单,操作及调整方便,为以后进一步完善轴流清选装置的设计以及进行试验研究提供了平台.     

联合收获机吸杂口偏置型旋风分离清选装置试验

利用吸杂口偏置型旋风分离清选装置试验台,进行了旋风分离筒吸杂口偏置角度和偏置距离试验,研究了吸杂口偏移位置参数对清选性能的影响规律,获得了清选效果较优的吸杂口偏置型旋风分离筒的结构参数。通过正交试验和回归试验得到了该清选装置的较优结构运动参数,并进行了验证试验和适应性试验,为该清选装置在微型联合收获机上的应用提供了依据。     

轴流式脱粒-清选装置试验台的设计

针对全喂入联合收获机田间试验费时、费工,诸多参数无法调整,数据获取困难、精度不高,可重复性较差等问题,设计了轴流式脱粒-清选室内试验台。机械系统采用可组合的模块化结构,工作部件更换和运动参数调整方便,设计了分析脱出物、清选后籽粒的空间分布的接粮箱。以PLC作为硬件控制系统的核心,采用虚拟仪器技术构建的测控软件系统,可方便实现对工作部件的转速、振幅、频率、扭矩、功率等参数进行实时采集、显示、处理与分析,为轴流式脱粒-清选装置的设计提供试验依据。     

4HBL-2型花生联合收获机复收装置设计与试验

针对4HBL-2型花生联合收获机果土分离及输送中花生果实的漏果、掉果问题,设计了花生联合收获机复收装置。在花生联合收获时,对土壤中遗漏的果实和夹持输送过程中掉落的果实进行复收、清选、集果等作业。并对复收装置进行了设计与试验研究,确定了该装置的最优结构参数和工作参数:复收装置安装角度为20°,复收链输送速度1.2 m/s,复收链杆条间隙10 mm。在机组前进速度为0.6 m/s时,实现收获花生平均净果率为90.16%,平均漏果率为0.12%,提高了花生的收获质量,减少了花生二次复收的劳动强度和作业成本。     

花生秧蔓打捆装置设计与试验

针对目前国内花生收获工作过程中存在秧蔓浪费严重的问题,设计了一种与花生联合收获机配套使用的秧蔓打捆装置,在收获花生果实的同时,可对秧蔓进行青贮打捆处理。通过理论分析确定了秧蔓打捆装置及保证圆捆质量的秧蔓切根机构主要机构结构参数和分布型式。田间试验结果表明:添加打捆装置的花生联合收获机作业后的平均秧蔓粉碎率为99.1%,秧蔓损失率为0.4%,秧蔓切根率为98.7%,成捆质量57kg,各项性能指标均达到相关设计标准,且花生秧蔓打捆装置能与花生联合收获机的挖拔、清土、摘果、清选装置较好配合。研究可进一步丰富我国花生机械收获体系,弥补国内花生秧蔓青贮处理机械的空缺。     

花生联合收获机清选系统试验台的设计

为了提高花生联合收获机的清选性能,在测量分析花生摘果脱出物清选特性参数的基础上,设计了一种主要由轻杂物清理装置和断秆分离装置组成的花生荚果清选系统,前者采用横流风机以吸气方式清理待清选物料中的轻杂物,后者则根据荚果与断秆的径向几何尺寸差异将断秆分离出去。利用解析作图法对断秆分离装置进行受力和运动分析,得出了断秆顺利分离满足的力学关系,并通过理论计算得出了分离辊的结构参数。进行了室内变参数清选试验,研究了各结构运动参数对花生清选损失率和含杂率的影响,结果表明:在最佳工作状态下,该清选装置的清洁率可以达到99.38%,清选性能良好。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.