苦瓜和菜豆种子的超干燥贮藏研究

本试验用氯化钙为干燥剂，将苦瓜种子合水量降至5.58％、4．09％、3．45％和2．71％，菜豆种子含水量降至7.44％、5．56％和4.55％。在室温下密闭贮存各批种子，6个月后检测种子生活力和活力，结果表明：低含水量的苦瓜种子生活力和活力保持较高水平，超干处理能够提高苦瓜种子的耐藏性：各批菜豆种子中，含水量为7．44％的种子生活力和活力最高，含水量低于5．56％的种子生活力和活力下降，因此，菜豆种子不宜进行超干燥贮存，但适度干燥有利于延长菜豆种子的贮藏寿命。     

新型消毒剂过碳酸钠灭菌对烟草种子萌发和无菌苗生长的影响

为探索和评价新型消毒剂在植物表面灭菌中的应用方法,本研究比较过碳酸钠、次氯酸钠、升汞3种灭菌剂对烟草种子的表面灭菌效果,及对种子萌发和植株生长的影响。烟草种子分别用4.0%过碳酸钠水溶液（活性氧含量≥0.54%）处理20~40 min后直接接种于MS培养基中;33.3%次氯酸钠溶液（活性氯含量≥1.65 %）处理10 min或0.1%升汞水溶液灭菌4 min,无菌水清洗5次后接种于MS培养基中。3种方法灭菌效果相当,无污染,并且90 %的种子能萌发。过碳酸钠和次氯酸钠处理后种子萌发快、植株生长良好,且过碳酸钠灭菌组的植株生长略优;而升汞则延缓种子萌发并抑制植株生长。此外,因过碳酸钠灭菌后无需清洗,显示了其作为种子表面灭菌剂的极大优势。本研究建立了烟草种子表面灭菌的新方法,同时为其他植物的种子及外植体表面灭菌提供了参考,具有较大的实用价值。     

Polymorphism and inheritance of methionine-rich 2S albumins in sunflower

2S albumin fractions were isolated by a modified acetone precipitationmethod (Kortt and Caldwell 1990) from seeds of 103 sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) accessions and analysed by SDS-PAGE, IEF andRP-HPLC. Two methionine-rich albumins SFA7 and SFA8 showed nodifferences in mobility on SDS-PAGE gels but were readily separated byRP-HPLC. Their levels also varied widely between different genotypes, inrelation to each other and as proportions of the total albumin fraction. Avariant form of SFA8 was identified which differed from the normal SFA8in its pI (6.5 compared to 6.0) and mobility on SDS-PAGE. N-terminal sequences of both the variant form of SFA8 and the majorform of SFA7 were identical to that reported previously for the normalform of SFA8 from the cultivar Hysun (Kortt et al., 1991) indicating theirstructural relatedness. Analysis of segregation in the F₂ of the crossbetween lines VIR130 (variant SFA8) and VIR104 (normal SFA8) showedthat the normal and variant forms of SFA8 are encoded by alleles at asingle Mendelian locus. The levels of SFA7 and SFA8 in the seeds ofparental lines, F₁ hybrids and individual F₂ seeds classifiedfrom SDS-PAGE and IEF as homozygous for normal SFA8 (VIR104 type),homozygous for variant SFA8 (VIR130 type) and heterozygous (F₁type) were determined by RP-HPLC. Seeds of the parental line VIR130contained 3.7% SFA7 and 19.0% SFA8 whereas seeds of VIR104contained 9.9% SFA7 and 12.8% SFA8. The F₁ hybrid seedscontained a higher total amount of SFA7+8 proteins (32% comparingto 22% in each parent) which was largely accounted for by a highproportion of SFA7. The mean combined proportions of SFA7+8 in eachof the three phenotypic classes of F₂ seeds were about 18–19% ofthe total. However, the combined proportions of SFA7+8 varied in therange 10–20% among the individual seeds. The ratio of SFA7 to SFA8was highest in the VIR104-type and heterozygous seeds, with the amountof SFA7 exceeding that of SFA8 in six heterozygous seeds. Theproportions of SFA7 and SFA8 were inversely correlated among individualF₂ seeds. The results suggest that the amounts and proportions ofSFA7 and SFA8 are determined by genetic factors in addition toavailability of sulphur.     

Comparison of recurrent and congruity backcrossing for interracial hybridization in common bean

Summary Two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars were used for recurrent backcrossing (i.e., repeated backcrossing to one of the parents) to both parents independently and for congruity backcrossing (i.e., backcrossing alternately to both parents). One cultivar, ICA Pijao of race Mesoamerica, was late maturing, with erect type II growth habit and small seeds. The other was Pinto UI 114 of race Durango, an early maturing cultivar with prostrate type III growth habit and medium seeds. One to three recurrent backcrosses (RBC) to both parents, and two rounds of congruity backcrosses (CBC), were made. Thirty-two random lines from each method along with two parents were compared in a reps-in-set design at two locations (Popayán and Quilichao) in Colombia in 1992–1993.Differences between lines derived through different methods were found for seed yield, 100-seed weight, days to maturity, growth habit, and seed color pattern. The RBC to ICA Pijao produced lines with relatively higher seed yield, smaller seed size, and delayed maturity. Similarly, the RBC to Pinto UI 114 produced lines with reduced yield, medium seed size, and earlier maturity. All lines from one, two, and three RBC to Pinto UI 114 had type III growth habit. While most lines from the RBC to ICA Pijao had erect type II Growth habit, a few type III lines were also found in all the RBC. The lines derived from the CBC mostly possessed yield, maturity, and seed characteristics between those of the two parents and lines derived from RBC to both parents independently. They also had more variation for growth habit. To maximize recombination between and retention of desirable traits from distantly related parents used in interracial crosses, use of the CBC is suggested.     

Genetic stability and maintenance of Raphanus sativus lines with an added Brassica rapa chromosome

The genetic stability and maintenance of Raphanus sativus‐Brassica rapa monosomic chromosome addition lines (a‐h‐types MALs, 2n = 19, BC₂), developed by backcrossing the synthesized amphidiploid Raphanobrassica (Raphanus sativus × Brassica rapa, 2n = 38, RRAA) with R. sativus cv. ‘Shogoin’ (2n = 18, RR), was investigated. Transmission of the added alien chromosome through selected smaller seeds (SSS) and the inheritance of morphological traits and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)‐specific markers together with meiotic chromosome configuration and seed fertility were also investigated for three successive generations (BC₃ to BC₅). The distinctive traits and the RAPD‐specific markers of the eight types of MAL were substantially inherited and stably maintained throughout three generations, although a few variant plants (2n =18) resembling MALs (2n = 19) and hyperploidal plants (2n = 26 and 2n = 37) were generated in the earlier generations of BC₃ and BC₄ in comparison with BC₅. The average transmission rates for three generations ranged from 26% for both the b‐type and the d‐type to 44% for the e‐type through SSS. On the other hand, the transmission rates through randomly selected seeds (RSS) were lower, ranging from 6.5% for the f‐type to 23.5% for the b‐type. In meiosis, more than 90% of PMCs showed the 9II +1I pairing configuration at metaphase I throughout three generations. For seed fertility, when backcrossed with the radish cv. ‘Shogoin’, the values were approximately 180% to 500% with the mode around 300% with the seed harvested from a pod increasing with the advancing generations. Genetic recombination between the radish chromosomes and the added chromosome is probably rare, suggesting that the added chromosome is mostly maintained unaltered in the background of the radish genome.     

Diversity in seed quality traits of common bean populations from Basilicata (Southern Italy)

The diversity of nutritional and culinary traits in 21 populations of common bean from the Basilicata region was studied for three consecutive harvests (1995‐97). The results were compared with the six commercial cultivars widely grown in the region. Some populations deserve particular attention since they had large seeds, high protein content, low trypsin inhibitor levels and short cooking time. The cluster analysis showed that 18 populations clustered in two main groups and that the bush populations were clearly distinguishable from the climbing ones. When phaseolin type and some plant morphological traits were added to the nutritional and culinary traits to classify these populations, it was observed that they resembled the race Peru (Andean gene pool).     

Plant position effect on seed weight,oil content,and oil composition in sesame

Summary Within-plant variation was studied in seed samples of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Central and lateral capsules were sampled in three entries. Three capsule postions-basal (nodes 16 to 20), intermediate (nodes 21 to 25), and apical (nodes 26 to 30)-were sampled in four other entries. Nuclear magnetic resonance and gas liquid chromatography were used to characterize within-and among-plants variation in the same genotype for oil content and its fatty acid composition, respectively.Central capsules had heavier seeds, and their oil had more palmitic and oleic acids than had seeds from the two lateral capsules. However, central capsules had seeds with less oil content, and the oil had less stearic, linoleic, and arachidic acids than seeds from lateral capsules. Seed weight and arachidic acid were found to be constant in seeds from capsules located at different nodes along the plant. Oil content had a significant variation with capsule position along the plant in only one entry. Percentages of palmitic and linoleic acids were lower, and those of stearic, oleic, and linolenic acids were higher in seeds from the apical capsules. In almost all cases, capsules located in the intermediate and basal sections had a similar oil composition. However, there was a lack of consistency in the within-plant variation from plant to plant for the different traits studied. It was concluded that within-plant variation need be taken into account only if the experiment was set up to detect small differences between treatments. Among-plants variation was found to be influenced by plant genotype.     

甘蓝型油菜角果内种子发芽对其产量和品质的影响

以田间自然条件下角果内种子发芽的甘蓝型油菜品系780、943、890、11-5、20-1为材料,将种子分为全发芽种子、自然混合种子、和无发芽种子三种类型,通过近红外测定仪测定了油菜种子的主要品质;将780、890、11-5角果内发芽种子根据芽长与种子长的比例大小分为：＞1、0.5~1、＜0.5和没有发芽四类,分析了种子发芽对千粒重的影响。结果表明：角果内种子发芽导致种子的含油量和芥酸含量下降,蛋白质含量略有提高,硫甙含量变化规律不明显;千粒重降低5.52%~22.17%。     

Changes in ATP Content of Sorghum Seeds Imbibed in Aqueous Extracts of Germination-Inhibitory Animal-Waste Composts

The changes of the ATP content in sorghum seeds imbibed in aqueous extracts of animal-waste composts were studied to clarify the mode of action of the germination-inhibitory composts. The seeds were imbibed in water or 1, 4 and 8 % extracts (w/v) of composts for 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h.
ATP content in the non-imbibed sorghum seeds was 0.182 n mol seed⁻¹. The ATP content of seeds increased 2.6 fold during the first hour of imbibition. Statistically significant differences in the ATP content were observed between the treatments from 3 h of imbibition. The seeds imbibed in deionized water contained the highest ATP content at all imbibition durations. The ATP content decreased with the increase in concentration of the extracts. Significant linear correlations were observed between the ATP content and the increase of a-amylase activity at 4 h (r = 0.75**), 16 h (r = 0.70*) and 24 h (r = 0.91**) of imbibition.
The changes in the ATP content in seeds were observed prior to the increase of amylase activity. The reduction of ATP content is the first observable biochemical change in seeds caused by the germination-inhibitory animal-waste compost extracts. The ATP content of seeds could be considered as a sensitive indicator to detect the germination-inhibitory composts.     

穿心莲种子等级的综合评判研究

采收不同产地的穿心莲种子,测定其净度、千粒重、含水量、发芽率及其生活力等指标,并以此为依据,通过系统聚类分析,将穿心莲种子划分为3个等级类别。以偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)对系统聚类分析的结果进行判别检验,表明该等级划分合理。以千粒重、含水量、发芽率和生活力为自变量,划分的等级为因变量,采用偏最小二乘回归分析(PLS)法建立了穿心莲种子的等级预测模型。通过将模型的预测值与实际值进行比较,表明该模型拟合效果较好,可用于生产上穿心莲种子等级的判别。     

Factors influencing tissue culture responses of mature seeds and immature embryos in turf-type tall fescue

In an effort to optimize tissue culture responses of turf‐type tall fescue for genetic transformation, the effects of five culture medium supplements on tissue culture responses were investigated with immature embryos and mature seeds of an elite cultivar, ‘Coronado’, as explant tissues. For both explants, calli induced on 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP)‐containing medium had significantly improved regeneration ability. The optimal concentration of BAP for the induction of regenerable callus from mature seeds was 0.1 mg/l. Thidiazuron also improved callus regeneration frequency of mature seeds. Casein hydrolysate, L‐proline and myo‐inositol improved callus induction of immature embryos but not mature seeds. They did not improve callus regeneration frequencies with either explant tissue. By simply slicing the mature seeds into two halves longitudinally, the callus induction frequencies, as well as the corresponding overall plant regeneration frequencies, were increased approximately three‐ to six‐fold in all three combinations of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and BAP in callus induction media.     

外源褪黑素对低温胁迫下菜豆种子萌发及抗性的影响

为了探究褪黑素(Mt)对低温环境下菜豆种子的影响,本研究对菜豆种子进行低温处理(LT)和低温加褪黑素的处理(LT+Mt),并设置常温处理作为对照(CK),对同时期的各项生理指标进行测定。结果表明：Mt可以提高低温胁迫下的种子萌发率,但萌发率要低于对照;同时对渗透调节物质、O₂^-和MDA、抗氧化酶活性进行测定,发现低温增加了渗透调节物质的含量,当加入Mt后其含量进一步增加;低温处理后O₂^-和MDA的含量增加,当加入Mt后其含量明显降低,但是要高于对照;低温处理后抗氧化酶活性略低于对照,当加入Mt后其含量显著升高。研究表明外源Mt有效的减轻了低温对种子萌发的损害,从而促进种子萌发过程中抵御低温的能力。     

花生种子黄酮及多酚含量的生态差异分析

为探讨生态环境是否对花生种子黄酮及多酚产生影响,及两者变化与初生代谢物脂肪和总糖含量变化的相关性,选用全国广泛栽培的、种子黄酮及多酚含量具有极显著差异的花生品种16个,在多个试验点进行2年种植,鉴定种子总黄酮、总多酚、脂肪和总糖含量,结果表明,基因型效应显著影响花生种子黄酮及多酚含量,濮花23号为高TFC品种,豫花9327为高TPC品种。生态环境对花生种子黄酮及多酚含量具有极显著效应,合肥试验点为适于黄酮和多酚形成的种植区。此外,黄酮及多酚二次生代谢物与脂肪、可溶性蛋白和总糖等初生代谢物在地域间变化趋势年纪间不一致。     

Influence of Sowing Dates on Yield and Oil Quality in Sunflower

Effect of sowing dates (temperature regimes) on growth, yield oil content and quality in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L. ) was studied. Plants of early sowings which had received low temperature during 0–45 days of growth grew very poorly in height. Plant height significantly correlated with temperature at all the three growth stages. Plants sown in March produced highest yield and January sown plants recorded lowest yield. Protein content of seeds decreased where as the oil content increased with delay in sowing dates. Oil content in the seeds collected from different sowing dates showed significant differences. However, oil content was not significantly correlated with temperatures at any growth stages. Incorporation of ¹⁴C-acetate into lipids of developing seeds was increased as the sowing was delayed. Early sown plants had higher percentage of oleic acid and late sown plants had higher percentage of linoleic acid. Effect sowing dates on oil content and oil quality were discussed on the basis of temperature variation during different growth stages.     

麻疯树种子钙形态特性分析

通过测定麻疯树新鲜成熟种子中不同组织中总钙和不同形态类型钙物质含量,探索麻疯树种子发育过程中对钙的分布规律和储存形式。结果表明,麻疯树新鲜成熟种子胚中钙形态主要以NaCl钙和HAC钙形式为主,钙形态在种子胚的发育过程中主要起到源和库的作用,外种皮中总钙含量丰富,主要以HCl钙形态存在,对参与种子的结构和胚的发育起到积极作用。另外,麻疯树种子胚中可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量与胚中高钙含量和高钙形态含量密切相关,而大分子物质的积累对促进麻疯树适应高钙质环境特征的生长发育过程具有重要意义。     

司笃克氏棉（G.stockii）色素腺体的形态建成与棉酚动态研究

对司笃克氏棉幼胚发育过程和种子萌发过程中的色素腺体形态建成进行连续的切片观察和棉酚含量分析。结果表明,司笃克氏棉的种仁中含有肉眼可见的色素腺体,为典型的有色素腺体类型;然而种仁中的棉酚含量仅为0.0058%,为典型的低酚棉类型。司笃克氏棉种子成熟过程中的色素腺体形态建成有两种情况：（1）色素腺体细胞直接形成     

Pure line selection for improved yield, oil content and different fatty acid composition of sesame, Sesamum indicum

The aims of this study were estimation of the variability of seed yield, oil content, oleic acid and linoleic acid content in single plant progenies and lines derived from Turkish sesame populations, and the improvement of different type lines with regard to high seed yield, high oil content and specific fatty acid composition. Different types of lines were developed—i.e. lines which yielded over 1000 kg seeds/ha from the yield type progenies and lines which yielded over 63% of oil content from oil type progenies—but it was not possible to improve lines where fatty acid composition differed dramatically from that of oleic and linoleic type progenies.     

不同贮藏年限敖汉苜蓿种子活力及生理特性的研究

种子在贮藏过程中随着贮藏时间的延长出现老化现象,使种子活力下降、生理特性发生变化,从而降低种用价值.为探讨不同贮藏年限紫花苜蓿种子的活力变化,选择室温贮藏0～3年的敖汉苜蓿种子,比较分析种子劣变规律及生理特性的差异.结果表明:收获当年的敖汉苜蓿种子具有较高的硬实率,其抗逆性强,SOD、POD、CAT、MDA和脯氨酸含量最高,而发芽势和可溶性蛋白含量最低.贮藏起初2年,种子硬实率、不正常种苗数、死种子数、SOD、POD、CAT、MDA和脯氨酸含量降低,发芽率、发芽势和可溶性蛋白含量增加.随着贮藏时间的延长,种子可溶性蛋白含量降低,SOD、POD、CAT、脯氨酸和MDA积累量增加,种子质量下降,不正常种苗数和死种子数增多,种子活力下降.综合试验结果,贮藏2年有利于打破种子休眠,其种子质量最佳,种子发芽能力最强,但是种子抗逆性不高;贮藏1年存在轻度休眠,应进行打破硬实处理;贮藏3年的种子活力下降,其种用价值降低,不利于在人工草地建植中使用,生产中应贮藏2年后再播种效果较好.研究结果能较好地说明苜蓿种子在贮藏期间的活力变化,为我国人工草地建设中合理使用苜蓿种子提供理论依据.     

四川生态区甘蓝型油菜自交种和自然种品质测试的比较研究

摘 要：本文对四川生态区861份甘蓝型油菜自交种和自然种粗脂肪和硫苷含量的NIRS法测试结果进行了相关和回归分析。结果表明以NIR法测试甘蓝型油菜自然种粗脂肪含量普遍较自交种高,自交种粗脂肪含量与自然种粗脂肪含量绝对值差异达1%显著水平,自交种与自然种硫苷含量差异不显著。说明在甘蓝型油菜育种中,对粗脂肪的选择应侧重考虑自然种含量,兼顾考虑自交种含量,对硫苷的选择则可同时考虑自然种和自交种含量。自交种和自然种粗脂肪和硫苷含量的NIR法测试结果间相关关系、线性回归方程均达1%显著水平,说明在已知自交种粗脂肪（ x1 ）、硫苷（ x2 ）含量测试结果的情况下,可分别通过回归方程 y1 = 16.844 + 0.614 x1,y2 = -0.620 + 1.017x2预测自然种粗脂肪（ y1）和硫苷（ y2）含量。     

Influence of leaf and silique photosynthesis on seeds yield and seeds oil quality of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

With the purpose of enhancing oil production, the present work was carried out to elucidate relationships between photosynthesis of leaves, siliques and seeds yield and seeds oil accumulation of oilseed rape. Field trials, in which two repeated experiments was carried out during 2012–2014 growth season, a rape hybrids the “Qin You No.7” (Brassica napus L.) variety was taken into account. The results showed that, on rape plant the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid contents of leaf were significantly higher than that of silique shell. Oil content of 94.7% was achieved in young seeds (sampled at 25th day after flowering ending stage of the tested rape plant) versus to mature seeds, saturated fatty acids percent was higher whereas oleic acid percent was lower of oil extracted from young seeds. During flowering period of the rape plants tested, area and dry weight of leaves attained maximum, treatments of removing leaves induced reduction in seeds number per silique, siliques number, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content, these indexes were respectively decreased by 73.6%, 43.4%, 83.4% and 10.5% in maximum, and seeds oil composition was not significantly influenced; during seeds growing period of the tested plants, surface area and dry weight of siliques attained maximum, under shading siliques treatment, the 1000-seed weight, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content were respectively reduced by 57.5%, 61.4% and 44.7% in maximum, and seeds oil oleic acid (C18:1) and linolenic acid (C18:3) percent was decreased, linolic acid (C18:2) and erucidic acid (C22:1) percent was increased. So for oilseed rape plant during flowering period, surface area and photosynthesis of leaves dramatically influenced siliques number, seeds number and seeds yield; while in seeds growth period, surface area and photosynthesis of siliques greatly influenced 1000-seed yield, seeds yield, seeds oil content and oil composition; oil accumulation in rape seeds initiated early since seeds commencing growth, seed mature degree influenced oil composition of seeds.