水分和CO2对玉米光合性能及水分利用率的影响

利用环境生长室探讨不同CO₂浓度和土壤水分亏缺处理下玉米植株生物量、气孔形态与分布特征、叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数等生长及生理指标的变化规律。以‘郑单958’ 玉米品种为试材,利用环境生长室设置2个CO₂浓度和4个土壤水分梯度对玉米进行CO₂浓度和水分处理。结果表明：1）不同程度土壤水分亏缺均显著降低玉米地上生物量（P<0.05）,但CO₂浓度升高增加了轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米地上生物量（P<0.01）和总生物量（P<0.01）。2）大气CO₂浓度升高导致轻度和中度水分亏缺条件下玉米的净光合速率（P_n）分别提高15.8%（P<0.05）和25.7%（P=0.001）,而CO₂浓度升高却降低了玉米叶片蒸腾速率（P<0.001）和气孔导度（P<0.001）,最终导致玉米瞬时水分利用效率均显著提高（P<0.001）。3）不同水分处理对玉米叶片气孔密度和单个气孔形态特征均造成显著影响（P<0.01）。因此,大气CO₂浓度升高可以增加轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片氮含量、叶片非结构性碳水化合物含量和光合电子传递速率,从而提高玉米植株的生物量累积以及叶片碳同化能力和水分利用效率。研究结果将为深入理解气候变化背景下玉米对大气CO₂浓度升高和土壤水分亏缺的生理生态响应机制提供科学依据。     

不同液体有机肥对新疆棉花生长及土壤养分的影响

为研究不同液体有机肥对新疆棉花生长及土壤养分的影响，进而确定滴灌棉田最适宜的液体有机肥类型，为优化新疆滴灌棉花施肥技术提供理论依据，采用盆栽试验，设置5个处理包括不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（化肥，CF）、含氨基酸液体有机肥（AF）、含腐殖酸液体有机肥（HF）、酸性有机肥浸提液（BF），考察了不同施肥处理对棉花生长、叶片光合能力、产量构成、土壤养分以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明：与CF处理相比，不同液体有机肥均能促进棉花生长，提高土壤有效养分含量。其中，AF处理较CF处理显著提高了棉花叶片气孔导度（G_s），增加7.18%；与CF处理相比，HF处理对棉花株高、茎粗、叶片蒸腾速率（T_r）、总根表面积的促进作用最显著，分别增加了6.38%、3.92%、11.01%和14.52%~11.84%，棉花茎和地下部干物质量最高；BF处理棉花总根长显著提高41.21%~49.48%，同时叶片净光合速率（P_n）最强，棉花单株成铃数、衣分最高，棉花蕾铃、籽棉和整株干物质量显著提高了27.91%、11.83%和9.76%。对于土壤理化性质，AF、HF和BF处理较CF处理均显著提高了土壤有效磷含量；BF处理显著降低了土壤pH，且土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量均高于其他处理。BF处理棉花肥料偏生产力、肥料农学效率和肥料贡献率较CF处理提高了5.83%~19.33%，显著高于其他处理。总之，3种液体有机肥均能促进棉花生长，增加棉花干物质积累，提高土壤有效养分含量以及肥料利用率，其中以酸性有机肥浸提液效果最佳。因此，在滴灌棉田应用酸性有机肥浸提液可以获得更高的棉花产量及肥料利用率，有利于新疆滴灌棉田可持续发展。     

上海土壤磷素状况的研究

根据几年来的调查研究,上海地区土壤中全磷含量一般在0.13-0.18%,主要几种土壤的全磷量如表1。不同土壤的有效磷量(0.5M NaHCO₃溶性磷)。根据56个标本的测定结果,>22ppm(P₂O₅)占35.7%,12-22ppm为44.6%,<12ppm是19.7%。所以一般来说,约有三分之二的土壤有效磷含量在中等水平以下,作物对磷肥反应较明显,五分之一的土壤严重缺磷。因此近年来上海郊区,特别是一些高产单位对施用磷肥非常重视。     

三氯异氰尿酸对马铃薯连作障碍土壤微生物群落组成的影响

采用盆栽试验，选择三氯异氰尿酸(TCCA)为土壤消毒剂，研究不同施用量TCCA对马铃薯连作障碍土壤微生物群落组成的影响。TCCA施用量设置分别为：0(CK)，30 kg/hm²(S₃₀)，60 kg/hm²(S₆₀)和120 kg/hm²(S₁₂₀)。结果表明：与CK处理相比，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理显著提高土壤pH(P<0.05)，分别提高0.15个和0.26个单位；显著增加土壤可溶性有机碳含量 (P<0.05)，增幅分别为30.4% 和83.5%；显著提高土壤铵态氮含量(P<0.05)，分别提高3.3倍和9.7倍。同时，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理显著影响了土壤微生物优势菌属的相对丰度(P<0.05)。与CK处理相比，在门水平上，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理下土壤变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的增幅达55.3% 和85.9%，子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的增幅达16.7% 和35.1%；在属水平上，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理下显著降低马铃薯致病菌链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的相对丰度(P<0.05)，降幅达35.7% 和57.1%。主坐标(PCoA)分析表明，S₆₀和S₁₂₀处理与CK处理的细菌和真菌的群落结构截然不同。除了TCCA直接杀菌的影响，冗余分析(RDA)显示，土壤pH和铵态氮含量亦是影响微生物群落组成变化的关键因子。     

土壤对磷的吸持特性及其与土壤供磷指标之间的关系

本试验测定了浙江省几种代表性土壤对磷的等温吸持特性。实测值与Frundlich、Langmuir、两项式Langmuir和Temkin方程都很符合,相关系数变化范围在0.919-0.999之间,都达到极显著水平。其中以简单Langmuir等温式与本实验资料最为吻合。从Langmuir方程得到的土壤吸持特性值(k×q_m)被认为与土壤供磷特性有关。几种供试样品的(k×q_m)值是:针铁矿21100>黄筋泥4218>黄筋泥田991>青紫泥798>粉泥田660>高岭石485>老黄筋泥田423>泥质田298。根据土壤吸持特性值以田菁进行盆栽试验来估算作物磷肥需要量,结果表明,供磷强度0.3ppm P基本能满足田菁早期生长的需要。为使不同土壤达到相同的供磷强度,(k×q_m)值大的土壤要求更高的有效磷值。供试土壤的几种磷素指标:E值、Bray1-P值和(NaOH-Na₂C₂O₄)法值对(k×q_m)值的变化比较敏感,而EDTA-P和Olsen-P指标对(k×q_m)值的变化较为迟钝。     

有机覆盖对城市森林土壤有机碳矿化及其氧化稳定性特征的影响

为探究有机覆盖对城市森林土壤有机碳矿化及其氧化稳定性特征的影响，采集北京市鹫峰国家森林公园土壤，进行室内培养，研究不覆盖(CK)、木片覆盖(M_w)、堆肥覆盖(M_c)、上层木片覆盖+下层堆肥覆盖(M_w+c) 4种条件下土壤有机碳矿化特征及氧化稳定组分变化。结果表明，不同有机覆盖方式均显著影响了土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化(P<0.05)，M_c、M_w+c、M_w处理的有机碳累积矿化量分别是CK的1.77倍、2.93倍和3.98倍，M_w处理累积矿化量分配比和Cp/SOC值(土壤有机碳矿化潜能占土壤有机碳含量的比重)显著高于M_c和M_w+c处理(P<0.05)，说明M_c和M_w+c处理的固碳潜力好于M_w处理。不同有机覆盖方式显著提升了土壤有机碳及其氧化稳定组分含量(P<0.05)，M_w+c处理的增幅最明显，土壤有机碳含量比CK提高了29.14%；高活性有机碳组分和低活性有机碳组分含量较CK分别提高了20% 和37.14%。有机覆盖提高了土壤有机碳稳定指数，降低了活性指数，表明有机覆盖增强了土壤有机碳稳定性。有机碳累积矿化量与高活性有机碳组分呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)，与土壤有机碳和低活性有机碳组分呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。综合土壤有机碳矿化特征及其氧化稳定组分的变化来看，上层木片+下层堆肥的覆盖模式，既能提高土壤的固碳潜力，又能协调有机碳矿化与稳定性特征。     

浙中三个桔园土壤的水分性质及结构改良剂的应用效果

在实验室条件下研究了浙中金衢盆地三个桔园土壤的持水特性、饱和导水率、蒸发强度及三种土壤结构改良剂对土壤团聚作用和蒸发强度的影响.结果表明,持水量与<0.01mm物理性粘粒含量呈正相关(r=0.933^*);饱和导水率与团聚体平均重量直径呈正相关(r=0.956^**),而与结构破坏率呈负相关(r=-0.996^**).当土壤吸力在50-100kPa时,桔园就需灌溉.加入三种土壤结构改良剂后能明显改善土壤水稳性团聚体,其效果为聚乙烯醇>聚丙烯酰胺>水解聚丙烯腈;使土壤的日平均蒸发强度减少,其减少的顺序为黄筋泥>紫砂土>红砂土.土壤饱和导水率K₁₀值紫砂土>黄筋泥>红砂土,主要取决于土壤水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径,二者呈正相关(r=0.956^**).     

低硒土壤中75Se的形态转化

用⁷⁵SeO₂水溶液分别按0.131ppm和1.631ppm比例处理暗棕色森林土。用这种土壤盆栽的小麦含Se分别为0.023ppm和0.493ppm。小麦收获之后,对土壤残留的⁷⁵Se用不同的提取剂连续进行化学分级,⁷⁵Se的各种形态按其占土壤总Se的百分比大小排序为:同位素交换态Se>NH₄OH可提态Se>HNO₃可提态Se>HCl可提态硒>水溶态Se>K₂SO₄可提态硒。土壤残留⁷⁵Se主要以NaHSeO₃同位素交换态存在,其量占土壤总硒28%,NH₄OH可提态Se次之,占20%;水溶态Se较少,仅6-7%。以SeO₃^-2形式加入土壤的⁷⁵Se被土壤紧密吸附。     

控释掺混肥对麦玉轮作体系农田温室气体排放和硝态氮残留的影响

为阐明控释肥对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系作物产量、温室气体排放和硝态氮残留的影响,该研究以郑单958（夏玉米）和济麦22（冬小麦）为供试材料,设不施氮对照（CK）、常规施氮（FFP）、优化施氮（OPT）、含30%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（夏玉米）和含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（冬小麦）（CRBF1）、含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（夏玉米）和含70%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（冬小麦）（CRBF2）共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的冬小麦、夏玉米及周年产量、温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留的差异。结果表明,施氮可显著提高麦玉轮作系统单季和周年作物产量（P<0.05）。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的夏玉米、冬小麦和周年产量分别提高了1.4%～3.0%、1.9%～3.4%和1.6%～3.1%（P>0.05）。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的土壤N₂O和CO₂的周年排放（P<0.05）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的土壤N₂O周年排放总量较FFP处理显著降低了27.7%～34.6%（P <0.05）。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的周年全球增温潜势（GWP）（P<0.05）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GWP较FFP处理降低了4.2%和5.7%,其中CRBF2处理差异显著（P<0.05）。施氮降低了麦玉轮作体系的周年温室气体排放强度（GHGI）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GHGI较FFP处理降低了5.6%～8.6%（P>0.05）。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的100~200 cm土层硝态氮残留降低30.6%～34.3%（P<0.05）,减少了硝态氮淋失风险。综上所述,控释掺混肥在稳定作物产量、减少温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留方面具有积极作用,研究结果可为麦玉轮作体系的轻简高效氮肥管理提供数据支持和理论支撑。     

用钾电极快速测定酸性及中性土壤中的速效性钾

自七十年代以来,离子选择性电极在工农业生产中日益得到广泛的应用^[1],在土壤研究中已用钾电极测定土壤溶液中的钾^[2];我们也曾用钾玻璃电极测定窑灰钾肥的含钾量和用1NHNO₃提取土壤的酸溶性钾,结果都比较满意^*。     

我国主要土壤供钾能力的综合评价

本文应用生物耗竭法并结合化学的对我国１１种主要土壤的供钾能力做了综合评价。     

黄土区土壤钾的形态及其释放

本文研究了黄土区（陕西部分）土壤钾的形态,按毫克/100克土计,有机钾0.36-5.04,水溶性钾0.24-2.37,代换性钾3.61-16.96,有效钾3.85-19.33,非代换性钾64.45-149.77,结构钾1,840.3-2.538.3,全钾为1.920-2.640。有效钾为非代换性钾的11.42%,结构钾的0.53%和全钾的0.51%。水溶性钾和代换性钾分别是有效钾的8.2%和91.8%。通过主成分分析可知,土壤各种形态的钾与有机质呈正相关:水溶性钾、代换性钾、非代换性钾与有机态钾,代换性钾和非代换性钾与粉粒和粘粒也呈正相关,但都与沙粒呈负相关.钾的释放符合于幂回归方程（y=ax^-b）.释放量从北向南是逐渐增加的.幼年土壤和轻黑垆土耕作层释放量高于其他层次,但是粘黑垆土和黑土的粘化层的释放量高于其它层次。     

EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING AVAILABLE SOIL POTASSIUM BASED ON POTASSIUM UPTAKE BY PLANTS1

Measurements of exchangeable K, percentage of exchangeable K in the total exchange capacity, K extracted in a CaCl₂ solution, and the change in free energy of exchange of K for Mg and Ca (ΔF) were compared as methods for the evaluation of available K in soils. The evaluation was based on the K uptake of plants in a pot exhaustion experiment. The ΔF value was best correlated with the K uptake of the plants. A good correlation was found between the logarithms of the exchangeable K expressed as a percentage of the cation exchange capacity and ΔF values.     

珠江三角洲土壤供钾能力的研究

珠江三角洲土壤钾素含量全钾平均1.68%,缓效性钾225ppm,速效性钾118ppm,在全省居中等水平.土壤有效钾含量不高.水平分布由三角洲前缘向顶部递减.水稻吸收缓效性钾越早,土壤供钾性能越差.水稻各生育期累积吸钾量变化呈开口向下的二次曲线,出现前轻、中重、后减弱规律.水稻中期吸钾越高,土壤供钾越好.土壤速效性钾变化呈开口向下的二次曲线,曲线变化越平缓,土壤供钾量越少.连续种植水稻吸钾总量占土壤有效钾贮量越多,供钾性能越差.粘质三角洲冲积潜育性水稻土,钾素的含量中上,土壤供钾性能好,早稻钾肥肥效不显著,晚稻极显著.粘质三角洲冲积沼泽性水稻土、粘质三角洲冲积盐溃强酸性水稻士钾素含量最高,但前者地下水位高,后者有酸害,影响水稻吸钾,钾肥肥效不显著.高度熟化粘质三角洲冲积潴育性水稻土等,土壤钾素含量,供钾性能较好,但生产性能高,需钾量大,钾肥肥效早晚稻极显著.沙质砖红壤性红壤潴育性水稻土,钾素含量和水稻吸钾量最少,供钾性能最差,钾肥肥效早晚稻十分显著.     

生物钾肥的增产作用及对土壤钾平衡的影响

生物钾肥是指具有高钾低氮磷养分组成的植物的绿色体或秸杆。生物钾肥作用的实质是:植物不断吸收并活化土壤钾,富集土壤和水体中钾,通过以绿色体或秸秆形式归还,促进土壤钾的良性循环和再利用。生物钾肥中钾的溶解度和利用率都较高,其供钾性能类似矿质钾肥。在等钾量下,各种生物钾肥的增产效果和矿质钾肥接近。     

Calibration of the mehlich 3 soil test for potassium using leaf analyses and potassium deficiency symptoms in cotton plants

Abstract

A new calibration of the Mehlich 3 soil test for potassium (K) is proposed for the Mississippi Delta area, based on leaf analyses and K deficiency symptoms in cotton plants. The calibration reflects the need to supply adequate K concentrations to plants during the fruiting period of greatest K demand. The lowest levels and highest percent of sites exhibiting K‐deficiency symptoms were associated with the fifth week of flowering; or at the peak bloom stage of plant growth. The fifth week of flowering was selected to base soil and plant evaluations for K needs. A 1.5% leaf K level was selected as the critical leaf K level (the level that plants experience a nutrient deficiency and yield reductions), based on visual leaf K‐deficiency symptoms observed in plants 95% of the time. Leaf K concentrations below 1.51% identifies K‐deficiency symptoms in the upper leaves through eight weeks of flowering. A simplified equation [Topsoil K (lb/A) = 480 + 5 x CEC (Milliequivalents/100g soil)] defines critical soil test K concentrations with respect to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soils. This equation can be used to determine present topsoil K needs for cotton in the Mississippi Delta area based on a 1.5% critical leaf K level during the fifth week of flowering.     

Distribution of potassium fractions in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) garden soils in the Central Highlands of Papua New Guinea and management implications

Previous studies indicated that potassium (K) deficiency is an important soil‐related factor for yield decline of the sweet potato gardens in the Central Highlands of Papua New Guinea, where sweet potato is an important staple food crop. An effort was made to characterize various fractions of K in the diverse soils of this region under sweet potato, to ascertain the probable reasons behind the observed K deficiency and its relationship to decreasing yield trends. Soils from two depths (0–10 cm) and (10–20 cm) in two types of gardens (old and new gardens) were assessed for different fractions of soil potassium in volcanic and non‐volcanic soil groups. Volcanic soils (Hydrandepts and Andaquepts) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in exchangeable K than the non‐volcanic soils (Dystropepts, Tropoqualfs and Eutropepts). Mean exchangeable K content of the non‐volcanic soils was 95.5 mg/kg, whereas that of volcanic soils was 72.4 mg/kg. Similarly, new gardens had an average exchangeable K content of 94.1 mg/kg, which was significantly greater than 71.6 mg/kg soil of older gardens. Non‐exchangeable K content differed significantly (P < 0.001) between the soil types; mean K content was 85.9 mg/kg for the volcanic soils, whereas in non‐volcanic soils, it was 184.9 mg/kg. Garden types also differed significantly (P < 0.05) with respect to non‐exchangeable K content; new gardens registering higher average values (by almost 20%) than the older gardens. Multiple regression analysis showed that variability in the tuber yield was as a result of variability of water soluble and exchangeable K (up to 22%), non‐exchangeable K (2%), mineral K (4%) and leaf K concentrations (10%). Older gardens, which are in volcanic soil groupings, are more susceptible to the K depletion problem because of continuous sweet potato cultivation, possibly owing to their lower K reserves. Such gardens should be managed either with sufficient fallow periods for regeneration of soil fertility or with suitable application of mineral K fertilizers to enhance productivity.     

我国北方一些土壤对外源钾的固定

本文研究了我国北方农区主要土壤的固钾能力。结果表明,在施K量0-4000mg/kg范围内,土壤固钾量与施钾量的关系符合方程y=ax3/2/(x3/2+b)。不同土壤固钾量相差很大,其固钾量与土壤矿物学性质和理化性质(粘粒含量、CEC、非交换性钾和速效钾含量)有关,与原始土壤非交换性钾含量呈显著负相关(不同施钾水平下土壤固钾量与非交换性钾含量之间的相关系数均在-0.6769* *以上)。供试土壤固钾能力表现出一定的地带性分布规律。施K1200mg/kg以下时土壤固钾能力的一般趋势是取自西北的土壤取自东北的土壤取自华北的土壤;而施K1200mg/kg以上时土壤固钾能力,从西向东呈逐渐增加的趋势。取自西北地区的土壤,固钾量(施K量为400～4000mg/kg,下同)平均为133～348mg/kg,最大同钾量平均是372mg/kg;取自华北地区的土壤,其固钾量平均为235～1001mg/kg,最大固钾量平均是1121mg/kg;取自东北地区的土壤,其固钾量平均为199～1254mg/kg,最大固钾量平均是1519mg/kg。     

福建省铁观音茶园土壤镁素状况研究

调查了福建省安溪县、华安县和永春县等铁观音茶主产区的150个茶园表土和相应的茶叶镁素含量状况,探讨了铁观音茶园土壤镁素供应能力及其与土壤条件之间的关系。结果表明,供试铁观音茶园土壤全镁含量平均值为1.77 g/kg;其中以变质岩类发育的土壤全镁最高,而花岗岩类发育的土壤全镁最低。土壤全镁含量与有机质含量和0.02～0.002 mm粉砂粒含量呈显著正相关,与2～0.02 mm颗粒含量呈极显著负相关。土壤交换性镁含量平均值仅为9.63 mg/kg,土壤普遍缺镁。交换性镁含与pH、有机质含量和土壤全镁呈之间显著正相关,土壤镁有效度与0.002 mm 颗粒含量之间呈显著负相关。茶叶镁含量平均值为1.78 g/kg,与交换性镁含量呈极显著正相关。     

Quantifying the Impact Factors of Different Forms of Potassium and Absorptions by Different Cotton Genotypes

This study focuses on two genotypes of cotton and explores different factors that were able to affect the release of different forms of potassium (K) in the rhizosphere by considering a biogeochemical process integrating plants, soils, and microorganisms. The study indicated that both genotypes of cotton could effectively absorb exchangeable potassium (eK) under limited potassium (LK) supply, and cotton plants could use LK to sustain offspring, preferably under K-deficiency conditions. It was mainly due to its significantly greater active absorbing surface area of root and comparatively greater K⁺ maximum uptake rate (I_max), which caused more K accumulation in the high-efficiency genotype cotton (HEG). Although I_max of the low-efficiency genotype cotton’s (LEG’s) was greater, K accumulation in LEG was less, which might be attributed to its significantly lower HEG and feedback inhibition on K taken up by greater K concentration in the plant. The lint yield had a significant positive correlation with boll number per plant, single boll weight, plant height, and number of fruit branches, which indicated that increasing these agronomic parameters is the base for increasing lint yield. There was a synergic action among humus, microorganisms, and K in the rhizosphere soil. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of reduced soils was less under oxidized condition, due to collapse of the interlayer in response to increased layer charge upon structural Fe reduction. Crop yields can be increased when fertilizer K is applied according to proper ratio among different forms of potassium and humic acid in soils. The middle-high plant height, lower initial fruit branch, more fruit branches, more bolls, and larger boll size should receive more attention during high-yielding cotton breeding.