林农复合生态经济型立体种植的技术研究

针对国有林场资源少、土地贫瘠、林分生产力低，严重影响林场经济发展的实际，把合理开发，充分利用现在资源（包括土地、光、热等），广泛开展以林为主，林农（经）复合经营，立体种植做为林场摆脱困境的重要措施，经过５年的实施，效果明显。     

张掖市林农培训工作扎实有效

结合张掖市30万农村劳动力技能培训工程的实施，今年以来，市林业局组织实施了“112”林农培训服务计划，即从市、县（区）抽调100名专业技术干部，对1000户以设施葡萄为主的“三红”林果示范户进行全面培训，辐射带动2万人掌握相关技术。至目前，仅市林业局直系统已抽调27名技术人员，分赴6县（区）办示范点21个，累计培训林农1．8万人（次）。     

林农合作组织发展机制研究

文章通过归纳新型林农合作组织的主要类型及特点、各自经营方式等,分析了林农选择合作形式的动机和倾向,林农合作组织在发展过程中还存在很多制约:受政策倾向性制约、受组织内部管理制约、受管理部门和林农对组织的认知偏差制约、受林业合作组织整体发展能力较弱制约。提出适时出台促进林农合作组织类型多样化发展的政策,加强监督管理以促林农合作组织的规范化发展,加强能力建设以提高林农合作组织的可持续发展等建议。     

我国林农生态权益保护及其制度路径

生态权益是公民基本权益体系中非常重要的组成部分。文中以环境权益的发展过程为切入点,针对我国林农生态权益保护相关制度不完善、保护较弱等问题,具体阐述林农生态权益的内涵,探讨林农生态权益保护存在的不足,提出林农生态权益保护的制度路径,即确保林农生态权益保护制度和执法体系不断完善,确保林农知情权、参与权和救济权等得以实现。     

铜山县林农复合经营初探

铜山县林农复合经营初探钱桂芝（铜山县林业局，２２１００９）林农复合经营是一种新兴的土地和能量利用制度。它以充分利用太阳能和土壤养分，使单位面积产值达到最高水平。这种复合经营既能获得粮食、木材和其它经济产品，又能促使生态环境的良性循环。研究它对今后的农...     

以和谐发展理论为指导建设酒泉市和谐林业

遵照和谐发展、和谐林业的定义、内涵、特征,结合酒泉市目前进行的几大生态工程,即退耕还林（草）、天然林（草）保护、防护林建设、自然保护区建设、公益林保护等工程的开展,对酒泉地区整体生态环境,以及各类生态系统如：林农系统、草地（牧）系统、城镇生态系统、乡村生态系统等进行了宏观分析,并对酒泉市和谐林业建设提出了几项建议。     

林农复合经营好处多

林农复合经营是近年来平原农区在绿色通道建设和农业结构调整中创造的一种新的生产经营模式。几年的探索和实践已经初见成效，其作用和做法越来越为人们所关注。对此，我们谈些体会和认识，抛砖引玉，与同行们一起探讨。一、林农复合经营的作用。在平原农区调整农业结构中，实施林农复合经营，已日益显示出其重要作用。（一）林农复合经营有利于提高生产效率。高大树木与低矮的农（经）作物叶片和根系，能不同层次地利用太阳光能和土壤肥力，充分合理地利用自然资源，提高复种指数，通过对农（经）作物的精耕细作，有效地提高林地质量，促进林木生长发育。金湖县前锋镇淮村１９９４年定植７２意杨３９hm２，定植后头３年套种油菜和棉花，经调查统计和未套种地块杨树生长量相比较，套种的意杨３年生树径平均长至１２／株，棉花３年共收获子棉１０３５０／hm２，油菜５７０／hm２，而未套种的意杨３年生树径平均只长至９．５／株，且没有套种收入。据测算，复合经营的林木通常比纯林地经营生长量提高５％～３０％，林农复合经营等于增加５０％左右的耕地。（二）林农复合经营能有效地抵御和减轻自然灾害。林农复合经营能减轻干热风对小麦的危害，有效地抵御台风对农（经）作物的侵害，减轻病虫害对农...     

确保林权稳定使林农真正吃上“定心丸”——集体林权制度改革后林农思想存在的问题及对策

改革开放以来,河北省承德市各级政府和林业部门积极推进林业产权制度改革。20世纪80年代,通过开展林业“三定”（稳定山权林权、确定林业生产责任制、划定自留山）,将林业产权落实到了农村集体经济组织和林农手中。90年代初期在7个县范围内进行了林权复核验证工作。90年代中后期,将集体所有的部分“四荒”使用权拍卖给农村集体经济组织成员（本村林农）用于林业开发。     

林农与粮农之间的负担反差不容忽视

从大农业来讲，农业包括林、牧、副、渔各业，农民包括粮农、林农、牧农、渔农、菜农等，减轻农民负担，理所当然包括林农在内。随着中央、省里减轻农民负担的指示深入人心，粮农的负担相对在减轻，而减轻林农的负担却迟迟难以落实，原因何在？一、国家给农民的政策，林农享受程度有限我国以农立国，国家对农业非常重视，给视为基础的农业很多优惠政策，增加了对农业的投入，调动了农民的积极性，而林农却受益甚少，这是因为：～是国家给农业生产资料补贴，林业沾边不多。多年来，中央、省、地（市）财政对农资生产、经营的企业的补贴纳入财…     

河北省平原地区林农技术培训供需分析及发展对策

文中基于河北省廊坊市、衡水市、邯郸市和邢台市16县567户样本农户调研数据,从林农技术培训的内容、形式、时间和地点等方面进行供给和需求对比,结果发现当前林农技术培训存在较为严重的供需失衡问题;进一步从林农技术培训管理体制、政府对林农技术培训的投入、林农参与技术培训意识、培训内容及形式与林农需求匹配度等方面探寻导致林农技术培训供需不平衡的原因;在此基础上提出相应的解决措施:建立健全林农技术培训管理机制、加大林农技术培训扶持力度、提高林农自身素质和能力、创新林农技术培训模式、激发培训主体活力。     

Agroforestry practice and policy in the United States of America

Agroforestry practices and the policies influencing development and adoption within the United States are reviewed. Agroforestry is defined as ‘intensive land-management systems that optimize the benefits from biological interactions created when trees and/or shrubs are deliberately combined with crops and/or livestock’. The five agroforestry systems identified as having importance in the US are tree-agronomic crop systems (alley cropping and intercropping), riparian vegetative buffer strip systems, tree-animal systems (silvopasturing), forest/speciality crop systems (forest farming) and windbreak systems (shelterbelts). A lack of federal policy relating specifically to agroforestry exists. If agroforestry is to achieve its full potential in the United States, adequate financial, institutional and technical support for its development must be provided.     

四川盆地低山丘陵区农林复合模式分类与优化选择

针对四川盆地长江防护林体系建成后区内农林复合特征，提出了农田林网型、坡地林带型、山地林药型、林农间作型和庭园复合型计5个类型30个农林复合模式的分类系统，运用动态经济分析方法优选出了适于四川盆地低山区和丘陵区生产发展的10个优良农林复合模式。     

Allelopathic effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus halepensis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus coccifera</Emphasis> on the germination of Mediterranean crop seeds

Agroforestry is a leading alternative for food security and forest conservation. A full understanding of positive and negative, i.e. allelopathic, interactions between crops and forest trees is necessary for producing crops and conserving forests especially within the threatened Mediterranean forest ecosystems. The present study explored the allelopathic effects of green and senescent leaf and soil extracts of two agroforestry trees—Pinus halepensis and Quercus coccifera—on the germination of wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, and fababean as the major grain crops of Jordan. Results revealed that allelopathic effects reduced seed germination of these crops. Germination reduction reached a maximum of 75% in fababean treated with green extracts of Q. coccifera and differed among crops and extract sources, but not between tree species. Comparing between green and senescent leaf and soil extract, regarding their effect on germination percentage, it was noticed that these effects were similar in some crops and were different in others. Germination responses were generally different between cereals and legumes where cereals tend to be less affected by allelopathic influences than legumes, especially fababean. We suggest using cereals such as wheat and barley in agroforestry practices in the Mediterranean region of Jordan.     

Agroforestry and the environment

Agroforestry is a traditional land use system that may contribute to the solution of environmental problems in agriculture. Agroforestry is the practice of deliberately integrating woody vegetation (trees or shrubs) with crops and/or animal systems to benefit from the resulting ecological and economic interactions. Recent research indicates that a wider adoption of agroforestry principles and practices is a key means by which the global agri-food sector might achieve more sustainable methods of food and fiber production by producing both economic benefits for farmers and environmental benefits for society. Agroforestry provides numerous provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting ecosystem services and environmental benefits while promoting eco-intensification based on a more efficient use of the resources. Nevertheless, there is only little published recent information on the contribution of agroforestry to the environment in general and on climate change, carbon sequestration and forest fires in particular. In this special issue a number of articles are included that provide a kaleidoscope of the environmental benefits that agroforestry provides to the environment.

     

Soil quality characteristics of traditional agroforestry systems in Mouzaki area,central Greece

Agroforestry Systems - Agroforestry systems (AFS) are characterized by growing trees and crops on the same area, aiming at sustainable production and better natural resources management, whilst...     

The agroforestry potential of combined production systems in north-eastern Mexico

In the semi-arid to sub-humid north-east of Mexico, no definite agroforestry practices were in use before the Spanish conquest, but present systems and practices offer a good basis for conversion to ecologically sustainable and productive multicrop systems which incorporate trees. In the mountains and on the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico, sub-humid tropical tree crops are found in mixture with semi-arid, mediterranean and even temperate species. Irrigation systems are energy and labour intensive and can be improved. Of special interest for farmers without access to finance, are non-irrigated systems mostly derived from the low dry forest (matorral), which yield crops, fruit and wood for different purposes and also serve for depasturing cattle. These latter practices have high potential for development and optimization.Integrated Expert, Agroforestry, CIM, Germany F.R., GTZ Project No. 81.9008.4     

Tree gardening and taungya on Java: examples of agroforestry techniques in the humid tropics

Agroforestry is a general concept for a land management system combining trees and agricultural crops. For application, various specific techniques can be chosen. Each of these techniques is adjusted to a specific set of environmental as well as socio-economic factors. Agroforestry cultivators or managers belonging to varying social strata and institutional groupings may practice different forms of agroforestry, even within the same general region. This is demonstrated on the basis of two contrasting types of agroforestry which are found on the Indonesian island of Java. Tree gardening or the cultivation of a wide variety of crops in a multiple-storeyed agroforestry system is an indegenous practice on private lands, while taungya or the intercropping of young tree plantations with staple crops is practiced on state forest lands. Both systems are described as to their management characteristics, past development as well as possibilities and constraints for further development. These two practices are then compared as to various attributes, like producer group, production purpose, area of cultivation, land ownership situation, structural organization of crop combinations, possibilities for improved cultivation techniques, and suitability for application in rural development for specific target groups.This paper is a slightly revised version of a contribution to a lecture series on agro-forestry organized by the Departments of Forestry, Wageningen University.     

西双版纳现有混农林系统的主要模式

本文在对西双版纳现有混农林系统进行广泛调查的基础上,根据国际混农林研究委员会(ICRAF)P.K.R.Nair的分类方法,将其进行了分类和评价。结果表明,该地区现存混农林系统的模式极为丰富,并以经济植物为主体的模式占较大优势。这些模式,有的已经发挥出较好的生态、经济和社会效益,有的仍处于实验阶段,有的则对合理利用当地自然资源造成不良的影响。提出了必须合理开发利用当地自然资源,积极创立和引进以粮食作物为主体的混农林系统模式的见解。     

基于激光雷达数据的东北林区航空林分材积表编制

利用东北林区云冷杉林、落叶松林、樟子松林、红松林、栎树林、桦树林、杨树林、榆树林、椴树林和水胡黄林10种森林类型的1947个样地的激光雷达数据和地面实测蓄积量数据,首先通过多元线性回归和非线性回归方法,分别建立基于机载激光雷达数据的森林蓄积量回归估计模型,并通过对比分析,确定统一形式的基础回归模型;然后利用哑变量建模方法,建立基于不同森林类型参数和相同激光雷达变量的蓄积量模型。结果表明,研究建立的10种森林类型的线性蓄积量回归模型的解释变量个数在2~7之间,确定系数在0.460~0.858之间;非线性蓄积量回归模型的解释变量个数在2~4之间,确定系数在0.461~0.846之间。基于点云平均高度和平均强度建立的10种森林类型的二元蓄积量模型(研究称之为标准模型),其确定系数在0.440~0.815之间,平均预估误差在2.88%~4.42%之间,平均百分标准误差在16.76%~25.52%之间,预估精度基本达到森林资源规划设计调查技术规定要求。依据研究建立的10种森林类型的蓄积量模型,可以编制基于激光雷达数据的航空林分材积表,在森林资源调查实践中推广应用。     

Alternate cycle agroforestry

Agroforestry research and design has heavily favored intergrated production of annuals and perennials, that is production of tree crops on the same parcel of land and at the same time as production of food crop annuals. For areas having high population densities and intensive modes of agricultural production, integral agroforestry may be appropriate, but for areas of sparse population where extensive agriculture is practiced or marginal hill lands, alternate cycle agroforestry may prove more suitable. Alternate cycle agroforestry, in the form of modified forest swidden systems, is discussed and compared to integral agroforestry systems. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed relative to their use on marginal hill and forest lands.The author wishes to thank N.T. Vergara, L.S. Hamilton, A.T. Rambo and K.F.Wiersum at the Environment and Policy Institute of the East-West Center for their comments.